From a9dc74141c2a74da0ec611bc39ae3c25d8fd142e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yosef Sirak Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 14:29:00 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 1/9] added star delta converter module --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+) create mode 100644 electronics/star_delta_conversions.py diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..42d0d3c95982 --- /dev/null +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +# https://www.electrical4u.com/delta-star-transformation-star-delta-transformation/#:~:text=The%20relation%20of%20delta%20%E2%80%93%20star,of%20the%20delta%20connected%20resistances. +# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%CE%94_transform + +def star_to_delta( + resistor_a: float, resistor_b: float, resistor_c: float, +)->list[float]: + + + """ + + Convert's star resistor arrangment to delta + + >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) + [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] + >>> star_to_delta(5,75,12) + [267.0, 17.8, 111.25] + >>> star_to_delta(-5,75,12) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative + """ + + + if ( + resistor_a <= 0 + or resistor_b <= 0 + or resistor_c <= 0 + ): + raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") + + delta_arrangment = [] + resistance_chain = resistor_a * resistor_b + resistor_b * resistor_c + resistor_c * resistor_a + delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_a) + delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_b) + delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_c) + + return delta_arrangment + + + +def delta_to_star( + resistor_a: float, resistor_b: float, resistor_c: float, +)->list[float]: + + + """ + + Convert's delta resistor arrangment to star + + Exaples: + >>> delta_to_star(10,25,15) + [5.0, 7.5, 3.0] + >>> delta_to_star(6,6,6) + [2.0, 2.0, 2.0] + >>> delta_to_star(-6,5,6) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative + """ + + if ( + resistor_a <= 0 + or resistor_b <= 0 + or resistor_c <= 0 + ): + raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") + + star_arrangment = [] + resistance_sum = resistor_a + resistor_b + resistor_c + star_arrangment.append( ( resistor_a * resistor_b ) / resistance_sum ) + star_arrangment.append( ( resistor_b * resistor_c ) / resistance_sum ) + star_arrangment.append( ( resistor_c * resistor_a ) / resistance_sum ) + + return star_arrangment + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + import doctest + + doctest.testmod() \ No newline at end of file From 961877ee639c46f39dd2517f529d07f715747f3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]" <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 21:32:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 2/9] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 85 ++++++++++++--------------- 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index 42d0d3c95982..a3f2c7f07cbf 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -1,52 +1,49 @@ # https://www.electrical4u.com/delta-star-transformation-star-delta-transformation/#:~:text=The%20relation%20of%20delta%20%E2%80%93%20star,of%20the%20delta%20connected%20resistances. # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%CE%94_transform + def star_to_delta( - resistor_a: float, resistor_b: float, resistor_c: float, -)->list[float]: - - - """ - - Convert's star resistor arrangment to delta - - >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) - [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] - >>> star_to_delta(5,75,12) - [267.0, 17.8, 111.25] - >>> star_to_delta(-5,75,12) - Traceback (most recent call last): - ... - ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative - """ - - - if ( - resistor_a <= 0 - or resistor_b <= 0 - or resistor_c <= 0 - ): - raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") - - delta_arrangment = [] - resistance_chain = resistor_a * resistor_b + resistor_b * resistor_c + resistor_c * resistor_a - delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_a) - delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_b) - delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_c) + resistor_a: float, + resistor_b: float, + resistor_c: float, +) -> list[float]: + """ + + Convert's star resistor arrangment to delta - return delta_arrangment + >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) + [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] + >>> star_to_delta(5,75,12) + [267.0, 17.8, 111.25] + >>> star_to_delta(-5,75,12) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative + """ + if resistor_a <= 0 or resistor_b <= 0 or resistor_c <= 0: + raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") + delta_arrangment = [] + resistance_chain = ( + resistor_a * resistor_b + resistor_b * resistor_c + resistor_c * resistor_a + ) + delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_a) + delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_b) + delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_c) -def delta_to_star( - resistor_a: float, resistor_b: float, resistor_c: float, -)->list[float]: + return delta_arrangment +def delta_to_star( + resistor_a: float, + resistor_b: float, + resistor_c: float, +) -> list[float]: """ Convert's delta resistor arrangment to star - + Exaples: >>> delta_to_star(10,25,15) [5.0, 7.5, 3.0] @@ -58,18 +55,14 @@ def delta_to_star( ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative """ - if ( - resistor_a <= 0 - or resistor_b <= 0 - or resistor_c <= 0 - ): + if resistor_a <= 0 or resistor_b <= 0 or resistor_c <= 0: raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") star_arrangment = [] - resistance_sum = resistor_a + resistor_b + resistor_c - star_arrangment.append( ( resistor_a * resistor_b ) / resistance_sum ) - star_arrangment.append( ( resistor_b * resistor_c ) / resistance_sum ) - star_arrangment.append( ( resistor_c * resistor_a ) / resistance_sum ) + resistance_sum = resistor_a + resistor_b + resistor_c + star_arrangment.append((resistor_a * resistor_b) / resistance_sum) + star_arrangment.append((resistor_b * resistor_c) / resistance_sum) + star_arrangment.append((resistor_c * resistor_a) / resistance_sum) return star_arrangment @@ -77,4 +70,4 @@ def delta_to_star( if __name__ == "__main__": import doctest - doctest.testmod() \ No newline at end of file + doctest.testmod() From 4c29d74ef05d9a08bb1ef36b4633df276f801b1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yosef Sirak <95920190+Yosef-6@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 14:44:46 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 3/9] fixed typo --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 24 ++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index a3f2c7f07cbf..963d9e2f004d 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ def star_to_delta( ) -> list[float]: """ - Convert's star resistor arrangment to delta + Convert's star resistor arrangement to delta >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] @@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ def star_to_delta( if resistor_a <= 0 or resistor_b <= 0 or resistor_c <= 0: raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") - delta_arrangment = [] + delta_arrangement = [] resistance_chain = ( resistor_a * resistor_b + resistor_b * resistor_c + resistor_c * resistor_a ) - delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_a) - delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_b) - delta_arrangment.append(resistance_chain / resistor_c) + delta_arrangement.append(resistance_chain / resistor_a) + delta_arrangement.append(resistance_chain / resistor_b) + delta_arrangement.append(resistance_chain / resistor_c) - return delta_arrangment + return delta_arrangement def delta_to_star( @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def delta_to_star( ) -> list[float]: """ - Convert's delta resistor arrangment to star + Convert's delta resistor arrangement to star Exaples: >>> delta_to_star(10,25,15) @@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ def delta_to_star( if resistor_a <= 0 or resistor_b <= 0 or resistor_c <= 0: raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") - star_arrangment = [] + star_arrangement = [] resistance_sum = resistor_a + resistor_b + resistor_c - star_arrangment.append((resistor_a * resistor_b) / resistance_sum) - star_arrangment.append((resistor_b * resistor_c) / resistance_sum) - star_arrangment.append((resistor_c * resistor_a) / resistance_sum) + star_arrangement.append((resistor_a * resistor_b) / resistance_sum) + star_arrangement.append((resistor_b * resistor_c) / resistance_sum) + star_arrangement.append((resistor_c * resistor_a) / resistance_sum) - return star_arrangment + return star_arrangement if __name__ == "__main__": From 4d8ddf72a04cf2f5e35943bcc503d5533be5f160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yosef Sirak <95920190+Yosef-6@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 14:51:18 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 4/9] Update star_delta_conversions.py --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index 963d9e2f004d..4390c2e1d0ef 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ def star_to_delta( """ Convert's star resistor arrangement to delta - + + Examples >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] >>> star_to_delta(5,75,12) @@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ def delta_to_star( Convert's delta resistor arrangement to star - Exaples: + Examples: >>> delta_to_star(10,25,15) [5.0, 7.5, 3.0] >>> delta_to_star(6,6,6) From 6af94457ea255120c9b3a2bd1f1b9920251df6a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]" <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 21:52:09 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 5/9] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index 4390c2e1d0ef..3443d1047d0b 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def star_to_delta( """ Convert's star resistor arrangement to delta - + Examples >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] From a4e99c0af972d039ddc07f33743acac725c8cda5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yosef Sirak <95920190+Yosef-6@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 14:53:59 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 6/9] Updates star_delta_conversions.py --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index 3443d1047d0b..c9466b6bd882 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ def star_to_delta( """ Convert's star resistor arrangement to delta - - Examples + + Examples: >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] >>> star_to_delta(5,75,12) From 448453c47cd3195a2d4052b50fd4dbb3eb53e0f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]" <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 3 Oct 2023 21:54:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 7/9] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index c9466b6bd882..9de812a06d72 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def star_to_delta( """ Convert's star resistor arrangement to delta - + Examples: >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] From 5ce34622db9153b22ccdf3e731223def1be78b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yosef Sirak Date: Wed, 4 Oct 2023 10:27:23 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 8/9] updated to handle ac impedances --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 127 ++++++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index 9de812a06d72..f717ce74fe1b 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -2,73 +2,106 @@ # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%CE%94_transform + def star_to_delta( - resistor_a: float, - resistor_b: float, - resistor_c: float, -) -> list[float]: + impedance_a: complex, + impedance_b: complex, + impedance_c: complex, +) -> list[complex]: """ - Convert's star resistor arrangement to delta - + Convert's star impedance arrangement to delta + Examples: - >>> star_to_delta(5,7.5,3.0) - [15.0, 10.0, 25.0] - >>> star_to_delta(5,75,12) - [267.0, 17.8, 111.25] - >>> star_to_delta(-5,75,12) + 1.) Impedance with resistances and zero reactance + >>> star_to_delta(complex(2,0),complex(1,0),complex(1,0)) + [(2.5+0j), (5+0j), (5+0j)] + + 2.) Impedance with resistance and reactance + >>> star_to_delta(complex(2,0),complex(1,2),complex(1,6)) + [(-3.5+12j), (8.2+7.6j), (3.702702702702702+1.7837837837837838j)] + + 3.) Zero impedance + >>> star_to_delta(complex(0,0),complex(1,2),complex(1,6)) Traceback (most recent call last): - ... - ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative + ... + ValueError: entered impedance value is zero + + 4.) Negative resistance + >>> star_to_delta(complex(12,0),complex(-1,2),complex(1,6)) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: entered resistance value is negative """ + + if abs(impedance_a) == 0 or abs(impedance_b) == 0 or abs(impedance_c) == 0: + raise ValueError("entered impedance value is zero") + + if impedance_a.real < 0 or impedance_b.real < 0 or impedance_c.real < 0: + raise ValueError("entered resistance value is negative") + - if resistor_a <= 0 or resistor_b <= 0 or resistor_c <= 0: - raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") delta_arrangement = [] - resistance_chain = ( - resistor_a * resistor_b + resistor_b * resistor_c + resistor_c * resistor_a + impedance_chain = ( + impedance_a * impedance_b + impedance_b * impedance_c + impedance_c * impedance_a ) - delta_arrangement.append(resistance_chain / resistor_a) - delta_arrangement.append(resistance_chain / resistor_b) - delta_arrangement.append(resistance_chain / resistor_c) + delta_arrangement.append(impedance_chain / impedance_a) + delta_arrangement.append(impedance_chain / impedance_b) + delta_arrangement.append(impedance_chain / impedance_c) return delta_arrangement def delta_to_star( - resistor_a: float, - resistor_b: float, - resistor_c: float, -) -> list[float]: - """ - - Convert's delta resistor arrangement to star - - Examples: - >>> delta_to_star(10,25,15) - [5.0, 7.5, 3.0] - >>> delta_to_star(6,6,6) - [2.0, 2.0, 2.0] - >>> delta_to_star(-6,5,6) - Traceback (most recent call last): + impedance_a: complex, + impedance_b: complex, + impedance_c: complex, +) -> list[complex]: + """ + + Convert's delta impedance arrangement to star + + Examples: + 1.) Impedance with resistances and zero reactance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(3,0),complex(5,0),complex(7,0)) + [(2.3333333333333335+0j), (1.4+0j), (1+0j)] + + 2.) Impedance with resistance and reactance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(1,3),complex(2,0),complex(0,-3)) + [-2j, (3-1j), (0.6666666666666666+2j)] + + 3.) Zero impedance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(0,0),complex(1,2),complex(1,6)) + Traceback (most recent call last): ... - ValueError: resistance value is zero or negative - """ - - if resistor_a <= 0 or resistor_b <= 0 or resistor_c <= 0: - raise ValueError("resistance value is zero or negative") + ValueError: entered impedance value is zero + + 4.) Negative resistance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(12,0),complex(-1,2),complex(1,6)) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: entered resistance value is negative + """ + if abs(impedance_a) == 0 or abs(impedance_b) == 0 or abs(impedance_c) == 0: + raise ValueError("entered impedance value is zero") - star_arrangement = [] - resistance_sum = resistor_a + resistor_b + resistor_c - star_arrangement.append((resistor_a * resistor_b) / resistance_sum) - star_arrangement.append((resistor_b * resistor_c) / resistance_sum) - star_arrangement.append((resistor_c * resistor_a) / resistance_sum) + if impedance_a.real < 0 or impedance_b.real < 0 or impedance_c.real <0: + raise ValueError("entered resistance value is negative") + + star_arrangement = [] + impedance_sum = impedance_a + impedance_b + impedance_c + star_arrangement.append(( impedance_b * impedance_c) / impedance_sum) + star_arrangement.append(( impedance_c * impedance_a) / impedance_sum) + star_arrangement.append(( impedance_a * impedance_b) / impedance_sum) + + - return star_arrangement + return star_arrangement if __name__ == "__main__": import doctest - + + doctest.testmod() From 7fb9f711425da2b87680524a2b95644c72a59340 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]" <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 4 Oct 2023 17:28:51 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 9/9] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci --- electronics/star_delta_conversions.py | 88 +++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-) diff --git a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py index f717ce74fe1b..262ebeb26c5a 100644 --- a/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py +++ b/electronics/star_delta_conversions.py @@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-%CE%94_transform - def star_to_delta( impedance_a: complex, impedance_b: complex, @@ -11,10 +10,10 @@ def star_to_delta( """ Convert's star impedance arrangement to delta - + Examples: 1.) Impedance with resistances and zero reactance - >>> star_to_delta(complex(2,0),complex(1,0),complex(1,0)) + >>> star_to_delta(complex(2,0),complex(1,0),complex(1,0)) [(2.5+0j), (5+0j), (5+0j)] 2.) Impedance with resistance and reactance @@ -26,25 +25,25 @@ def star_to_delta( Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: entered impedance value is zero - + 4.) Negative resistance >>> star_to_delta(complex(12,0),complex(-1,2),complex(1,6)) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: entered resistance value is negative """ - + if abs(impedance_a) == 0 or abs(impedance_b) == 0 or abs(impedance_c) == 0: raise ValueError("entered impedance value is zero") if impedance_a.real < 0 or impedance_b.real < 0 or impedance_c.real < 0: raise ValueError("entered resistance value is negative") - - delta_arrangement = [] impedance_chain = ( - impedance_a * impedance_b + impedance_b * impedance_c + impedance_c * impedance_a + impedance_a * impedance_b + + impedance_b * impedance_c + + impedance_c * impedance_a ) delta_arrangement.append(impedance_chain / impedance_a) delta_arrangement.append(impedance_chain / impedance_b) @@ -58,50 +57,47 @@ def delta_to_star( impedance_b: complex, impedance_c: complex, ) -> list[complex]: - """ - - Convert's delta impedance arrangement to star - - Examples: - 1.) Impedance with resistances and zero reactance - >>> delta_to_star(complex(3,0),complex(5,0),complex(7,0)) - [(2.3333333333333335+0j), (1.4+0j), (1+0j)] - - 2.) Impedance with resistance and reactance - >>> delta_to_star(complex(1,3),complex(2,0),complex(0,-3)) - [-2j, (3-1j), (0.6666666666666666+2j)] - - 3.) Zero impedance - >>> delta_to_star(complex(0,0),complex(1,2),complex(1,6)) - Traceback (most recent call last): - ... - ValueError: entered impedance value is zero - - 4.) Negative resistance - >>> delta_to_star(complex(12,0),complex(-1,2),complex(1,6)) - Traceback (most recent call last): - ... - ValueError: entered resistance value is negative - """ - if abs(impedance_a) == 0 or abs(impedance_b) == 0 or abs(impedance_c) == 0: + """ + + Convert's delta impedance arrangement to star + + Examples: + 1.) Impedance with resistances and zero reactance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(3,0),complex(5,0),complex(7,0)) + [(2.3333333333333335+0j), (1.4+0j), (1+0j)] + + 2.) Impedance with resistance and reactance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(1,3),complex(2,0),complex(0,-3)) + [-2j, (3-1j), (0.6666666666666666+2j)] + + 3.) Zero impedance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(0,0),complex(1,2),complex(1,6)) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: entered impedance value is zero + + 4.) Negative resistance + >>> delta_to_star(complex(12,0),complex(-1,2),complex(1,6)) + Traceback (most recent call last): + ... + ValueError: entered resistance value is negative + """ + if abs(impedance_a) == 0 or abs(impedance_b) == 0 or abs(impedance_c) == 0: raise ValueError("entered impedance value is zero") - if impedance_a.real < 0 or impedance_b.real < 0 or impedance_c.real <0: + if impedance_a.real < 0 or impedance_b.real < 0 or impedance_c.real < 0: raise ValueError("entered resistance value is negative") - - star_arrangement = [] - impedance_sum = impedance_a + impedance_b + impedance_c - star_arrangement.append(( impedance_b * impedance_c) / impedance_sum) - star_arrangement.append(( impedance_c * impedance_a) / impedance_sum) - star_arrangement.append(( impedance_a * impedance_b) / impedance_sum) - - - return star_arrangement + star_arrangement = [] + impedance_sum = impedance_a + impedance_b + impedance_c + star_arrangement.append((impedance_b * impedance_c) / impedance_sum) + star_arrangement.append((impedance_c * impedance_a) / impedance_sum) + star_arrangement.append((impedance_a * impedance_b) / impedance_sum) + + return star_arrangement if __name__ == "__main__": import doctest - - + doctest.testmod()