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# $NetBSD: Packages.txt,v 1.137 2001/02/02 03:42:42 hubertf Exp $
###########################################################################
==========================
Documentation on the
NetBSD Package System
==========================
Hubert Feyrer, Alistair Crooks
Table of contents:
==================
Run this command to produce a table of contents:
grep -B1 '^.====' Packages.txt | egrep -v '^.[-=]'
0 Intro
========
There is a lot of software freely available for Unix based systems, which
usually runs on NetBSD, too, sometimes with some modifications. The NetBSD
packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that
software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and reinstallation) of
the software package easy by means of a single command.
The NetBSD package system is used to enable such freely available
third-party software to be built easily on NetBSD hosts. Once the software
has been built, it is manipulated with the pkg_* tools so that installation
and de-installation, printing of an inventory of all installed packages and
retrieval of one-line comments or more verbose descriptions are all simple.
Both the NetBSD packages collection and the NetBSD package system are
derived from FreeBSD.
0.1 Overview
=============
This document is divided into two parts. The first, "User's Guide",
describes how one can use one of the packages in the Package
Collection, either by installing a precompiled binary package, or by
building your own copy using the NetBSD package system. The second
part, "Package Constructor's Guide", explains how to prepare a package so
it can be easily built by other NetBSD users without knowing about the
package's building details.
0.2 Terminology
===============
There has been a lot of talk about "ports", "packages", etc. so far. Here
is a description of all the terminology used within this document:
* Package:
A set of files and building instructions that describe what's necessary
to build a certain piece of software using the NetBSD package
system. Packages are traditionally stored under /usr/pkgsrc.
* The NetBSD package system:
This is the part of the NetBSD operating system handling building
(compiling), installing, and removing of packages.
* Distfile:
This term describes the file or files that are provided by the author
of the piece of freely available software to distribute his work. All
the changes necessary to build on NetBSD are reflected in the
corresponding package. Usually the distfile is in the form of a
compressed tar-archive, but other types are possible, too. Distfiles
are stored below /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles.
* Port:
This is the term used by FreeBSD people for what we call a package.
In NetBSD terminology, "port" refers to a different architecture.
* Precompiled (binary) package:
A set of binaries built by the NetBSD package system from a distfile
using the NetBSD package system and stuffed together in a single .tgz
file so it can be installed on machines of the same machine architecture
without the need to recompile. Packages are generated in
/usr/pkgsrc/packages by the NetBSD package system; there is also an
archive on ftp.netbsd.org.
Sometimes, this is referred to by the term "package" too,
especially in the context of precompiled packages.
* Program:
The piece of software to be installed which will be constructed from
all the files in the Distfile by the actions defined in the
corresponding package.
* NetBSD RCS IDs:
Some files in a package contain RCS IDs to reflect which version of
that file this is (inserted automatically by cvs). These IDs are used
in several examples within this document, but as this document itself
is managed by CVS, it can't list the RCS IDs in plaintext. Instead, the
$s are written as <$>, resulting in <$>NetBSD<$> and <$>Id<$>.
====================
Part I: User's Guide
====================
1 Installing a precompiled binary package
=========================================
This section describes how to find, retrieve and install a precompiled
binary package that someone else already prepared for your type of machine.
1.1 Where to get
================
Precompiled packages are stored on ftp.netbsd.org and its mirrors in the
directory /pub/NetBSD/packages for anon FTP access. Please pick the right
subdirectory there as indicated by "sysctl hw.machine_arch". In that
directory, there is a subdirectory for each category plus a subdirectory
"All" which includes the actual binaries in .tgz-files. The category
subdirectories use symbolic links to those files. (This is the same
directory layout as in /usr/pkgsrc/packages).
This same directory layout applies for CDROM distributions, only that the
directory may be rooted somewhere else, probably somewhere below /cdrom.
Please consult your CDROM's documentation for the exact location!
1.2 How to use
==============
If you have the files on a CDROM or downloaded them to your hard disk, you
can install them with the following command (be sure to su to root first):
pkg_add /path/to/package.tgz
If you have FTP access and you don't want to download the packages via FTP
prior to installation, you can do this automatically by giving pkg_add an
ftp-URL:
pkg_add ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/<OS Ver>/<arch>/All/package.tgz
If there is any doubt, the sysctl utility can be used to determine the
<OS Ver>, and <arch> by running "sysctl kern.osrelease hw.machine_arch".
