diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f32734cc47..d05198d1f1 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ BASE_CMD = nice -n -20 ./build/bin/go-quai --$(NETWORK) --syncmode $(SYNCMODE) -
 BASE_CMD += --http --http.vhosts=* --http.addr $(HTTP_ADDR) --http.api $(HTTP_API)
 BASE_CMD += --ws --ws.addr $(WS_ADDR) --ws.api $(WS_API)
 BASE_CMD += --slices $(SLICES)
+BASE_CMD += --db.engine $(DB_ENGINE)
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_ARCHIVE),true)
 	BASE_CMD += --gcmode archive
 endif
diff --git a/cmd/go-quai/genesis_test.go b/cmd/go-quai/genesis_test.go
index 5add6a7c94..70cc26c9bd 100644
--- a/cmd/go-quai/genesis_test.go
+++ b/cmd/go-quai/genesis_test.go
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -68,6 +70,7 @@ var customGenesisTests = []struct {
 // Tests that initializing Quai with a custom genesis block and chain definitions
 // work properly.
 func TestCustomGenesis(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	for i, tt := range customGenesisTests {
 		// Create a temporary data directory to use and inspect later
 		datadir := tmpdir(t)
@@ -89,3 +92,101 @@ func TestCustomGenesis(t *testing.T) {
 		quai.ExpectExit()
 	}
 }
+
+// TestCustomBackend that the backend selection and detection (leveldb vs pebble) works properly.
+func TestCustomBackend(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// Test pebble, but only on 64-bit platforms
+	if strconv.IntSize != 64 {
+		t.Skip("Custom backends are only available on 64-bit platform")
+	}
+	genesis := `{
+		"alloc"      : {},
+		"coinbase"   : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"difficulty" : "0x20000",
+			"extraData"  : "",
+			"gasLimit"   : "0x2fefd8",
+			"nonce"      : "0x0000000000001338",
+			"mixhash"    : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+			"timestamp"  : "0x00",
+			"config"     : {}
+	}`
+	type backendTest struct {
+		initArgs   []string
+		initExpect string
+		execArgs   []string
+		execExpect string
+	}
+	testfunc := func(t *testing.T, tt backendTest) error {
+		// Create a temporary data directory to use and inspect later
+		datadir := t.TempDir()
+
+		// Initialize the data directory with the custom genesis block
+		json := filepath.Join(datadir, "genesis.json")
+		if err := os.WriteFile(json, []byte(genesis), 0600); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write genesis file: %v", err)
+		}
+		{ // Init
+			args := append(tt.initArgs, "--datadir", datadir, "init", json)
+			geth := runGeth(t, args...)
+			geth.ExpectRegexp(tt.initExpect)
+			geth.ExpectExit()
+		}
+		{ // Exec + query
+			args := append(tt.execArgs, "--networkid", "1337", "--syncmode=full", "--cache", "16",
+				"--datadir", datadir, "--maxpeers", "0", "--port", "0", "--authrpc.port", "0",
+				"--nodiscover", "--nat", "none", "--ipcdisable",
+				"--exec", "eth.getBlock(0).nonce", "console")
+			geth := runGeth(t, args...)
+			geth.ExpectRegexp(tt.execExpect)
+			geth.ExpectExit()
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	for i, tt := range []backendTest{
+		{ // When not specified, it should default to leveldb
+			execArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "leveldb"},
+			execExpect: "0x0000000000001338",
+		},
+		{ // Explicit leveldb
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "leveldb"},
+			execArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "leveldb"},
+			execExpect: "0x0000000000001338",
+		},
+		{ // Explicit leveldb first, then autodiscover
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "leveldb"},
+			execExpect: "0x0000000000001338",
+		},
+		{ // Explicit pebble
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "pebble"},
+			execArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "pebble"},
+			execExpect: "0x0000000000001338",
+		},
+		{ // Explicit pebble, then auto-discover
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "pebble"},
+			execExpect: "0x0000000000001338",
+		},
+		{ // Can't start pebble on top of leveldb
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "leveldb"},
+			execArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "pebble"},
+			execExpect: `Fatal: Failed to register the Ethereum service: db.engine choice was pebble but found pre-existing leveldb database in specified data directory`,
+		},
+		{ // Can't start leveldb on top of pebble
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "pebble"},
+			execArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "leveldb"},
+			execExpect: `Fatal: Failed to register the Ethereum service: db.engine choice was leveldb but found pre-existing pebble database in specified data directory`,
+		},
+		{ // Reject invalid backend choice
+			initArgs:   []string{"--db.engine", "mssql"},
+			initExpect: `Fatal: Invalid choice for db.engine 'mssql', allowed 'leveldb' or 'pebble'`,
+			// Since the init fails, this will return the (default) mainnet genesis
+			// block nonce
+			execExpect: `0x0000000000000042`,
+		},
+	} {
+		if err := testfunc(t, tt); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("test %d-leveldb: %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/go-quai/main.go b/cmd/go-quai/main.go
index b4eda6ecbf..cce7f6ad34 100644
--- a/cmd/go-quai/main.go
+++ b/cmd/go-quai/main.go
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ var (
 		utils.ConsensusEngineFlag,
 		utils.DNSDiscoveryFlag,
 		utils.DataDirFlag,
+		utils.DBEngineFlag,
 		utils.DeveloperFlag,
 		utils.DeveloperPeriodFlag,
 		utils.DiscoveryV5Flag,
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 48578b30ac..636c7659f8 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ var (
 		Name:  "datadir.minfreedisk",
 		Usage: "Minimum free disk space in MB, once reached triggers auto shut down (default = --cache.gc converted to MB, 0 = disabled)",
 	}
+	DBEngineFlag = &cli.StringFlag{
+		Name:  "db.engine",
+		Usage: "Backing database implementation to use ('leveldb' or 'pebble')",
+		Value: "pebble",
+	}
 	KeyStoreDirFlag = DirectoryFlag{
 		Name:  "keystore",
 		Usage: "Directory for the keystore (default = inside the datadir)",
@@ -653,6 +658,20 @@ var (
 	}
 )
 
+var (
+	// DatabasePathFlags is the flag group of all database path flags.
+	DatabasePathFlags = []cli.Flag{
+		DataDirFlag,
+		AncientFlag,
+	}
+)
+
+func init() {
+	if rawdb.PebbleEnabled {
+		DatabasePathFlags = append(DatabasePathFlags, DBEngineFlag)
+	}
+}
+
 // MakeDataDir retrieves the currently requested data directory, terminating
 // if none (or the empty string) is specified. If the node is starting a testnet,
 // then a subdirectory of the specified datadir will be used.
@@ -1115,6 +1134,14 @@ func SetNodeConfig(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
 	if ctx.GlobalIsSet(InsecureUnlockAllowedFlag.Name) {
 		cfg.InsecureUnlockAllowed = ctx.GlobalBool(InsecureUnlockAllowedFlag.Name)
 	}
+	if ctx.IsSet(DBEngineFlag.Name) {
+		dbEngine := ctx.String(DBEngineFlag.Name)
+		if dbEngine != "leveldb" && dbEngine != "pebble" {
+			Fatalf("Invalid choice for db.engine '%s', allowed 'leveldb' or 'pebble'", dbEngine)
+		}
+		log.Info(fmt.Sprintf("Using %s as db engine", dbEngine))
+		cfg.DBEngine = dbEngine
+	}
 }
 
 func setDataDir(ctx *cli.Context, cfg *node.Config) {
diff --git a/core/rawdb/database.go b/core/rawdb/database.go
index 3ce6587e9e..e798b017e6 100644
--- a/core/rawdb/database.go
+++ b/core/rawdb/database.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
@@ -229,17 +230,84 @@ func NewLevelDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, r
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	log.Info("Using LevelDB as the backing database")
 	return NewDatabase(db), nil
 }
 
-// NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer creates a persistent key-value database with a
-// freezer moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
-func NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(file string, cache int, handles int, freezer string, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
-	kvdb, err := leveldb.New(file, cache, handles, namespace, readonly)
+const (
+	dbPebble  = "pebble"
+	dbLeveldb = "leveldb"
+)
+
+// hasPreexistingDb checks the given data directory whether a database is already
+// instantiated at that location, and if so, returns the type of database (or the
+// empty string).
+func hasPreexistingDb(path string) string {
+	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(path, "CURRENT")); err != nil {
+		return "" // No pre-existing db
+	}
+	if matches, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(path, "OPTIONS*")); len(matches) > 0 || err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err) // only possible if the pattern is malformed
+		}
+		return dbPebble
+	}
+	return dbLeveldb
+}
+
+// OpenOptions contains the options to apply when opening a database.
+// OBS: If AncientsDirectory is empty, it indicates that no freezer is to be used.
+type OpenOptions struct {
+	Type              string // "leveldb" | "pebble"
+	Directory         string // the datadir
+	AncientsDirectory string // the ancients-dir
+	Namespace         string // the namespace for database relevant metrics
+	Cache             int    // the capacity(in megabytes) of the data caching
+	Handles           int    // number of files to be open simultaneously
+	ReadOnly          bool
+}
+
+// openKeyValueDatabase opens a disk-based key-value database, e.g. leveldb or pebble.
