Note that the current code base does not necessarily follow this with 100% consistency. It will be an ongoing process to try and sanitize the existing code to match these guidelines.
Basically taken directly from http://geosoft.no/development/cppstyle.html with some subtle changes and omissions.
Coach, PenaltyBox
_puck, _team
redLine, icingFrequency
MAX_RINK_LENGTH, COLOR_RED_LINE
getPlayerNumber(), computeGoalsAgainstAverage()
puck::geometry, ice::math
template<class R>, template<class B>, template<class K>
This makes template names stand out relative to all other names used.
[1.1.8] Abbreviations and acronyms must be uppercase when used in a name or lowercase when used at the beginning of a variable
showNHLStandings(); // not showNhlStandings();
exportASCIIStanleyCup(); // not exportAsciiStanleyCup();
UDPSocket udpSocket; // not UDPSocket uDPSocket;
::jumbotron.powerOn();
::league.lockout();
void setPuckLogo(Logo* logo) // not void setPuckLogo(Logo* aLogo)
These will be discernible from class member variables since they are not prefixed with an underscore.
int hockeyStick; // NOT: bastonDeHockey
puck.getDensity(); // NOT: puck.getPuckDensity();
player.getNumber();
player.setNumber(number);
stick.getFlex();
stick.setFlex(flex);
There is an exception for boolean getters. Naming for boolean attributes should follow section 1.2.10. The getter for a boolean attribute does not need to be prefixed with 'get', and should simply match the name of the boolean attribute. The following example is for a member variable _isCaptain on the crosby object.
crosby.setIsCaptain(true);
crosby.isCaptain();
team->computePowerPlayPercentage();
player->computePointsPerGame();
Give the reader the immediate clue that this is a potentially time-consuming operation, and if used repeatedly, she might consider caching the result. Consistent use of the term enhances readability.
net.findGoalLinePosition();
team.findHeaviestPlayer();
Give the reader the immediate clue that this is a simple look up method with a minimum of computations involved. Consistent use of the term enhances readability.
rink.initializePaintedLines();
video.initializeOnScreenScore();
scoreboardText, mainWindow, fileMenu
std::vector<Player> players;
float savePercentages[];
numGoals, numAssists
playerNum, teamNum
for (int i = 0; i < numGoals); i++) {
goals[i].playVideo();
}
isGoodGoal, isRetired, isWinningTeam Occasionally the has, can, should, and want prefixes will be better choices.
Note: "want" should generally be used for optional items that are specified by some third party action, e.g. command line or menu options that enable additional functionality, or protocol versioning where negotiation occurs between client and server.
hasWonStanleyCup, canPlay, shouldPass, wantDebugLogging
get/set, add/remove, create/destroy, start/stop
computeGoalsAgainstAverage(); // NOT: compGlsAgstAvg();
There are domain specific phrases that are more naturally known through their abbreviations/acronym. These phrases should be kept abbreviated.
Use html instead of hypertextMarkupLanguage.
Puck* puck; // NOT: Puck * puckPtr;
Many variables in a C/C++ environment are pointers, so a convention like this is almost impossible to follow. Also objects in C++ are often oblique types where the specific implementation should be ignored by the programmer. Only when the actual type of an object is of special significance, the name should emphasize the type.
bool isRetired; // NOT: isNotRetired or isNotPlaying
This is done to avoid double negatives when used in conjunction with the logical negation operator.
enum Jersey {
JERSEY_HOME,
JERSEY_AWAY,
JERSEY_ALTERNATE
};
class GoalException {
...
};
Puck.h, Puck.cpp
[2.1.2] A class should always be declared in a header file and defined in a source file where the name of the files match the name of the class.
class Puck defined in Puck.h, Puck.cpp
The header files should declare an interface, the source file should implement it. When looking for an implementation, the programmer should always know that it is found in the source file.
- Simple getters and setters that just access private member variables should appear inline in the class definition in the header file.
- Simple methods like those making slight mutations (that can fit on the same line in the definition and don't require additional includes in the header file) can be inlined in the class definition.
- Methods that will be called multiple times in tight-loops or other high-performance situations and must be high performance can be included in the header file BELOW the class definition marked as inline.