Also note that any prerequisite packages needed to run the package in
question will be installed, too, assuming they are present where you install
from.
After you've installed packages, be sure to have /usr/pkg in your $PATH so
you can actually start the just installed program.
1.3 A word of warning
=====================
Please pay very careful attention to the warnings expressed in that manual
page about the inherent dangers of installing binary packages which you did
not create yourself, and the security holes that can be introduced onto
your system by indiscriminate adding of such files.
2 Installing by Building
========================
This assumes that the package is already part of the NetBSD package system.
If it is not, then you are advised to read part II of this document,
"Package Constructor's Guide".
2.1 Requirements
================
To build packages from source on a NetBSD system the "comp" and the "text"
distribution sets must be installed. If you want to build X11 related
packages the "xbase" and "xcomp" distribution sets are required, too.
2.2 Where to get pkgsrc
=======================
To get the package source going, you need to get the pkgsrc.tar.gz file
from ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz and
unpack it into /usr/pkgsrc.
As an alternative, you can get pkgsrc via the Software Update Protocol,
SUP. To do so, make sure your supfile has a line saying "release=pkgsrc" in
it, see the examples in /usr/share/examples/supfiles, and that the
directory /usr/pkgsrc does exist. Then, simply start "sup -v
/path/to/your/supfile".
2.3 Fetching distfiles
======================
There is one gotcha: The distribution file (i.e. the unmodified source)
must exist on your system for the packages system to be able to build it.
If it does not, then ftp(1) is used to fetch the distribution files
automatically.
You can overwrite some of the major distribution sites to fit to sites
that are close to your own. Have a look at /usr/pkgsrc/mk/mk.conf.example
to find some examples. This may save some of your bandwidth and time.
When you have selected your settings, install your configuration into
/etc/mk.conf
If you don't have a permanent Internet connection and you want to know
which files to download, "make fetch-list" will tell you what you'll need.
Put these distfiles into /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles.
2.4 How to build and install
============================
Assuming that has been done, become root and change into the relevant
directory. Then you can type
make
at the shell prompt to build the various components of the package, and
make install
at the shell prompt to install the various components into the correct
places on your system.
Taking the top system utility as an example, we can install it on our
system by building as shown in appendix A.1.
The program is installed under the default root of the packages tree -
/usr/pkg. Should this not conform to your tastes, simply set the LOCALBASE
variable in your environment, and it will use that value as the root of
your packages tree. So, to use /usr/local, set
LOCALBASE=/usr/local
in your environment. Please note that you should use a root which is
dedicated to packages and not shared with other programs (ie, do not try
and use LOCALBASE=/usr). This is to prevent possible conflicts between
programs and other files installed by the package system and whatever else
may have been installed there. There is, of course, one exception to
this - X11 packages are traditionally installed in the X11 tree. The
definition used to identify the root of the X11 tree is the X11BASE
definition.
It is possible to install X11 packages in the LOCALBASE tree, for
which you must install the xpkgwedge package
(pkgsrc/pkgtools/xpkgwedge) - see section 7.1 for further details.
Some packages look in /etc/mk.conf to alter some configuration options
at build time. Have a look at /usr/pkgsrc/mk/mk.conf.example to get
an overview of what you can set there. Environment variables such as
LOCALBASE, and X11BASE can also be set in /etc/mk.conf to save having
to remember to set them each time you want to use pkgsrc.
If you want to deinstall and re-install a binary package that you've
created (see next section) or that you put into pkgsrc/packages
manually, you can use the the "bin-install" target, which will
install a binary package - if available - via pkg_add, and do a "make
package" else.
A final word of warning: If you setup a system that has a non-standard
setting for LOCALBASE (or X11BASE, for that matter), be sure to set that
before any packages are installed, as you can not use several directories
for the same purpose. Doing so will result in pkgsrc not being able to
properly detect your installed packages, and fail miserably. Note also that
precompiled binary packages are usually built with the default LOCALBASE of
/usr/pkg, and that you should *not* install any if you use a non-standard
LOCALBASE.