+//
+//	                      type == null          type != null
+//	                   +----------------------------------------
+//	db is non-existent |  leveldb default  |  specified type
+//	db is existent     |  from db          |  specified type (if compatible)
+func openKeyValueDatabase(o OpenOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	existingDb := hasPreexistingDb(o.Directory)
+	if len(existingDb) != 0 && len(o.Type) != 0 && o.Type != existingDb {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("db.engine choice was %v but found pre-existing %v database in specified data directory", o.Type, existingDb)
+	}
+	if o.Type == dbPebble || existingDb == dbPebble {
+		if PebbleEnabled {
+			log.Info("Using pebble as the backing database")
+			return NewPebbleDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.New("db.engine 'pebble' not supported on this platform")
+		}
+	}
+	if len(o.Type) != 0 && o.Type != dbLeveldb {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown db.engine %v", o.Type)
+	}
+	log.Info("Using leveldb as the backing database")
+	// Use leveldb, either as default (no explicit choice), or pre-existing, or chosen explicitly
+	return NewLevelDBDatabase(o.Directory, o.Cache, o.Handles, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
+}
+
+// Open opens both a disk-based key-value database such as leveldb or pebble, but also
+// integrates it with a freezer database -- if the AncientDir option has been
+// set on the provided OpenOptions.
+// The passed o.AncientDir indicates the path of root ancient directory where
+// the chain freezer can be opened.
+func Open(o OpenOptions) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	kvdb, err := openKeyValueDatabase(o)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	frdb, err := NewDatabaseWithFreezer(kvdb, freezer, namespace, readonly)
+	if len(o.AncientsDirectory) == 0 {
+		return kvdb, nil
+	}
+	frdb, err := NewDatabaseWithFreezer(kvdb, o.AncientsDirectory, o.Namespace, o.ReadOnly)
 	if err != nil {
 		kvdb.Close()
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/core/rawdb/databases_64bit.go b/core/rawdb/databases_64bit.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5e3a17a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/databases_64bit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+
+//go:build (arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/ethdb"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/ethdb/pebble"
+)
+
+// Pebble is unsuported on 32bit architecture
+const PebbleEnabled = true
+
+// NewPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
+// moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
+func NewPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	db, err := pebble.New(file, cache, handles, namespace, readonly)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return NewDatabase(db), nil
+}
diff --git a/core/rawdb/databases_non64bit.go b/core/rawdb/databases_non64bit.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..513d1ae9ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/rawdb/databases_non64bit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build !((arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd)
+
+package rawdb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/ethdb"
+)
+
+// Pebble is unsuported on 32bit architecture
+const PebbleEnabled = false
+
+// NewPebbleDBDatabase creates a persistent key-value database without a freezer
+// moving immutable chain segments into cold storage.
+func NewPebbleDBDatabase(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("pebble is not supported on this platform")
+}
diff --git a/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go b/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go
index ce327127b2..e06e20ca15 100644
--- a/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go
+++ b/ethdb/dbtest/testsuite.go
@@ -313,6 +313,166 @@ func TestDatabaseSuite(t *testing.T, New func() ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
 		}
 	})
 
+		// Flush more modifications into the database, ensure the snapshot
+		// isn't affected.
+		var (
+			update = map[string]string{"k1": "v1-b", "k3": "v3-b"}
+			insert = map[string]string{"k5": "v5-b"}
+			delete = map[string]string{"k2": ""}
+		)
+		for k, v := range update {
+			db.Put([]byte(k), []byte(v))
+		}
+		for k, v := range insert {
+			db.Put([]byte(k), []byte(v))
+		}
+		for k := range delete {
+			db.Delete([]byte(k))
+		}
+		for k, v := range initial {
+			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte(v)) {
+				t.Fatalf("Unexpected value want: %v, got %v", v, got)
+			}
+		}
+		for k := range insert {
+			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
+			if err == nil || len(got) != 0 {
+				t.Fatal("Unexpected value")
+			}
+		}
+		for k := range delete {
+			got, err := snapshot.Get([]byte(k))
+			if err != nil || len(got) == 0 {
+				t.Fatal("Unexpected deletion")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OperatonsAfterClose", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db := New()
+		db.Put([]byte("key"), []byte("value"))
+		db.Close()
+		if _, err := db.Get([]byte("key")); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected error on Get after Close")
+		}
+		if _, err := db.Has([]byte("key")); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected error on Get after Close")
+		}
+		if err := db.Put([]byte("key2"), []byte("value2")); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected error on Put after Close")
+		}
+		if err := db.Delete([]byte("key")); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected error on Delete after Close")
+		}
+
+		b := db.NewBatch()
+		if err := b.Put([]byte("batchkey"), []byte("batchval")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected no error on batch.Put after Close, got %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := b.Write(); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected error on batch.Write after Close")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// BenchDatabaseSuite runs a suite of benchmarks against a KeyValueStore database
+// implementation.
