Tutorial:
dicom2stl.py is a script that takes a Dicom series and generates a STL surface mesh.
Written by David T. Chen from the National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID), [email protected] It is covered by the Apache License, Version 2.0:
The script is written in Python and uses 2 external packages, VTK and SimpleITK.
The dependencies can be simply installed by pip:
pip install SimpleITK vtk pydicom
Alternatively, vtk can be downloaded and built from the following repository:
Or on some Linux distributions it can be installed with the following command:
sudo apt-get install vtk
SimpleITK can be installed via the following command:
pip install SimpleITK
The options for the script can be seen by running it:
python dicom2stl.py --help
First the script reads in a series of 2-d images or a simple 3-d image. It can read any format supported by ITK. If the input name is a zip file or a directory name, the script expects a single series of DCM images, all with the ".dcm" suffix.
Note: if you run this script with the individual Dicom slices provided on the command line, they might not be ordered in the correct order. You are better off providing a zip file or a directory. Dicom slices are not necessarily ordered the same alphabetically as they are physically. In the case of a zip file or directory, the script loads using the SimpleITK ImageSeriesReader class, which orders the slices by their physical layout, not their alphabetical names.
The primary image processing pipeline is as follows:
- Shrink the volume to 256 max dim (enabled by default)
- Anisotropic smoothing (disabled by default)
- Double threshold filter (enabled when tissue types are used)
- Median filter (enabled for 'soft' and 'fat' tissue types)
- Pad the volume
The script has built in double threshold values for the 4 different tissue types (bone, skin, muscle, soft). These values assume the input is DICOM with standard CT Hounsfield units. I determined these values experimentally on a few DICOM test sets I had, so how well they work for others is in question.
The volume is shrunk to 256 cubed or less for speed and polygon count reasons.
After all the image processing is finished, the volume is converted to a VTK image using sitk2vtk.py.
Then the following VTK pipeline is executed:
- Extract a surface mesh from the VTK image
- Apply the clean mesh filter
- Apply the smooth mesh filter
- Apply the reduce mesh filter
- Write out an STL file
The amount of smoothing and mesh reduction can be adjusted via command line options. By default 25 iterations of smoothing is applied and the number of vertices is reduced by 90%.
To extract the bone from a zip of dicom images:
python dicom2stl.py -t bone -o bone.stl dicom.zip
To extract the skin from a NRRD volume:
python dicom2stl.py -t skin -o skin.stl volume.nrrd
To extract a specific iso-value from a VTK volume:
python dicom2stl.py -i 128 -o iso.stl volume.vtk
To extract soft tissue from a dicom series in directory and apply a 180 degree Y axis rotation:
python dicom2stl.py --enable rotation -t soft_tissue -o soft.stl dicom_dir
The options for the script can be seen by running it:
python dicom2stl.py --help
You can try out an interactive Jupyter notebook via Binder: