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<title>Docker and Kubernetes for Java Developers</title>
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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Docker and Kubernetes for Java Developers</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">v1.4, Nov 5, 2015</span><br>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Latest HTML:
<a href="https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/javaee-samples/docker-java/blob/master/readme.html" class="bare">https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/javaee-samples/docker-java/blob/master/readme.html</a></p>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_preface">Preface</a></li>
<li><a href="#_setup_environments">Setup Environments</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_hardware">Hardware</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker">Docker</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_docker_toolbox_or_packages">Docker Toolbox or Packages</a></li>
<li><a href="#_checkout_code_docker_java_code_workspace">Checkout <code>docker-java</code> workspace</a></li>
<li><a href="#_pull_docker_images">Pull Docker images</a></li>
<li><a href="#_create_docker_swarm_cluster">Create Docker Swarm Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#_create_docker_host_mapping">Create Docker Host Mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="#_optional_software">Optional Software</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Kubernetes_Setup">Kubernetes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Docker_Basics">Docker Basics</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_docker_machine">Docker Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker_client">Docker Client</a></li>
<li><a href="#_verify_docker_configuration">Verify Docker Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_build_an_image">Build an Image</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_dockerfile">Dockerfile</a></li>
<li><a href="#_create_your_first_docker_image">Create your first Docker image</a></li>
<li><a href="#_wildfly_image">WildFly Image</a></li>
<li><a href="#_java_ee_7_application_image">Java EE 7 Application Image</a></li>
<li><a href="#_dockerfile_command_design_patterns">Dockerfile Command Design Patterns</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_difference_between_cmd_and_entrypoint">Difference between CMD and ENTRYPOINT</a></li>
<li><a href="#_difference_between_add_and_copy">Difference between ADD and COPY</a></li>
<li><a href="#_import_and_export_images">Import and export images</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_run_a_container">Run a Container</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_pull_image">Pull Image</a></li>
<li><a href="#_run_container">Run Container</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_interactive_container">Interactive Container</a></li>
<li><a href="#_detached_container">Detached Container</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_run_container_with_default_port">Run Container with Default Port</a></li>
<li><a href="#_run_container_with_specified_port">Run Container with Specified Port</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stop_container">Stop Container</a></li>
<li><a href="#_remove_container">Remove Container</a></li>
<li><a href="#Enabling_WildFly_Administration">Enable WildFly Administration</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_default_port_mapping">Default Port Mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="#Management_Fixed_Port_Mapping">Fixed Port Mapping</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#JavaEE7_PreBuilt_WAR">Deploy Java EE 7 Application (Pre-Built WAR)</a></li>
<li><a href="#JavaEE7_Container_Linking">Deploy Java EE 7 Application (Container Linking)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_build_and_deploy_java_ee_7_application">Build and Deploy Java EE 7 Application</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#Build_Application">Build Application</a></li>
<li><a href="#_start_application_server">Start Application Server</a></li>
<li><a href="#_configure_jboss_developer_studio">Configure JBoss Developer Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application_using_shared_volumes">Deploy Application Using Shared Volumes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application_using_cli">Deploy Application Using CLI</a></li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application_using_web_console">Deploy Application Using Web Console</a></li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application_using_management_api">Deploy Application Using Management API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_docker_maven_plugin">Docker Maven Plugin</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_run_java_ee_application">Run Java EE Application</a></li>
<li><a href="#_understand_plugin_configuration">Understand Plugin Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_docker_tools_in_eclipse">Docker Tools in Eclipse</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_install_docker_tools_plugins">Install Docker Tools Plugins</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker_explorer">Docker Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker_images">Docker Images</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker_containers">Docker Containers</a></li>
<li><a href="#_details_on_images_and_containers">Details on Images and Containers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_test_java_ee_applications_on_docker">Test Java EE Applications on Docker</a></li>
<li><a href="#Docker_Compose">Multiple Containers Using Docker Compose</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_single_host_container_linking">Single Host Container Linking</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_configuration_file">Configuration File</a></li>
<li><a href="#_start_services">Start Services</a></li>
<li><a href="#_verify_application">Verify Application</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stop_services">Stop Services</a></li>
<li><a href="#_remove_containers">Remove Containers</a></li>
<li><a href="#_scale_services">Scale Services</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_multi_host_networking">Multi-host Networking</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Docker_Swarm">Deploy Application on Docker Swarm Cluster</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_key_components_of_docker_swarm">Key Components of Docker Swarm</a></li>
<li><a href="#_create_discovery_service">Create Discovery Service</a></li>