+func BenchDatabaseSuite(b *testing.B, New func() ethdb.KeyValueStore) {
+	var (
+		keys, vals   = makeDataset(1_000_000, 32, 32, false)
+		sKeys, sVals = makeDataset(1_000_000, 32, 32, true)
+	)
+	// Run benchmarks sequentially
+	b.Run("Write", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchWrite := func(b *testing.B, keys, vals [][]byte) {
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+
+			db := New()
+			defer db.Close()
+
+			for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+				db.Put(keys[i], vals[i])
+			}
+		}
+		b.Run("WriteSorted", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchWrite(b, sKeys, sVals)
+		})
+		b.Run("WriteRandom", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchWrite(b, keys, vals)
+		})
+	})
+	b.Run("Read", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchRead := func(b *testing.B, keys, vals [][]byte) {
+			db := New()
+			defer db.Close()
+
+			for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+				db.Put(keys[i], vals[i])
+			}
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+
+			for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+				db.Get(keys[i])
+			}
+		}
+		b.Run("ReadSorted", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchRead(b, sKeys, sVals)
+		})
+		b.Run("ReadRandom", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchRead(b, keys, vals)
+		})
+	})
+	b.Run("Iteration", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchIteration := func(b *testing.B, keys, vals [][]byte) {
+			db := New()
+			defer db.Close()
+
+			for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+				db.Put(keys[i], vals[i])
+			}
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+
+			it := db.NewIterator(nil, nil)
+			for it.Next() {
+			}
+			it.Release()
+		}
+		b.Run("IterationSorted", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchIteration(b, sKeys, sVals)
+		})
+		b.Run("IterationRandom", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchIteration(b, keys, vals)
+		})
+	})
+	b.Run("BatchWrite", func(b *testing.B) {
+		benchBatchWrite := func(b *testing.B, keys, vals [][]byte) {
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+
+			db := New()
+			defer db.Close()
+
+			batch := db.NewBatch()
+			for i := 0; i < len(keys); i++ {
+				batch.Put(keys[i], vals[i])
+			}
+			batch.Write()
+		}
+		b.Run("BenchWriteSorted", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchBatchWrite(b, sKeys, sVals)
+		})
+		b.Run("BenchWriteRandom", func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchBatchWrite(b, keys, vals)
+		})
+	})
+>>>>>>> 99394adcb (ethdb/pebble: prevent shutdown-panic (#27238))
 }
 
 func iterateKeys(it ethdb.Iterator) []string {
diff --git a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
index b94d26bdfa..399ad4cbf3 100644
--- a/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
+++ b/ethdb/leveldb/leveldb.go
@@ -63,18 +63,19 @@ type Database struct {
 	fn string      // filename for reporting
 	db *leveldb.DB // LevelDB instance
 
-	compTimeMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the total time spent in database compaction
-	compReadMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the data read during compaction
-	compWriteMeter     metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the data written during compaction
-	writeDelayNMeter   metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the write delay number due to database compaction
-	writeDelayMeter    metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the write delay duration due to database compaction
-	diskSizeGauge      metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the size of all the levels in the database
-	diskReadMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data read
-	diskWriteMeter     metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data written
-	memCompGauge       metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of memory compaction
-	level0CompGauge    metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction in level0
-	nonlevel0CompGauge metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction in non0 level
-	seekCompGauge      metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction caused by read opt
+	compTimeMeter       metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the total time spent in database compaction
+	compReadMeter       metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the data read during compaction
+	compWriteMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the data written during compaction
+	writeDelayNMeter    metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the write delay number due to database compaction
+	writeDelayMeter     metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the write delay duration due to database compaction
+	diskSizeGauge       metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the size of all the levels in the database
+	diskReadMeter       metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data read
+	diskWriteMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data written
+	memCompGauge        metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of memory compaction
+	level0CompGauge     metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction in level0
+	nonlevel0CompGauge  metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction in non0 level
+	seekCompGauge       metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction caused by read opt
+	manualMemAllocGauge metrics.Gauge // Gauge to track the amount of memory that has been manually allocated (not a part of runtime/GC)
 
 	quitLock sync.Mutex      // Mutex protecting the quit channel access
 	quitChan chan chan error // Quit channel to stop the metrics collection before closing the database