3 Making precompiled packages
=============================
3.1 Packaging a single package
==============================
Once you have built and installed the package as mentioned above, you can
build it into a "binary package" - you might want to do this so that you
can use the binaries you have just built on another NetBSD system, or to
provide a simple means for others to use your binary package instead of
wasting CPU time - this is done by changing to the appropriate directory in
the pkgsrc tree, and typing the command
make package
at the shell prompt. This will build and install your package (if not
already done), and then construct a binary package out of the results so
that you can use the pkg_* tools to manipulate this. The binary package is
stored under /usr/pkgsrc/packages, it's in the form of a gzipped file at
the present time. See appendix A.2 for a continuation of the above top
example.
Please see the "submitting" section later in this document on how to submit
such a binary package.
3.2 Doing a bulk build of all packages
======================================
If you want to get a full set of precompiled binary packages, this section
describes how to get them. Beware that the bulk build will remove all
currently installed packages from your your system! Having a FTP server
configured either on the machine doing the bulk builds or on a nearby NFS
server can help to make the packages available to everyone. See ftpd(8) for
more information. If you use a remote NFS server's storage, be sure to not
actually compile on NFS storage, as this slows things down a lot.
3.2.1 Configuration
===================
3.2.1.1 /etc/mk.conf
====================
You may want to set things in /etc/mk.conf. Look at pkgsrc/mk/mk.conf.example
for details. You will want to make sure that ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES meet your
local policy:
BATCH= yes # required for bulk builds
DEPENDS_TARGET?= bulk-install
PACKAGES?= ${PKGSRCDIR}/packages/${MACHINE_ARCH}
OBJMACHINE?= 1 # use work.${MACHINE_ARCH}
WRKOBJDIR?= /usr/tmp/pkgsrc # build here instead of in pkgsrc
FAILOVER_FETCH= yes # insist on the correct checksum
PKG_DEVELOPER?= yes
ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES= shareware \
fee-based-commercial-use \
no-profit \
no-commercial-use \
non-commercial-use \
limited-redistribution \
kermit-license \
sun-swing-license \
sun-jsdk20-license
3.2.1.2 build.conf
==================
In pkgsrc/mk/bulk, copy ``build.conf-example'' to ``build.conf'' and
edit it, following the comments in that file. This is the config
file that determines where logfiles are generated after the build,
where to mail the build report, where your pkgsrc is located and
which user to su(8) to to do a 'cvs update'.
3.2.2 Other environmental considerations
========================================
Drop your favourite login shell in /usr/local, or install it from
/etc/rc.local. Also, if you use a OS version below 1.5 or stil want
to use the pkgsrc version of ssh for some reason, be sure to install
ssh before starting it from rc.local:
( cd /usr/pkgsrc/security/ssh ; make bulk-install )
if [ -f /usr/pkg/etc/rc.d/sshd ]; then
/usr/pkg/etc/rc.d/sshd
fi
Not doing so will result in you being not able to log in via ssh
after the bulk build is finished or if the machine gets rebooted
or crashes. You have been warned! :)
3.2.3 Operation
===============
Make sure you don't need any of the packages still installed.
BEWARE: During the bulk build, ALL packages will be removed!!!
Be sure to remove all other things (from /usr/local, ...). Become
root and type:
# cd /usr/pkgsrc
# sh mk/bulk/build
If for some reason your last build didn't complete (power failure,
system panic, ...), you can continue it by running:
# sh mk/bulk/build restart
At the end of the bulk run, you will get a summary via mail, and find
build logs in the directory specified by "FTP" in the "build.conf"
file.
3.2.4 What it does
==================
The bulk builds consist of three steps:
1. pre-build: The script updates your pkgsrc via (anon)cvs, then cleans
out any broken distfiles, and removes all packages installed.
2. the bulk build: This is basically 'make bulk-package' with an optimized
order in which packages will be built. Packages that don't require
other packages will be built first, and packages with many depends
will be built later.
3. post-build: Generates a report that's placed in the directory specified
in the build.conf file named ``broken.html'', a short version of
that report will also be mailed to the build's admin.