<li><a href="#_create_docker_swarm_cluster_2">Create Docker Swarm Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application_to_docker_swarm_cluster">Deploy Application to Docker Swarm Cluster</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_start_application_environment_using_docker_compose">Start Application Environment Using Docker Compose</a></li>
<li><a href="#_configure_couchbase_server">Configure Couchbase server</a></li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application">Deploy Application</a></li>
<li><a href="#_access_application">Access Application</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_application_on_kubernetes_cluster">Deploy Application on Kubernetes Cluster</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_key_components">Key Components</a></li>
<li><a href="#_start_kubernetes_cluster">Start Kubernetes Cluster</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_using_previously_downloaded_kubernetes_distribution">Using Previously Downloaded Kubernetes Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="#_download_and_start_the_kubernetes_cluster">Download and Start the Kubernetes Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#_verify_the_cluster">Verify the Cluster</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Deploy_JavaEE_Kubernetes_Multiple_Config">Deploy Java EE Application (multiple configuration files)</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_start_mysql_pod">Start MySQL Pod</a></li>
<li><a href="#_start_mysql_service">Start MySQL service</a></li>
<li><a href="#_start_wildfly_replication_controller">Start WildFly Replication Controller</a></li>
<li><a href="#Access_Kubernetes_Application_Node">Access the application (using node)</a></li>
<li><a href="#Access_Kubernetes_Application_Proxy">Access the application (using proxy)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_deploy_java_ee_application_one_configuration_file">Deploy Java EE Application (one configuration file)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rescheduling_pods">Rescheduling Pods</a></li>
<li><a href="#_scaling_pods">Scaling Pods</a></li>
<li><a href="#_couchbase_cluster_and_persistent_volumes">Couchbase Cluster and Persistent Volumes</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_create_kubernetes_resources">Create Kubernetes resources</a></li>
<li><a href="#_initialize_couchbase_cluster">Initialize Couchbase Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#_add_a_new_couchbase_server_to_the_cluster">Add a new Couchbase server to the cluster</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_application_logs">Application Logs</a></li>
<li><a href="#_delete_kubernetes_resources">Delete Kubernetes Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stop_kubernetes_cluster">Stop Kubernetes Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="#_debug_kubernetes_master">Debug Kubernetes Master</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#Common_Docker_Commands">Common Docker Commands</a></li>
<li><a href="#_troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_network_timed_out">Network Timed Out</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_restart_docker_machine">Restart Docker Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="#_loading_images_offline">Loading Images Offline</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_cannot_create_docker_machine_on_windows">Cannot create Docker Machine on Windows</a></li>
<li><a href="#_no_route_to_host">No route to host</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker_machine_creation_fails_with_an_error_about_dial_tcp_i_o_timeout">Docker machine creation fails with an error about dial tcp: i/o timeout</a></li>
<li><a href="#__you_may_be_getting_rate_limited_by_github_error_message">“You may be getting rate limited by Github” error message</a></li>
<li><a href="#_docker_machine_troubleshooting">Docker Machine Troubleshooting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_preface">Preface</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Containers are enabling developers to package their applications (and underlying dependencies) in new ways that are portable and work consistently everywhere? On your machine, in production, in your data center, and in the cloud. And Docker has become the de facto standard for those portable containers in the cloud.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Docker is the developer-friendly Linux container technology that enables creation of your stack: OS, JVM, app server, app, and all your custom configuration. So with all it offers, how comfortable are you and your team taking Docker from development to production? Are you hearing developers say, “But it works on my machine!” when code breaks in production?</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This lab offers developers an intro-level, hands-on session with Docker, from installation, to exploring Docker Hub, to crafting their own images, to adding Java apps and running custom containers. It will also explain how to use Swarm to orchesorchestrate these containers together. This is a BYOL (bring your own laptop) session, so bring your Windows, OSX, or Linux laptop and be ready to dig into a tool that promises to be at the forefront of our industry for some time to come.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
Latest content of this workshop is always at <a href="https://github.com/javaee-samples/docker-java" class="bare">https://github.com/javaee-samples/docker-java</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_setup_environments">Setup Environments</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This section describes the software needed for this workshop. This workshop is designed for a BYOL (Brying Your Own Laptop) style hands-on-lab.