@@ -142,6 +143,7 @@ func NewCustom(file string, namespace string, customize func(options *opt.Option
 	ldb.level0CompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/level0", nil)
 	ldb.nonlevel0CompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/nonlevel0", nil)
 	ldb.seekCompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/seek", nil)
+	ldb.manualMemAllocGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"memory/manualalloc", nil)
 
 	// Start up the metrics gathering and return
 	go ldb.meter(metricsGatheringInterval)
diff --git a/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go b/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
index c7f7c53d94..a340857b74 100644
--- a/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
+++ b/ethdb/memorydb/memorydb.go
@@ -225,6 +225,9 @@ func (b *batch) Write() error {
 	b.db.lock.Lock()
 	defer b.db.lock.Unlock()
 
+	if b.db.db == nil {
+		return errMemorydbClosed
+	}
 	for _, keyvalue := range b.writes {
 		if keyvalue.delete {
 			delete(b.db.db, string(keyvalue.key))
diff --git a/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cb90c6a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble.go
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build (arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd
+
+// Package pebble implements the key-value database layer based on pebble.
+package pebble
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/bloom"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/common"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/ethdb"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/log"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/metrics"
+)
+
+const (
+	// minCache is the minimum amount of memory in megabytes to allocate to pebble
+	// read and write caching, split half and half.
+	minCache = 16
+
+	// minHandles is the minimum number of files handles to allocate to the open
+	// database files.
+	minHandles = 16
+
+	// metricsGatheringInterval specifies the interval to retrieve pebble database
+	// compaction, io and pause stats to report to the user.
+	metricsGatheringInterval = 3 * time.Second
+)
+
+// Database is a persistent key-value store based on the pebble storage engine.
+// Apart from basic data storage functionality it also supports batch writes and
+// iterating over the keyspace in binary-alphabetical order.
+type Database struct {
+	fn string     // filename for reporting
+	db *pebble.DB // Underlying pebble storage engine
+
+	compTimeMeter       metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the total time spent in database compaction
+	compReadMeter       metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the data read during compaction
+	compWriteMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the data written during compaction
+	writeDelayNMeter    metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the write delay number due to database compaction
+	writeDelayMeter     metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the write delay duration due to database compaction
+	diskSizeGauge       metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the size of all the levels in the database
+	diskReadMeter       metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data read
+	diskWriteMeter      metrics.Meter // Meter for measuring the effective amount of data written
+	memCompGauge        metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of memory compaction
+	level0CompGauge     metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction in level0
+	nonlevel0CompGauge  metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction in non0 level
+	seekCompGauge       metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking the number of table compaction caused by read opt
+	manualMemAllocGauge metrics.Gauge // Gauge for tracking amount of non-managed memory currently allocated
+
+	quitLock sync.RWMutex    // Mutex protecting the quit channel and the closed flag
+	quitChan chan chan error // Quit channel to stop the metrics collection before closing the database
+	closed   bool            // keep track of whether we're Closed
+
+	log log.Logger // Contextual logger tracking the database path
+
+	activeComp          int           // Current number of active compactions
+	compStartTime       time.Time     // The start time of the earliest currently-active compaction
+	compTime            atomic.Int64  // Total time spent in compaction in ns
+	level0Comp          atomic.Uint32 // Total number of level-zero compactions
+	nonLevel0Comp       atomic.Uint32 // Total number of non level-zero compactions
+	writeDelayStartTime time.Time     // The start time of the latest write stall
+	writeDelayCount     atomic.Int64  // Total number of write stall counts
+	writeDelayTime      atomic.Int64  // Total time spent in write stalls
+}
+
+func (d *Database) onCompactionBegin(info pebble.CompactionInfo) {
+	if d.activeComp == 0 {
+		d.compStartTime = time.Now()
+	}
+	l0 := info.Input[0]
+	if l0.Level == 0 {
+		d.level0Comp.Add(1)
+	} else {
+		d.nonLevel0Comp.Add(1)
+	}
+	d.activeComp++
+}
+
+func (d *Database) onCompactionEnd(info pebble.CompactionInfo) {
+	if d.activeComp == 1 {
+		d.compTime.Add(int64(time.Since(d.compStartTime)))
+	} else if d.activeComp == 0 {
+		panic("should not happen")
+	}
+	d.activeComp--
+}
+
+func (d *Database) onWriteStallBegin(b pebble.WriteStallBeginInfo) {
+	d.writeDelayStartTime = time.Now()
+}
+
+func (d *Database) onWriteStallEnd() {
+	d.writeDelayTime.Add(int64(time.Since(d.writeDelayStartTime)))
+}
+
+// New returns a wrapped pebble DB object. The namespace is the prefix that the
+// metrics reporting should use for surfacing internal stats.
