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Ubuntu Setup Guide

如何在外接SSD/NVME上安装Ubuntu系统

Contents

基础准备工作

首先, 准备两个硬盘:

  • 一个为小容量USB Disk, 用于制作Ubuntu Startup Disk, 作为Ubuntu Installer, 记录设备名称, 此处为SanDisk USB

    Ubuntu Installer Disk

  • 一个为大容量SSD/NVMe Disk, 用于Ubuntu Workspace Disk, 作为Ubuntu Workspace, 此处为SAMSUNG SSD T3

    Ubuntu Workspace Disk

接着, 将两个硬盘, 全部格式化. 格式化时目标文件系统为Linux EXT4. 此处以Ubuntu平台为示例, Windows与Mac用户请自行百度, 两系统均存在类似工具.

Format Disks

最后, 使用工具, 在小容量USB Disk上制作Ubuntu Installer. 此处以Ubuntu平台为示例, Windows与Mac用户请自行百度, 两系统均存在类似工具.

WARNING 请务必仔细检查设备名称!!!确保选择了正确的目标设备!!!否则有可能抹去现有系统盘上的数据

  • 启动Creator:

    Launch Installer Creator

  • 选择设备:

    Select Device for Installer

  • 确认制作:

    Select Device for Installer

重新启动, 配置BIOS

在Ubuntu Installer制作完成后, 将上述两USB Disk全部连接PC, 然后重新启动PC. 在系统上电时, 进入BIOS. 进入BIOS的方式和使用设备高度相关, 此处仅作示意

此处目标设备为ThinkPad P73. 在出现OEM Logo时, 按下提示键, 进入BIOS:

Enter BIOS

Enter BIOS

选择Boot Config:

Select Boot Config

将启动优先级调整为USB Device First. 调整结束后:

Set Boot Sequence

  • 首选的启动媒介为外接USB

  • USB设备名称有2个:

    • 其中一个为Ubuntu Installer, SanDisk USB, 它有Bootloader, 能够引导PC进入Ubuntu系统
    • 另一个为Ubuntu Workspace, SAMSUNG SSD T3, 它没有Bootloader, 不会引导PC进入Ubuntu系统

  • 保存BIOS设置, 重新启动设备, 若配置成功, 应当能看到如下的GRUB界面:

Start Installation

安装Ubuntu

接下来进入Ubuntu安装

选择语言:

Language Config

选择键盘Layout:

Keyboard Config

选择No Network Connnection

No Network Connection

安装类型选择Normal Installation & Device Drivers

Installation Type

硬盘分区选择Something Else, 自定义分区类型.

Custom Partition

创建分区表

接下来进入最重要的环节, 创建Partiton Table

WARNING 请务必仔细检查设备名称!!!确保选择了正确的目标设备!!!否则有可能抹去现有系统盘上的数据

首先, 选择正确的目标设备, 此处为Ubuntu Workspace Disk, SAMSUNG SSD T3, 点击New Partition Table

Select Workspace Device

WARNING 请务必仔细检查设备名称!!!确保选择了正确的目标设备!!!否则有可能抹去现有系统盘上的数据

确认:

Select Workspace Device

执行完成后, Ubuntu Workspace Disk会全部变成Freespace

Format Workspace Device

接下来创建分区. 个人习惯如下, 分区按照创建先后顺序排列:

  • swap, New Partition Type为Primary, Use As为swap, 推荐大小与PC物理内存相同.

    swap

  • boot, New Partition Type为Logical, Use As为EXT4 Filesystem, 推荐大小128/256MB.

    boot

  • root, New Partition Type为Logical, Use As为EXT4 Filesystem, 推荐大小为剩余的全部Free Space

    root

完成后目标设备上的分区表如下图所示, 点击Install Now, 启动安装:

Workspace Device Partition Table

安装Ubuntu

接下来, 完成剩余的配置, 等待安装成功:

选择区域:

Region Config

设置设备名, 账号/密码:

Device Config

等待安装结束:

Finish

按照提示重启PC, 完成安装.

配置阿里云源

在设备下电后, 断开Ubuntu Installer与PC的链接, 仅保留Ubuntu Workspace与PC的链接, 启动Ubuntu.

接下来还需要进行最后一步: 配置阿里云源, 更新系统软件. 此处至关重要, 有些设备只有在获取最新驱动后, 才能够正常使用Ubuntu

首先, 打开etc-apt-source.list

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

删除系统默认配置, 将以下阿里云源配置写入, 保存:

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic universe
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic partner

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security universe
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates multiverse restricted universe main

然后执行系统更新:

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get update

配置成功后, 可以看到Packge URL均为阿里云源. 该设置能大幅提升相关依赖安装速度.