During the build, a list of broken packages will be compiled in
.usr/pkgsrc/.broken (or .../.broken.${MACHINE} if OBJMACHINE is set),
individual build logs of broken builds can be found in the package's
directory. These files are used by the bulk-targets to mark broken builds
to not waste time trying to rebuild them, and they can be used to debug
these broken package builds later.
3.2.5 Disk space requirements
=============================
Currently, roughly the following requirements are valid for
1.5/i386:
* Distfiles: 1500MB (NFS ok)
* Full set of all binaries: 1000MB (NFS ok)
* Temp space for compiling: 1500MB (local disk recommended)
Note that all pkgs will be deinstalled as soon as they are turned into a
binary package, and that work-sources are removed, so there is no huge
demand to disk space. Afterwards, if the package is needed again, it will
be installed via pkg_add instead of building again, so there are no cycles
wasted by recompiling.
====================================
Part II: Package Constructor's Guide
====================================
4 Package components - files, directories and contents
======================================================
Whenever you're preparing a package from the FreeBSD ports collection or
doing it from scratch, there are a number of files involved which are
described in the following sections. Special directions are given for what
differs from FreeBSD ports for each file.
4.1 Makefile
============
Building, installation and creation of a binary package are all controlled
by the package's Makefile.
There is a Makefile for each package. This file includes the standard
bsd.pkg.mk file (referenced as "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk"), which sets all the
definitions and actions necessary for the package to compile and install
itself. The mandatory fields are the DISTNAME which specifies the base name
of the distribution file to be downloaded from the site on the Internet,
MASTER_SITES which specifies that site, CATEGORIES which denotes the
categories into which the package falls, PKGNAME which is the name of the
package and the MAINTAINER name. This is so that anyone who quibbles with
the (always completely correct) decisions taken by the guy who maintains
the port can complain vigorously.
The MASTER_SITES may be set to one of the predefined sites:
${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB}
${MASTER_SITE_GNU}
${MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN}
${MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN}
${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE}
${MASTER_SITE_GNOME}
${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE}
If one of these predefined sites is chosen, you may require the ability to
specify a subdirectory of that site. Since these macros may expand to
more than one actual site, you MUST use the following construct to specify
a subdirectory:
${MASTER_SITE_GNU:=subdirectory/name/}
(Note the trailing slash after the subdirectory name.) Use of the deprecated
MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR will not work.
Currently the following values are available for CATEGORIES. If more than
one is used, they need to be separated by spaces:
archivers devel math shells
audio editors mbone sysutils
benchmarks emulators meta-pkgs templates
biology finance misc textproc
cad fonts net time
chat games news wm
comms graphics parallel www
converters ham pkgtools x11
corba japanese plan9
cross lang print
databases mail security
See the NetBSD packages(7) manual page for a description of all available
options and variables.
Please pay attention to the following gotchas, especially when preparing a
package from the FreeBSD ports collection:
- Remove all MANx and CATx definitions from the package Makefile -
NetBSD has implemented automatic manual page handling, and these
definitions are now obsolete.
- Add MANCOMPRESSED (if not already there) if manpages are installed in
compressed form by the package; see comment in bsd.pkg.mk
- Replace /usr/local by ${PREFIX} in all files (see patches below)
- Delete any ldconfig commands - this will be done automatically for you
if the NetBSD platform supports ldconfig, and other measures will be
taken on platforms which do not support ldconfig (e.g. NetBSD/Alpha)
- If modifying a package from the FreeBSD ports collection, preserve
their RCS ID: remove the '$'s around the FreeBSD RCS Id, and insert the
word FreeBSD, then add a <$>NetBSD<$> (Without the <>s, please remember
the Terminology section), i.e.:
before:
# <$>Id: Makefile,v 1.17 1997/06/16 06:39:51 max Exp <$>
after:
# <$>NetBSD<$>
# FreeBSD Id: Makefile,v 1.17 1997/06/16 06:39:51 max Exp
- If the package installs any info files, the main info directory file
needs to be updated to reflect this fact. NetBSD now has an INFO_FILES
definition, which is used to do this. For example, to install the
indent.info entry into the info directory file, simply use the
INFO_FILES= indent.info
definition in the package Makefile. If the package does this insertion
for you, you should specify USE_GTEXINFO in the package Makefile, to
ensure that the pre-requisite GNU texinfo package is installed on your
system.