+func New(file string, cache int, handles int, namespace string, readonly bool) (*Database, error) {
+	// Ensure we have some minimal caching and file guarantees
+	if cache < minCache {
+		cache = minCache
+	}
+	if handles < minHandles {
+		handles = minHandles
+	}
+	log.Info("Allocated cache and file handles", "cache", common.StorageSize(cache*1024*1024), "handles", handles)
+
+	// The max memtable size is limited by the uint32 offsets stored in
+	// internal/arenaskl.node, DeferredBatchOp, and flushableBatchEntry.
+	// Taken from https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/open.go#L38
+	maxMemTableSize := 4<<30 - 1 // Capped by 4 GB
+
+	// Two memory tables is configured which is identical to leveldb,
+	// including a frozen memory table and another live one.
+	memTableLimit := 2
+	memTableSize := cache * 1024 * 1024 / 2 / memTableLimit
+	if memTableSize > maxMemTableSize {
+		memTableSize = maxMemTableSize
+	}
+	db := &Database{
+		fn:       file,
+		log:      log.Log,
+		quitChan: make(chan chan error),
+	}
+	opt := &pebble.Options{
+		// Pebble has a single combined cache area and the write
+		// buffers are taken from this too. Assign all available
+		// memory allowance for cache.
+		Cache:        pebble.NewCache(int64(cache * 1024 * 1024)),
+		MaxOpenFiles: handles,
+
+		// The size of memory table(as well as the write buffer).
+		// Note, there may have more than two memory tables in the system.
+		MemTableSize: memTableSize,
+
+		// MemTableStopWritesThreshold places a hard limit on the size
+		// of the existent MemTables(including the frozen one).
+		// Note, this must be the number of tables not the size of all memtables
+		// according to https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/options.go#L738-L742
+		// and to https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/blob/master/db.go#L1892-L1903.
+		MemTableStopWritesThreshold: memTableLimit,
+
+		// The default compaction concurrency(1 thread),
+		// Here use all available CPUs for faster compaction.
+		MaxConcurrentCompactions: func() int { return runtime.NumCPU() },
+
+		// Per-level options. Options for at least one level must be specified. The
+		// options for the last level are used for all subsequent levels.
+		Levels: []pebble.LevelOptions{
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+			{TargetFileSize: 2 * 1024 * 1024, FilterPolicy: bloom.FilterPolicy(10)},
+		},
+		ReadOnly: readonly,
+		EventListener: &pebble.EventListener{
+			CompactionBegin: db.onCompactionBegin,
+			CompactionEnd:   db.onCompactionEnd,
+			WriteStallBegin: db.onWriteStallBegin,
+			WriteStallEnd:   db.onWriteStallEnd,
+		},
+	}
+	// Disable seek compaction explicitly. Check https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/20130
+	// for more details.
+	opt.Experimental.ReadSamplingMultiplier = -1
+
+	// Open the db and recover any potential corruptions
+	innerDB, err := pebble.Open(file, opt)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	db.db = innerDB
+
+	db.compTimeMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"compact/time", nil)
+	db.compReadMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"compact/input", nil)
+	db.compWriteMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"compact/output", nil)
+	db.diskSizeGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"disk/size", nil)
+	db.diskReadMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"disk/read", nil)
+	db.diskWriteMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"disk/write", nil)
+	db.writeDelayMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"compact/writedelay/duration", nil)
+	db.writeDelayNMeter = metrics.NewRegisteredMeter(namespace+"compact/writedelay/counter", nil)
+	db.memCompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/memory", nil)
+	db.level0CompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/level0", nil)
+	db.nonlevel0CompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/nonlevel0", nil)
+	db.seekCompGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"compact/seek", nil)
+	db.manualMemAllocGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge(namespace+"memory/manualalloc", nil)
+
+	// Start up the metrics gathering and return
+	go db.meter(metricsGatheringInterval)
+	return db, nil
+}
+
+// Close stops the metrics collection, flushes any pending data to disk and closes
+// all io accesses to the underlying key-value store.