- All other methods must be in a cpp file.
class Puck {
public:
// simple getters/setters should appear in the header file
int getRadius() const { return _radius; }
void setRadius(int radius) { _radius = radius; }
// Allowed, ok to include this simple mutation in line
void addBlaToList(Blah* bla) { _blas.append(bla); }
// Allowed, because this is a simple method
int calculateCircumference() { return PI * pow(_radius, 2.0); }
// this routine needs to be fast, we'll inline it below
void doSomethingHighPerformance() const;
...
private:
int _radius;
}
inline void Puck::doSomethingHighPerformance() const {
...
}
Use four spaces for indentation.
teamGoals = iginlaGoals + crosbyGoals +
malkinGoals;
addToScoreSheet(scorer, directAssister,
indirectAssister);
setHeadline("Crosby scores 4"
" to force game 7.");
for (int teamNum = 0; teamNum < numTeams;
teamNum++) {
...
}
Split lines occurs when a statement exceed the 128 column limit given above. It is difficult to provide rigid rules for how lines should be split, but the examples above should give a general hint.
In general: Break after a comma. Break after an operator. Align the new line with the beginning of the expression on the previous line.
Include guards should be in the following format: hifi_$BASENAME_h.
#ifndef hifi_SharedUtil_h
#define hifi_SharedUtil_h
...
#endif // hifi_SharedUtil_h
[2.2.2] Include statements should be sorted and grouped. Sorted by their hierarchical position in the system with low level files included first. Leave an empty line between groups of include statements.
#include <fstream>
#include <cstring>
#include <qt/qbutton.h>
#include <qt/qtextfield.h>
#include "Puck.h"
#include "PenaltyBox.h"
[3.1.1] The parts of a class must be sorted public, protected and private. All sections must be identified explicitly. Not applicable sections should be left out.
The ordering is "most public first" so people who only wish to use the class can stop reading when they reach the protected/private sections.
int foo = 1;
float bar = (float)foo;
// NOT this: float fubar = float(foo);
uint8_t* barDataAt = (uint8_t*)&bar; // pointers to primitive types also use C style casting.
Player* player = getPlayer("forward");
Forward* forward = static_cast<Forward*>(player);
For more info about C++ type casting: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1609163/what-is-the-difference-between-static-cast-and-c-style-casting
void exampleBarAndFoo(const Bar& bar, const char* foo); // doesn't modify bar and foo, use const types
void ClassBar::spam() const { } // doesn't modify instance of ClassBar, use const method
void foo(const Bar& bar);
// NOT: void foo(Bar const& bar);
void spam(const Foo* foo);
// NOT: void foo(Foo const* foo);
[3.1.3.3] When implementing a getter for a class that returns a class member that is a complex data type, return a const& to that member.
const glm::vec3& AABox::getCorner() const;
// NOT: glm::vec3 AABox::getCorner() const;
template<class T>
using Vec = std::vector<T, Alloc<T>>;
using Nodes = Vec <Node>;
// NOT: typedef std::vector<Node> Nodes;
This ensures that variables are valid at any time.
Sometimes it is impossible to initialize a variable to a valid value where it is declared:
Player crosby, dupuis, kunitz;
getLineStats(&crosby, &dupuis, &kunitz);
In these cases it should be left uninitialized rather than initialized to some phony value.
When possible, initialization of default values for class members should be included in the header file where the member variable is declared, as opposed to the constructor. Use the Universal Initializer format (brace initialization) rather than the assignment operator (equals).
private:
float _goalsPerGame { 0.0f }; // NOT float _goalsPerGame = 0.0f;
However, brace initialization should be used with care when using container types that accept an initializer list as a constructor parameters. For instance,
std::vector<int> _foo { 4, 100 }
Might refer to std::vector<T>::vector<T>(std::initializer_list<T>) or it might refer to std::vector (size_type n, const T& val = value_type()). Although the rules of precedence dictate that it will resolve to one of these, it's not immediately obvious to other developers which it is, so avoid such ambiguities.
Classes that are forward declared and only known to the implementation may be initialized to a default value in the constructor initialization list.
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/484635/are-global-variables-bad
Use private variables and access functions instead.
One exception to this rule is when the class is essentially a data structure, with no behavior (equivalent to a C struct). In this case it is appropriate to make the class' instance variables public.
Note that structs are kept in C++ for compatibility with C only, and avoiding them increases the readability of the code by reducing the number of constructs used. Use a class instead.
[3.2.5] C++ pointers and references should have their reference symbol next to the type rather than to the name.
float* savePercentages;
// NOT: float *savePercentages; or float * savePercentages;
void checkCups(int& numCups);
// NOT: int &numCups or int & numCups
The pointer-ness or reference-ness of a variable is a property of the type rather than the name. Also see rule 3.1.3.2 regarding placement the const keyword before the type.