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_hardware">Hardware</h3>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Operating System: Mac OS X (10.8+), Windows 7+, Ubuntu 12+, CentOS 7+, Fedora 21+</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Memory: At least 4 GB+, preferred 8 GB</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_docker">Docker</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_docker_toolbox_or_packages">Docker Toolbox or Packages</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Docker runs natively on Linux. Because the Docker daemon uses Linux-specific kernel features, you can’t run Docker natively in OS X or Windows. Instead, you must use <code>docker-machine</code> to create and attach to a virtual machine (VM). This machine is a Linux VM that hosts Docker for you on your Mac or Windows. This can be easily installed using <a href="https://www.docker.com/docker-toolbox">Docker Toolbox</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Follow the instructions to install Docker:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/docker/toolbox/releases/download/v1.9.0/DockerToolbox-1.9.0.pkg">Docker Tool Box 1.9.0 for Mac</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/docker/toolbox/releases/download/v1.9.0/DockerToolbox-1.9.0.exe">Docker Toolbox 1.9.0 for Windows</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/ubuntulinux/">Docker on Ubuntu</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/centos/">Docker on Centos</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/fedora/">Docker on Fedora</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Complete set of operating systems are listed at <a href="http://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/">Install Docker Engine</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_checkout_code_docker_java_code_workspace">Checkout <code>docker-java</code> workspace</h4>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">git clone https://github.com/javaee-samples/docker-java</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_pull_docker_images">Pull Docker images</h4>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Important</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
For Mac and Windows, this commands need to be issued from the Docker shell or Command Prompt where <code>eval $(docker-machine env default)</code> command was issued. This command need to be issued in the <code>attendees</code> directory of <code>docker-java</code> workspace.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">docker-compose pull -f docker-compose-pull-images.yml</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_create_docker_swarm_cluster">Create Docker Swarm Cluster</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create Docker Swarm cluster as:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">docker run swarm create</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will generate a token.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Important</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
Save the token generated by this command as it cannot be queried/recovered later.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Use this token to create a Swarm Master.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">docker-machine create -d virtualbox --swarm --swarm-master --swarm-discovery token://<token> swarm-master</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Detailed explanation for this is available in <a href="#Docker_Swarm">Deploy Application on Docker Swarm Cluster</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_create_docker_host_mapping">Create Docker Host Mapping</h4>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>To make it easier to start/stop the containers, an entry is added into the host mapping table of your operating system. Find out the IP address of your machine:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">docker-machine ip default</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will provide the IP address associated with the Docker Machine created earlier.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Edit <code>/etc/hosts</code> (Mac OS or Linux) or <code>C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts</code> (Windows) and add:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-text" data-lang="text"><IP ADDRESS> dockerhost</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_optional_software">Optional Software</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following software needs to be downloaded if you want to build/deploy a Java EE application.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_java_development_kit">Java Development Kit</h5>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Java: <a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html">Oracle JDK 8u65</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_maven">Maven</h5>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Download Apache Maven from <a href="https://maven.apache.org/download.cgi" class="bare">https://maven.apache.org/download.cgi</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Unzip to a directory of your choice and add it to the <code>PATH</code>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_wildfly">WildFly</h5>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Download WildFly 9.0 from <a href="http://download.jboss.org/wildfly/9.0.0.Final/wildfly-9.0.0.Final.zip" class="bare">http://download.jboss.org/wildfly/9.0.0.Final/wildfly-9.0.0.Final.zip</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Install it by extracting the archive.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_jboss_developer_studio_9_0">JBoss Developer Studio 9.0</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To install JBoss Developer Studio stand-alone, complete the following steps:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Download <a href="http://tools.jboss.org/downloads/devstudio/mars/9.0.0.GA.html">9.0.0</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Start the installer as:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">java -jar <JAR FILE NAME></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation process.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="Kubernetes_Setup">Kubernetes</h3>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Download Vagrant from <a href="https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html" class="bare">https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html</a> and install.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Kubernetes requires Vagrant >= 1.6.2. So if you have an older version then make sure you install the latest one.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you’ve not installed Docker Toolbox, then you need to additionally download Virtual Box 5.0.8 from <a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads" class="bare">https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Download Kubernetes (1.1.2) from <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases/download/v1.1.2/kubernetes.tar.gz" class="bare">https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases/download/v1.1.2/kubernetes.tar.gz</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On Windows, Python interpreter needs to be installed and included in the <code>%PATH%</code>. Download from <a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/" class="bare">https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/</a> and setup <code>%PATH%</code> in Control Panel.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Extract the archive and install it:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">export KUBERNETES_PROVIDER=vagrant