+func (d *Database) Close() error {
+	d.quitLock.Lock()
+	defer d.quitLock.Unlock()
+	// Allow double closing, simplifies things
+	if d.closed {
+		return nil
+	}
+	d.closed = true
+	if d.quitChan != nil {
+		errc := make(chan error)
+		d.quitChan <- errc
+		if err := <-errc; err != nil {
+			d.log.Error("Metrics collection failed", "err", err)
+		}
+		d.quitChan = nil
+	}
+	return d.db.Close()
+}
+
+// Has retrieves if a key is present in the key-value store.
+func (d *Database) Has(key []byte) (bool, error) {
+	d.quitLock.RLock()
+	defer d.quitLock.RUnlock()
+	if d.closed {
+		return false, pebble.ErrClosed
+	}
+	_, closer, err := d.db.Get(key)
+	if err == pebble.ErrNotFound {
+		return false, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	closer.Close()
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// Get retrieves the given key if it's present in the key-value store.
+func (d *Database) Get(key []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	d.quitLock.RLock()
+	defer d.quitLock.RUnlock()
+	if d.closed {
+		return nil, pebble.ErrClosed
+	}
+	dat, closer, err := d.db.Get(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ret := make([]byte, len(dat))
+	copy(ret, dat)
+	closer.Close()
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// Put inserts the given value into the key-value store.
+func (d *Database) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
+	d.quitLock.RLock()
+	defer d.quitLock.RUnlock()
+	if d.closed {
+		return pebble.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return d.db.Set(key, value, pebble.Sync)
+}
+
+// Delete removes the key from the key-value store.
+func (d *Database) Delete(key []byte) error {
+	d.quitLock.RLock()
+	defer d.quitLock.RUnlock()
+	if d.closed {
+		return pebble.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return d.db.Delete(key, nil)
+}
+
+// NewBatch creates a write-only key-value store that buffers changes to its host
+// database until a final write is called.
+func (d *Database) NewBatch() ethdb.Batch {
+	return &batch{
+		b:  d.db.NewBatch(),
+		db: d,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewBatchWithSize creates a write-only database batch with pre-allocated buffer.
+// TODO can't do this with pebble.  Batches are allocated in a pool so maybe this doesn't matter?
+func (d *Database) NewBatchWithSize(_ int) ethdb.Batch {
+	return &batch{
+		b:  d.db.NewBatch(),
+		db: d,
+	}
+}
+
+// upperBound returns the upper bound for the given prefix
+func upperBound(prefix []byte) (limit []byte) {
+	for i := len(prefix) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		c := prefix[i]
+		if c == 0xff {
+			continue
+		}
+		limit = make([]byte, i+1)
+		copy(limit, prefix)
+		limit[i] = c + 1
+		break
+	}
+	return limit
+}
+
+// Stat returns a particular internal stat of the database.
+func (d *Database) Stat(property string) (string, error) {
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+// Compact flattens the underlying data store for the given key range. In essence,
+// deleted and overwritten versions are discarded, and the data is rearranged to
+// reduce the cost of operations needed to access them.
+//
+// A nil start is treated as a key before all keys in the data store; a nil limit
+// is treated as a key after all keys in the data store. If both is nil then it
+// will compact entire data store.
+func (d *Database) Compact(start []byte, limit []byte) error {
+	// There is no special flag to represent the end of key range
+	// in pebble(nil in leveldb). Use an ugly hack to construct a
+	// large key to represent it.
+	// Note any prefixed database entry will be smaller than this
+	// flag, as for trie nodes we need the 32 byte 0xff because
+	// there might be a shared prefix starting with a number of
+	// 0xff-s, so 32 ensures than only a hash collision could touch it.
+	// https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/issues/2359#issuecomment-1443995833
+	if limit == nil {
+		limit = bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xff}, 32)
+	}
+	return d.db.Compact(start, limit, true) // Parallelization is preferred
+}
+
+// Path returns the path to the database directory.
+func (d *Database) Path() string {
+	return d.fn
+}
+
+// meter periodically retrieves internal pebble counters and reports them to
+// the metrics subsystem.
+func (d *Database) meter(refresh time.Duration) {
+	var errc chan error
+	timer := time.NewTimer(refresh)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	// Create storage and warning log tracer for write delay.