- Adjust MAINTAINER to be either yourself, if you plan to maintain the
package for future updates, or set it to the default MAINTAINER
[email protected], as it is unlikely that the FreeBSD people will
care about NetBSD packages.
- If there exists a home page for the software in question, please
add the variable HOMEPAGE right after MAINTAINER. The value of this
variable should be the URL for the home page.
4.2 files/*
===========
* files/md5:
Most important, the mandatory md5 checksum of all the distfiles needed for
the package to compile, confirming they match the original file any patches
were generated against. This ensures that the distfile retrieved from the
Internet has not been corrupted during transfer or altered by a malign force
to introduce a security hole. It can be generated by hand using the md5(1)
command or by invoking "make makesum".
* files/patch-sum:
The checksum file for all the official patches for the package, found in the
patches/ directory (see section 4.3). This checksum file includes an MD5
checksum of all lines in the patch file except the NetBSD RCS Id. This file
is generated by invoking "make makepatchsum".
Besides that, if you have any files that you wish to be placed in the
package prior to configuration or building, you could place these files
here and use a ${CP} command in the pre-configure target to achieve this.
Alternatively, you could simply diff the file against /dev/null and use the
patch mechanism to manage the creation of this file.
4.3 patches/*
=============
This directory contains files that are used by the patch(1) command to
modify the sources as distributed in the distribution file into a form that
will compile and run perfectly on NetBSD. The files are applied
successively in alphabetic order (as returned by a shell "patches/patch-*"
glob expansion), so patch-aa is applied before patch-ab etc.
The patch-?? files should be in diff -bu format, and apply without
a fuzz to avoid problems (To force patches to apply with fuzz you
can set PATCH_FUZZ_FACTOR=-F2). Furthermore, do not put changes
for more than one file into a single patch-file, as this will make
future modifications more difficult.
One important thing to mention is to pay attention that no RCS IDs get
stored in the patch files, as these will cause problems when later checked
into the NetBSD CVS tree. To avoid this, use the "-U 2" or "-U 1" option to
diff.
If you don't want to worry about the problems in the last two paragraphs
yourself, use pkgdiff from the pkgtools/pkgdiff package, which takes care
of any RCS Ids by itself.
For even more automation, we recommend using mkpatches from the same
package to make a whole set of patches. You just have to backup files
before you edit them to "filename.orig", e.g. with "cp -p filename
filename.orig". If you upgrade a package this way, you can easily compare
the new set of patches with the previously existing one with patchdiff.
When preparing a FreeBSD port for the NetBSD packages system, it's likely
that the FreeBSD port will work on NetBSD. However, check that the person
who ported the software to FreeBSD has not played fast and loose with the
__FreeBSD__ cpp definition without good cause - a simple way to do this is
to do
grep -i freebsd patches/patch-??
in the package directory.
Besides taking care of any FreeBSDisms, be sure to provide patches to
replace any occurrence of /usr/local in any "Makefile"s in the original
package with ${PREFIX}.
When you have finished a package, remember to generate the checksums
for the patch files by using the "make makepatchsum" command, see
section 4.2.
4.4 pkg/*
=========
This directory contains several files used to manage the creation of binary
packages. Files from this directory are used in the binary package itself,
and will thus be installed on other machines, so you should be aware that
there is a wider audience than you might think for your comments and
witticisms.
4.4.1 Mandatory files
=====================
* pkg/COMMENT:
A one-line description of the piece of software. There is no need to
mention the package's name - this will automatically be added by the
pkg_* tools when they are invoked.
* pkg/DESCR:
A multi-line description of the piece of software. This should include
any credits where they are due. Please bear in mind that others do not
share your sense of humour (or spelling idiosyncrasies), and that others
will read everything that you write here.
* pkg/PLIST:
This file governs the files that are installed on your system: all the
binaries, manual pages, etc. There are other directives which may be
entered in this file, to control the creation and deletion of
directories, and the location of inserted files.
If you're updating a FreeBSD package to work for NetBSD, please pay special
attention to the following things in pkg/PLIST:
- If there are any "@exec ldconfig ..." statements, or any "@unexec
ldconfig ...", delete them. NetBSD works out automatically whether to
call ldconfig, since some NetBSD architectures do not have ldconfig.