[3.2.6] Implicit test for 0 should not be used other than for boolean variables or non-NULL pointers.
if (numGoals != 0) // NOT: if (numGoals)
if (savePercentage != 0.0) // NOT: if (savePercentage)
// Testing pointers for non-NULL is prefered, e.g. where
// childNode is Node* and you’re testing for non NULL
if (childNode)
// Testing for null is also preferred
if (!childNode)
It is not necessarily defined by the C++ standard that ints and floats 0 are implemented as binary 0.
Keeping the operations on a variable within a small scope, it is easier to control the effects and side effects of the variable.
while (true) {
:
}
// NOT:
for (;;) {
:
}
while (1) {
:
}
[3.4.1] The nominal case should be put in the if-part and the exception in the else-part of an if statement
bool isGoal = pastGoalLine(position);
if (isGoal) {
...
} else {
...
}
Makes sure that the exceptions don't obscure the normal path of execution. This is important for both the readability and performance.
if (isGoal) {
lightTheLamp();
}
// NOT: if (isGoal) lightTheLamp();
if (someVariable == 0) {
doSomething();
}
// NOT: if (0 == someVariable)
- Numbers other than 0 and 1 should be considered declared as named constants instead.
- If the number does not have an obvious meaning by itself, the readability is enhanced by introducing a named constant instead.
- A different approach is to introduce a method from which the constant can be accessed.
bool checkValueLimit(int value) {
const int ValueLimit = 10; // I only use this constant here, define it here in context
return (value > ValueLimit);
}
const float LARGEST_VALUE = 10000.0f;
// NOT: #define LARGEST_VALUE 10000.0f
[3.5.2] Floating point constants should always be written with decimal point and at least one decimal.
double stickLength = 0.0; // NOT: double stickLength = 0;
double penaltyMinutes;
...
penaltyMinutes = (minor + misconduct) * 2.0;
double penaltyMinutes = 0.5; // NOT: double penaltyMinutes = .5;
float penaltyMinutes = 0.5f; // NOT: float penaltyMinutes = 0.5;
if (player.isCaptain) {
player.yellAtReferee();
}
while (!puckHeld) {
lookForRebound();
}
// NOT:
// while (!puckHeld)
// {
// lookForRebound();
// }
class GoalieStick : public HockeyStick {
public:
...
protected:
...
private:
...
};
void goalCelebration() {
...
}
if (isScorer) {
scoreGoal();
}
if (isScorer) {
scoreGoal();
} else {
saucerPass();
}
if (isScorer) {
scoreGoal();
} else if (isPlaymaker) {
saucerPass();
} else {
startFight();
}
for (int i = 0; i < GRETZKY_NUMBER; i++) {
getActivePlayerWithNumber(i);
}
while (!whistle) {
keepPlaying();
}
do {
skate();
} while (!tired);
A switch statements should follow the following basic formatting rules:
- The case statements are indented one indent (4 spaces) from the switch.
- The code for each case should be indented one indent (4 spaces) from the case statement.
- Each separate case should have a break statement, unless it is explicitly intended for the case to fall through to the subsequent cases. In the event that a case statement executes some code, then falls through to the next case, you must include an explicit comment noting that this is intentional.
- Break statements should be aligned with the code of the case, e.g. indented 4 spaces from the case statement.
- In the event that brackets are required to create local scope, the open bracket should appear on the same line as the case, and the close bracket should appear on the line immediately following the break aligned with the case statement.
Examples of acceptable form are:
switch (foo) {
case BAR:
doBar();
break;
// notice brackets below follow the standard bracket placement for other control structures
case SPAM: {
int spam = 0;
doSomethingElse(spam);
break;
}
case SPAZZ:
case BAZZ:
doSomething();
// fall through to next case
case RAZZ:
default:
doSomethingElseEntirely();
break;
}
// or in cases where returns occur at each case, this form is also accpetable
switch (jerseyNumber) {
case 87:
return crosby;
case 66:
return lemieux;
case 99:
return gretzky;
default:
return NULL;
}
try {
tradePlayer();
} catch (const NoTradeClauseException& exception) {
negotiateNoTradeClause();
}
// GOOD:
for (int i = 0; i < numItems; i++) {
item[i].manipulate();
}
// BAD: braces are missing
for (int i = 0; i < numItems; i++)
item[i].manipulate();[4.2.1] Conventional operators should be surrounded by a space character, except in cases like mathematical expressions where it is easier to visually parse when spaces are used to enhance the grouping.