cd kubernetes
./cluster/kube-up.sh</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
Vagrant provider should be included in the path. For example, for VirtualBox, <code>vboxmanage</code> command should work from the shell or command prompt where <code>./cluster/kube-up.sh</code> script is invoked.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you installed more than one Vagrant provider (such as VirtualBox and Parallels), Kubernetes will usually pick the appropriate one. You can override which one Kubernetes will use by setting the VAGRANT_DEFAULT_PROVIDER environment variable:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">export VAGRANT_DEFAULT_PROVIDER=virtualbox
export KUBERNETES_PROVIDER=vagrant
./cluster/kube-up.sh</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="Docker_Basics">Docker Basics</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>PURPOSE</strong>: This chapter introduces the basic terminology of Docker.</p>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
Docker is a platform for developers and sysadmins to develop, ship, and run applications. Docker lets you quickly assemble applications from components and eliminates the friction that can come when shipping code. Docker lets you get your code tested and deployed into production as fast as possible.
</blockquote>
<div class="attribution">
— docs.docker.com/
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Docker simplifies software delivery by making it easy to build and share images that contain your application’s entire environment, or <em>application operating system</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>What does it mean by an application operating system ?</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Your application typically require a specific version of operating system, application server, JDK, database server, may require to tune the configuration files, and similarly multiple other dependencies. The application may need binding to specific ports and certain amount of memory. The components and configuration together required to run your application is what is referred to as application operating system.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can certainly provide an installation script that will download and install these components. Docker simplifies this process by allowing to create an image that contains your application and infrastructure together, managed as one component. These images are then used to create Docker containers which run on the container virtualization platform, provided by Docker.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Main Components of Docker</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Docker has three main components:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><em>Images</em> are <strong>build component</strong> of Docker and a read-only template of application operating system.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>Containers</em> are <strong>run component</strong> of Docker, and created from, images.Containers can be run, started, stopped, moved, and deleted.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Images are stored, shared, and managed in a <em>registry</em>, the <strong>distribution component</strong> of Docker. The publically available registry is known as Docker Hub (available at <a href="http://hub.docker.com" class="bare">http://hub.docker.com</a>).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In order for these three components to work together, there is <strong>Docker Daemon</strong> that runs on a host machine and does the heavy lifting of building, running, and distributing Docker containers. In addition, there is <strong>Client</strong> that is a Docker binary which accepts commands from the user and communicates back and forth with the daemon.</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="./chapters/images/docker-architecture.png" alt="docker architecture">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. Docker architecture</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Client communicates with Daemon, either co-located on the same host, or on a different host. It requests the Daemon to pull an image from the repository using <code>pull</code> command. The Daemon then downloads the image from Docker Hub, or whatever registry is configured. Multiple images can be downloaded from the registry and installed on Daemon host. Images are run using <code>run</code> command to create containers on demand.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>How does a Docker Image work?</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We’ve already seen that Docker images are read-only templates from which Docker containers are launched. Each image consists of a series of layers. Docker makes use of union file systems to combine these layers into a single image. Union file systems allow files and directories of separate file systems, known as branches, to be transparently overlaid, forming a single coherent file system.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>One of the reasons Docker is so lightweight is because of these layers. When you change a Docker image—for example, update an application to a new version— a new layer gets built. Thus, rather than replacing the whole image or entirely rebuilding, as you may do with a virtual machine, only that layer is added or updated. Now you don’t need to distribute a whole new image, just the update, making distributing Docker images faster and simpler.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Every image starts from a base image, for example <code>ubuntu</code>, a base Ubuntu image, or <code>fedora</code>, a base Fedora image. You can also use images of your own as the basis for a new image, for example if you have a base Apache image you could use this as the base of all your web application images.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
By default, Docker obtains these base images from Docker Hub.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Docker images are then built from these base images using a simple, descriptive set of steps we call instructions. Each instruction creates a new layer in our image. Instructions include actions like:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Run a command</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add a file or directory</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Create an environment variable</p>
</li>
<li>