.. automodule:: torch.optim
To use :mod:`torch.optim` you have to construct an optimizer object, that will hold the current state and will update the parameters based on the computed gradients.
To construct an :class:`Optimizer` you have to give it an iterable containing the parameters (all should be :class:`~torch.autograd.Variable` s) to optimize. Then, you can specify optimizer-specific options such as the learning rate, weight decay, etc.
Note
If you need to move a model to GPU via .cuda(), please do so before
constructing optimizers for it. Parameters of a model after .cuda() will
be different objects with those before the call.
In general, you should make sure that optimized parameters live in consistent locations when optimizers are constructed and used.
Example:
optimizer = optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=0.01, momentum=0.9) optimizer = optim.Adam([var1, var2], lr=0.0001)
:class:`Optimizer` s also support specifying per-parameter options. To do this, instead
of passing an iterable of :class:`~torch.autograd.Variable` s, pass in an iterable of
:class:`dict` s. Each of them will define a separate parameter group, and should contain
a params key, containing a list of parameters belonging to it. Other keys
should match the keyword arguments accepted by the optimizers, and will be used
as optimization options for this group.
Note
You can still pass options as keyword arguments. They will be used as defaults, in the groups that didn't override them. This is useful when you only want to vary a single option, while keeping all others consistent between parameter groups.
For example, this is very useful when one wants to specify per-layer learning rates:
optim.SGD([
{'params': model.base.parameters()},
{'params': model.classifier.parameters(), 'lr': 1e-3}
], lr=1e-2, momentum=0.9)
This means that model.base's parameters will use the default learning rate of 1e-2,
model.classifier's parameters will use a learning rate of 1e-3, and a momentum of
0.9 will be used for all parameters.
All optimizers implement a :func:`~Optimizer.step` method, that updates the parameters. It can be used in two ways:
This is a simplified version supported by most optimizers. The function can be called once the gradients are computed using e.g. :func:`~torch.autograd.Variable.backward`.
Example:
for input, target in dataset:
optimizer.zero_grad()
output = model(input)
loss = loss_fn(output, target)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
Some optimization algorithms such as Conjugate Gradient and LBFGS need to reevaluate the function multiple times, so you have to pass in a closure that allows them to recompute your model. The closure should clear the gradients, compute the loss, and return it.
Example:
for input, target in dataset:
def closure():
optimizer.zero_grad()
output = model(input)
loss = loss_fn(output, target)
loss.backward()
return loss
optimizer.step(closure)
.. autoclass:: Optimizer
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.. autoclass:: Adadelta
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.. autoclass:: Adagrad
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.. autoclass:: Adam
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.. autoclass:: AdamW
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.. autoclass:: SparseAdam
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.. autoclass:: Adamax
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.. autoclass:: ASGD
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.. autoclass:: LBFGS
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.. autoclass:: RMSprop
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.. autoclass:: Rprop
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.. autoclass:: SGD
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:mod:`torch.optim.lr_scheduler` provides several methods to adjust the learning rate based on the number of epochs. :class:`torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau` allows dynamic learning rate reducing based on some validation measurements.
Learning rate scheduling should be applied after optimizer's update; e.g., you should write your code this way:
>>> scheduler = ... >>> for epoch in range(100): >>> train(...) >>> validate(...) >>> scheduler.step()
Warning
Prior to PyTorch 1.1.0, the learning rate scheduler was expected to be called before
the optimizer's update; 1.1.0 changed this behavior in a BC-breaking way. If you use
the learning rate scheduler (calling scheduler.step()) before the optimizer's update
(calling optimizer.step()), this will skip the first value of the learning rate schedule.
If you are unable to reproduce results after upgrading to PyTorch 1.1.0, please check
if you are calling scheduler.step() at the wrong time.
.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.MultiplicativeLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.MultiStepLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ExponentialLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CyclicLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.OneCycleLR
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.. autoclass:: torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingWarmRestarts
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:mod:`torch.optim.swa_utils` implements Stochastic Weight Averaging (SWA). In particular, :class:`torch.optim.swa_utils.AveragedModel` class implements SWA models, :class:`torch.optim.swa_utils.SWALR` implements the SWA learning rate scheduler and :func:`torch.optim.swa_utils.update_bn` is a utility function used to update SWA batch normalization statistics at the end of training.
SWA has been proposed in Averaging Weights Leads to Wider Optima and Better Generalization.
AveragedModel class serves to compute the weights of the SWA model. You can create an averaged model by running:
>>> swa_model = AveragedModel(model)Here the model model can be an arbitrary :class:`torch.nn.Module` object. swa_model
will keep track of the running averages of the parameters of the model. To update these
averages, you can use the :func:`update_parameters` function:
>>> swa_model.update_parameters(model)Typically, in SWA the learning rate is set to a high constant value. :class:`SWALR` is a learning rate scheduler that anneals the learning rate to a fixed value, and then keeps it constant. For example, the following code creates a scheduler that linearly anneals the learning rate from its initial value to 0.05 in 5 epochs within each parameter group:
>>> swa_scheduler = torch.optim.swa_utils.SWALR(optimizer, \
>>> anneal_strategy="linear", anneal_epochs=5, swa_lr=0.05)You can also use cosine annealing to a fixed value instead of linear annealing by setting
anneal_strategy="cos".
:func:`update_bn` is a utility function that allows to compute the batchnorm statistics for the SWA model
on a given dataloader loader at the end of training:
>>> torch.optim.swa_utils.update_bn(loader, swa_model):func:`update_bn` applies the swa_model to every element in the dataloader and computes the activation
statistics for each batch normalization layer in the model.
Warning
:func:`update_bn` assumes that each batch in the dataloader loader is either a tensors or a list of
tensors where the first element is the tensor that the network swa_model should be applied to.
If your dataloader has a different structure, you can update the batch normalization statistics of the
swa_model by doing a forward pass with the swa_model on each element of the dataset.
By default, :class:`torch.optim.swa_utils.AveragedModel` computes a running equal average of
the parameters that you provide, but you can also use custom averaging functions with the
avg_fn parameter. In the following example ema_model computes an exponential moving average.
Example:
>>> ema_avg = lambda averaged_model_parameter, model_parameter, num_averaged:\
>>> 0.1 * averaged_model_parameter + 0.9 * model_parameter
>>> ema_model = torch.optim.swa_utils.AveragedModel(model, avg_fn=ema_avg)In the example below, swa_model is the SWA model that accumulates the averages of the weights.
We train the model for a total of 300 epochs and we switch to the SWA learning rate schedule
and start to collect SWA averages of the parameters at epoch 160:
>>> loader, optimizer, model, loss_fn = ...
>>> swa_model = torch.optim.swa_utils.AveragedModel(model)
>>> scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(optimizer, T_max=300)
>>> swa_start = 160
>>> swa_scheduler = SWALR(optimizer, swa_lr=0.05)
>>>
>>> for epoch in range(300):
>>> for input, target in loader:
>>> optimizer.zero_grad()
>>> loss_fn(model(input), target).backward()
>>> optimizer.step()
>>> if epoch > swa_start:
>>> swa_model.update_parameters(model)
>>> swa_scheduler.step()
>>> else:
>>> scheduler.step()
>>>
>>> # Update bn statistics for the swa_model at the end
>>> torch.optim.swa_utils.update_bn(loader, swa_model)
>>> # Use swa_model to make predictions on test data
>>> preds = swa_model(test_input)