- Add any missing @dirrm statements
- Remove any MANx= definitions in the package Makefile
You could also investigate the port2pkg package (pkgsrc/pkgtools/port2pkg),
which does a lot of the donkey work for you.
4.4.2 Optional files
====================
* pkg/INSTALL:
Shell script invoked twice during pkg_add. First time after package
extraction and before files are moved in place, the second time after
the files to install are moved in place. This can be used to do any
custom procedures not possible with @exec commands in PLIST. See
pkg_add(1) and pkg_create(1) for more information.
* pkg/DEINSTALL:
This script is executed before and after any files are removed. It is
this script's responsibility to clean up any additional messy details
around the package's installation, since all pkg_delete knows is how to
delete the files created in the original distribution. See pkg_delete(1)
and pkg_create(1) for more information.
* pkg/MESSAGE
Display this file after installation of the package.
Useful for things like legal notices on almost-free software,
etc.
4.5 scripts/*
=============
This directory contains any files that are necessary for configuration of
your software, etc. If a script with any of the following names is present,
it will be executed at the appropriate time during the build process:
pre-fetch post-fetch
pre-extract post-extract
pre-patch post-patch
pre-configure post-configure configure
pre-build post-build
pre-install post-install
pre-package post-package
Note that you should NOT define a pre-* or post-* target in the Makefile
which executes the matching scripts/[pre|post]-* script. bsd.pkg.mk runs
any existing Makefile target first, then searches for scripts/* and runs
it using sh(1). Running the script from the Makefile would cause it to
be run twice.
See section 7 for a description of the build process.
4.6 work/*
==========
When you type "make" the distribution files are unpacked into this
directory. It can be removed by typing
make clean
at the shell prompt. Also, this directory is used to keep various
timestamp files.
5 PLIST* issues
===============
This section addresses some special issues that one needs to pay attention
to when dealing with the PLIST file (or files, see below!).
5.1 Miscellaneous
=================
* NetBSD RCS Id:
Be sure to add a RCS ID line as the first thing in any PLIST file you
write:
@comment <$>NetBSD<$>
* ranlib:
Don't put any ranlib commands into your PLIST files, as they will cause
troubles when the package is removed. Just make sure the build-process
does run ranlib - it usually does - and you can leave this out. This is
usually only a problem when using ports from FreeBSD.
* ldconfig:
Don't put any ldconfig commands into your PLIST files, as they will
cause problems. All shared object caching is done automatically in
NetBSD (this takes place when you see the "Automatic shared object
handling" message), and so you can leave this out. If any shared
objects are found in the package, they will be dealt with
automatically, running ldconfig on platforms which need it, and not
otherwise. This is usually only a problem when using ports from
FreeBSD. To prevent this automatic handling from taking place,
set SHLIB_HANDLING to NO in the package Makefile.
* ${MACHINE_ARCH}, ${MACHINE_GNU_ARCH}:
Some packages like emacs and perl embed information about which
architecture they were built on into the pathnames where they install
their file. To handle this case, PLIST will be preprocessed before
actually used, and the symbol "${MACHINE_ARCH}" will be replaced by
what "sysctl -n hw.machine_arch" gives. The same is done if the string
${MACHINE_GNU_ARCH} is embedded in PLIST somewhere - use this on
packages that use GNU autoconfigure.
Legacy note: There used to be a symbol "<$ARCH>" that was replaced by
the output of "uname -m", but that's no longer supported and has been
removed.
* ${OPSYS}, ${OS_VERSION}:
Some packages want to embed the OS name and version into some paths.
to do this, use these two variables in PLIST. ${OPSYS} will be replaced
by output from "uname -s", ${OS_VERSION} will be set to what "uname -r"
gives.
* Manpage-compression:
Manpages should be installed in compressed form if MANZ is set (in
bsd.own.mk), and uncompressed otherwise. To handle this in the PLIST
file, the suffix ".gz" is appended/removed automatically for manpages
according to MANZ and MANCOMPRESSED being set or not, see above for
details. This modification of the PLIST file is done on a copy of it,
not pkg/PLIST itself.