potential = (age + skill) * injuryChance;
// NOT: potential = (age+skill)*injuryChance;
// Assignment operators always have spaces around them.
x = 0;
// Other binary operators usually have spaces around them, but it's
// OK to remove spaces around factors. Parentheses should have no
// internal padding.
v = w * x + y / z;
v = w*x + y/z;
v = w * (x + z);
setLine(leftWing, center, rightWing, leftDefense, rightDefense);
// NOT: setLine(leftWing,center,rightWing,leftDefense,rightDefense);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { // NOT: for(i=0;i<10;i++){
- Function names should not be followed by a white space.
- And there should be no space between the open parenthesis and the first parameter, and no space between the last parameter and the close parenthesis.
Examples:
setCaptain(ovechkin);
// NOT: setCaptain (ovechkin);
// NOT: doSomething( int foo, float bar );
Team penguins = new Team();
Player crosby = new Player();
Player fleury = new Player();
penguins.setCaptain(crosby);
penguins.setGoalie(fleury);
penguins.hireCoach();
Avoid the following:
oddsToWin = (averageAge * veteranWeight) +
(numStarPlayers * starPlayerWeight) +
(goalieOverall * goalieWeight);
theGreatOneSlapShotSpeed = computeShot(stickFlex, chara);
charaSlapShotSpeed = computeShot(stickFlex, weber);
A change to the length of a variable in these sections causes unnecessary changes to the other lines.
Align all n+2 lines with the indentation of the n+1 line.
When the multiple lines are bound by parentheses (as in arguments to a function call), the prefered style has no whitespace after the opening parenthesis or before the closing parenthesis. The n+1 lines are generally indented to the column immediately after the opening parenthesis (following the style for split expressions in 2.1.6).
When the multiple lines are bound by braces (as in C++ initializers or JavaScript object notation), the preferred style has a newline after the opening brace and newline before the closing brace. The final line should not end in a comma, and no line should begin with a comma. The closing brace should begin in the same colum as the line that has the opening brace (following the style for split control statements in 4.1).
Expressions, including C++ initializers and JavaScript object notation literals, can be placed on a single line if they are not deeply nested and end well within the column limit (2.1.4).
The following are all acceptable:
shootOnNet(puckVelocity,
playerStrength,
randomChance);
shootOnNet(puckVelocty,
playerStrength,
randomChance);
if (longBooleanThatHasToDoWithHockey
&& anotherBooleanOnANewLine);
isGoodGoal = playerSlapShotVelocity > 100
? true
: false;
var foo = {
spam: 1.0,
bar: "bar",
complex: {
red: 1,
white: 'blue'
},
blah: zed
};
aJavascriptFunctionOfTwoFunctions(function (entity) {
print(entity);
foo(entity, 3);
}, function (entity) {
print('in second function');
bar(entity, 4);
});
aCPlusPlusFunctionOfTwoLambdas([](gpu::Batch& batch) {
batch.setFramebuffer(nullptr);
}, [this](int count, float amount) {
frob(count, amount);
});
In an international environment English is the preferred language.
An exception to this rule applies to JSDoc and Doxygen comments.
// Comment spanning
// more than one line.
There should be a space between the "//" and the actual comment
while (true) {
// crosby is always injured
crosbyInjury();
}
// NOT:
// crosby is always injured
while (true) {
crosbyInjury();
}
Boilerplates should include the filename, creator, copyright Overte e.V., and Apache 2.0 License information. This should be placed at the top of the file. If editing an existing file that is copyright High Fidelity or Vircadia contributors, add an additional copyright line, copyright Overte e.V.
//
// NodeList.h
//
// Created by Stephen Birarda on 15 Feb 2013.
// Copyright 2013 High Fidelity, Inc.
// Copyright 2020 Vircadia contributors.
//
// This is where you could place an optional one line comment about the file.
//
// Distributed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
// See the accompanying file LICENSE or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html
//
These types of comments are explicitly not allowed. If you need to break up sections of code, just leave an extra blank line.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/********************************************************************************/
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Use the /// style of Doxygen comments when documenting public interfaces.
Some editors can automatically create a Doxygen documentation stub if you type /// in the line above the item to be
documented.
Visual Studio: To configure Visual Studio's Doxygen commenting behavior, search for "Doxygen" in Tools > Options.