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0127. Word Ladder

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题目

Given two words (beginWord and endWord), and a dictionary's word list, find the length of shortest transformation sequence from beginWord to endWord, such that:

  1. Only one letter can be changed at a time.
  2. Each transformed word must exist in the word list. Note that beginWord is not a transformed word.

Note:

  • Return 0 if there is no such transformation sequence.
  • All words have the same length.
  • All words contain only lowercase alphabetic characters.
  • You may assume no duplicates in the word list.
  • You may assume beginWord and endWord are non-empty and are not the same.

Example 1:

Input:
beginWord = "hit",
endWord = "cog",
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log","cog"]

Output: 5

Explanation: As one shortest transformation is "hit" -> "hot" -> "dot" -> "dog" -> "cog",
return its length 5.

Example 2:

Input:
beginWord = "hit"
endWord = "cog"
wordList = ["hot","dot","dog","lot","log"]

Output: 0

Explanation: The endWord "cog" is not in wordList, therefore no possible transformation.

题目大意

给定两个单词(beginWord 和 endWord)和一个字典,找到从 beginWord 到 endWord 的最短转换序列的长度。转换需遵循如下规则:

  1. 每次转换只能改变一个字母。
  2. 转换过程中的中间单词必须是字典中的单词。

说明:

  • 如果不存在这样的转换序列,返回 0。
  • 所有单词具有相同的长度。
  • 所有单词只由小写字母组成。
  • 字典中不存在重复的单词。
  • 你可以假设 beginWord 和 endWord 是非空的,且二者不相同。

解题思路

  • 这一题要求输出从 beginWord 变换到 endWord 最短变换次数。可以用 BFS,从 beginWord 开始变换,把该单词的每个字母都用 'a'~'z' 变换一次,生成的数组到 wordList 中查找,这里用 Map 来记录查找。找得到就入队列,找不到就输出 0 。入队以后按照 BFS 的算法依次遍历完,当所有单词都 len(queue)<=0 出队以后,整个程序结束。
  • 这一题题目中虽然说了要求找到一条最短的路径,但是实际上最短的路径的寻找方法已经告诉你了:
    1. 每次只变换一个字母
    2. 每次变换都必须在 wordList
      所以不需要单独考虑何种方式是最短的。