* Semi-automatic PLIST generation:
You can use the "make print-PLIST" command to output a PLIST that matches
any new files since the package was extracted. See below for more
information on this target.
5.2 $PLIST_SRC
================
To use one or more files as source for the PLIST used in generating the
binary package, set the variable PLIST_SRC to the names of that file(s).
The files are later concatenated using cat(1), and order of things is
important.
5.3 Perl5 modules
=================
Perl5 modules will install into different places depending on the version
of perl used during the build process. To address this, the NetBSD
packages system will append lines to the PLIST corresponding to the files
listed in the installed .packlist file generated by most perl5 modules.
This is invoked by defining PERL5_PACKLIST to a space-separated list of
paths to packlist files:
PERL5_PACKLIST= ${PERL5_SITEARCH}/auto/Pg/.packlist
The variables PERL5_SITELIB, PERL5_SITEARCH, and PERL5_ARCHLIB represent
the three locations in which perl5 modules may be installed, and may be
used by perl5 packages that don't have a packlist. These three variables
are also substituted for in the PLIST.
6 Notes on fixes for packages
=============================
6.1 CPP defines
===============
To port an application to NetBSD, it's usually necessary for the compiler
to be able to judge the system on which it's compiling, and we use
definitions so that the C pre-processor can do this.
The really impatient should just note that a number of the FreeBSD ports
(which are called packages in the NetBSD world) rely on the CPP definition
__FreeBSD__. This should be used sparingly, for FreeBSD-specific features,
but unfortunately this is not always the case. A number also rely on the
fact that the CPU type is an Intel-based little-endian CPU.
To test whether you are working on a 4.4 BSD-derived system, you should use
the BSD definition, which is defined in <sys/param.h> on said systems.
#include <sys/param.h>
and then you can surround the BSD-specific parts of your port using the
conditional:
#if (defined(BSD) && BSD >= 199306)
...
#endif
Please use the __NetBSD__ definition sparingly - it should only apply to
features of NetBSD that are not present in other 4.4-lite derived BSDs.
You should also avoid defining __FreeBSD__=1 and then simply using the
FreeBSD port, if only from an aesthetic viewpoint.
6.2 Shared libraries - libtool
==============================
NetBSD supports many different machines, with different object formats
like a.out and ELF, and varying abilities to do shared library and
dynamic loading at all. To accompany this, varying commands and options
have to be passed to the compiler, linker etc. to get the Right Thing,
which can be pretty annoying especially if you don't have all the
machines at your hand to test things. The "libtool" pkg can help
here, as it just "knows" how to build both static and dynamic
libraries from a set our source files, thus being platform
independent.
Here's how to use libtool in a pkg in six simple steps:
1. Add USE_LIBTOOL= yes to the package Makefile.
2. For library objects, use "${LIBTOOL} --mode=compile ${CC}" in place of
${CC}. You could even add it to the definition of CC, if only
libraries are being built in a given Makefile. This one command will
build both PIC and non-PIC library objects, so you need not have
separate shared and non-shared library rules.
3. For the linking of the library, remove any "ar", "ranlib", and "ld
-Bshareable" commands, and use instead:
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link cc -o ${.TARGET:.a=.la} ${OBJS:.o=.lo} -rpath ${PREFIX}/lib -version-info major:minor
Note that the library is changed to have a .la extension, and the
objects are changed to have a .lo extension. Change OBJS as necessary.
This automatically creates all of the .a, .so.major.minor, and ELF
symlinks (if necessary) in the build directory. Be sure to include
the -version-info esp. when major and minor are zero, as libtool will
strip off the shared library version else. Also, any "-release" should
be removed, as it removes the version info as well.
PLIST gets all of the .a, .la and so, .so.major and .so.major.minor
entries.
4. When linking shared object (.so) files, i.e. files that are loaded via
dlopen(3), NOT shared libraries, use "-module -avoid-version" to prevent
them getting version tacked on.
PLIST gets the foo.so entry.
5. When linking programs that depend on these libraries _before_ they are
installed, preface the cc or ld line with "${LIBTOOL} --mode=link", and
it will find the correct libraries (static or shared), but please be
aware that libtool will not allow you to specify a relative path in -L
(such as -L../somelib), because it is trying to force you to change
that argument to be the .la file. For example:
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link ${CC} -o someprog -L../somelib -lsomelib
won't work; it needs to be changed to:
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link ${CC} -o someprog ../somelib/somelib.la
and it will DTRT with the libraries. If you *must* use a relative path
with -L, and you are not going to run this program before installing
it, you can omit the use of libtool during link and install of this
program if you add the subdirectory ".libs" in your -L command:
${CC} -o someprog -L../somelib/.libs -lsomelib
6. When installing libraries, preface the install or cp command with
"${LIBTOOL} --mode=install", and change the library name to .la. For
example:
${LIBTOOL} --mode=install ${BSD_INSTALL_DATA} ${SOMELIB:.a=.la} ${PREFIX}/lib
This will install the static .a, shared library, any needed symlinks,
and run "ldconfig."
7. In your PLIST, include all of the .a, .la, and so, .so.major and
.so.major.minor files (this is a change from the previous behaviour).
6.3 Using libtool on GNU packages that already support libtool
==============================================================
Add USE_LIBTOOL=yes and LTCONFIG_OVERRIDE=${WRKSRC}/ltconfig to the
package Makefile as the quick way to bypass the pkg's own libtool.
The pkg's own libtool is made by ltconfig script at do-configure target.
If USE_LIBTOOL and LTCONFIG_OVERRIDE are defined, the specified ltconfig is
overridden, using the devel/libtool instead of the pkg's own libtool.
6.4 Gotchas of FreeBSD ports
============================
See section 4.1 for Makefile issues (MANx, CATx, MANCOMPRESSED, ldconfig,
RCS IDs) and section 4.3 for gotchas on using patches from FreeBSD ports.
One of the biggest problems with FreeBSD ports is that too many of
them assume they will install into /usr/local, instead of honouring
any ${PREFIX} setting properly. To change this, add something like the
following into your package Makefile:
pre-configure:
for f in `find ${WRKDIR} -type f -print|xargs grep -l '/usr/local'`; do
\
${SED} -e 's:/usr/local:'${PREFIX}':g' < $$f > $$f.pdone && ${MV} $
$f.pdone $$f; \
done
This is taken from the sysutils/rtty package; be sure this works for your
package - it may actually make sense to look for some things in /usr/local,
for example. So don't blindly replace all occurrences of /usr/local!
FreeBSD has decided to list manual pages in the package Makefile, with
no corresponding entry in the PLIST. You will thus need to add any
MAN[1-8ln] files to the PLIST, before deleting the MAN[1-8ln]
definition. Similarly with MLINKS and CAT[1-8ln] entries.
Side note on manpages in PLIST: we don't take any notice of any .gz
suffix there, as many FreeBSD ports seem to have .gz pages in PLIST
even when they install manpages without compressing them; rather, we
add our own .gz suffix there according to MANZ. In short, it does not
matter whether the manual page name in the PLIST has a .gz suffix or
not - if it needs one which is not already there, it will be appended
automatically, and if there is a .gz suffix which is not needed, it
will be deleted automatically.
Some packages use bsd-style .mk files when building, and so any manual
pages that are installed will be gzip-compressed, if MANZ is set, or
not if MANZ is not set. If the package uses bsd-style .mk files, the
variable MANCOMPRESSED_IF_MANZ should be set to a value of "yes" in
the package Makefile.
6.5 Feedback to the author
==========================
If you have found any bugs in the package you make available, if you had to
do special steps to make it run under NetBSD or if you enhanced the software
in various other ways, be sure to report these changes back to the original
author of the program! With that kind of support, the next release of the
program can incorporate these fixes, and people not using the NetBSD packages
system can win from your efforts.
Support the idea of free software!
7 The build process
===================
The basic steps for building a program are always the same. First the
program's source (distfile) must be brought to the local system and
then extracted. After any patches to compile properly on NetBSD are
applied, the software can be configured, then built (usually by
compiling), and finally the generated binaries etc. can be put into
place on the system. These are exactly the steps performed by the
NetBSD package system, which is implemented as a series of targets in
a central Makefile, /usr/pkgsrc/mk/bsd.pkg.mk.
7.1 Program location
====================
Before outlining the process performed by the NetBSD package system in the