+	var (
+		compTimes        [2]int64
+		writeDelayTimes  [2]int64
+		writeDelayCounts [2]int64
+		compWrites       [2]int64
+		compReads        [2]int64
+
+		nWrites [2]int64
+	)
+
+	// Iterate ad infinitum and collect the stats
+	for i := 1; errc == nil; i++ {
+		var (
+			compWrite int64
+			compRead  int64
+			nWrite    int64
+
+			metrics            = d.db.Metrics()
+			compTime           = d.compTime.Load()
+			writeDelayCount    = d.writeDelayCount.Load()
+			writeDelayTime     = d.writeDelayTime.Load()
+			nonLevel0CompCount = int64(d.nonLevel0Comp.Load())
+			level0CompCount    = int64(d.level0Comp.Load())
+		)
+		writeDelayTimes[i%2] = writeDelayTime
+		writeDelayCounts[i%2] = writeDelayCount
+		compTimes[i%2] = compTime
+
+		for _, levelMetrics := range metrics.Levels {
+			nWrite += int64(levelMetrics.BytesCompacted)
+			nWrite += int64(levelMetrics.BytesFlushed)
+			compWrite += int64(levelMetrics.BytesCompacted)
+			compRead += int64(levelMetrics.BytesRead)
+		}
+
+		nWrite += int64(metrics.WAL.BytesWritten)
+
+		compWrites[i%2] = compWrite
+		compReads[i%2] = compRead
+		nWrites[i%2] = nWrite
+
+		if d.writeDelayNMeter != nil {
+			d.writeDelayNMeter.Mark(writeDelayCounts[i%2] - writeDelayCounts[(i-1)%2])
+		}
+		if d.writeDelayMeter != nil {
+			d.writeDelayMeter.Mark(writeDelayTimes[i%2] - writeDelayTimes[(i-1)%2])
+		}
+		if d.compTimeMeter != nil {
+			d.compTimeMeter.Mark(compTimes[i%2] - compTimes[(i-1)%2])
+		}
+		if d.compReadMeter != nil {
+			d.compReadMeter.Mark(compReads[i%2] - compReads[(i-1)%2])
+		}
+		if d.compWriteMeter != nil {
+			d.compWriteMeter.Mark(compWrites[i%2] - compWrites[(i-1)%2])
+		}
+		if d.diskSizeGauge != nil {
+			d.diskSizeGauge.Update(int64(metrics.DiskSpaceUsage()))
+		}
+		if d.diskReadMeter != nil {
+			d.diskReadMeter.Mark(0) // pebble doesn't track non-compaction reads
+		}
+		if d.diskWriteMeter != nil {
+			d.diskWriteMeter.Mark(nWrites[i%2] - nWrites[(i-1)%2])
+		}
+		// See https://github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/pull/1628#pullrequestreview-1026664054
+		manuallyAllocated := metrics.BlockCache.Size + int64(metrics.MemTable.Size) + int64(metrics.MemTable.ZombieSize)
+		d.manualMemAllocGauge.Update(manuallyAllocated)
+		d.memCompGauge.Update(metrics.Flush.Count)
+		d.nonlevel0CompGauge.Update(nonLevel0CompCount)
+		d.level0CompGauge.Update(level0CompCount)
+		d.seekCompGauge.Update(metrics.Compact.ReadCount)
+
+		// Sleep a bit, then repeat the stats collection
+		select {
+		case errc = <-d.quitChan:
+			// Quit requesting, stop hammering the database
+		case <-timer.C:
+			timer.Reset(refresh)
+			// Timeout, gather a new set of stats
+		}
+	}
+	errc <- nil
+}
+
+// batch is a write-only batch that commits changes to its host database
+// when Write is called. A batch cannot be used concurrently.
+type batch struct {
+	b    *pebble.Batch
+	db   *Database
+	size int
+}
+
+// Put inserts the given value into the batch for later committing.
+func (b *batch) Put(key, value []byte) error {
+	b.b.Set(key, value, nil)
+	b.size += len(key) + len(value)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Delete inserts the a key removal into the batch for later committing.
+func (b *batch) Delete(key []byte) error {
+	b.b.Delete(key, nil)
+	b.size += len(key)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ValueSize retrieves the amount of data queued up for writing.
+func (b *batch) ValueSize() int {
+	return b.size
+}
+
+// Write flushes any accumulated data to disk.
+func (b *batch) Write() error {
+	b.db.quitLock.RLock()
+	defer b.db.quitLock.RUnlock()
+	if b.db.closed {
+		return pebble.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return b.b.Commit(pebble.Sync)
+}
+
+// Reset resets the batch for reuse.
+func (b *batch) Reset() {
+	b.b.Reset()
+	b.size = 0
+}
+
+// Replay replays the batch contents.
+func (b *batch) Replay(w ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
+	reader := b.b.Reader()
+	for {
+		kind, k, v, ok := reader.Next()
+		if !ok {
+			break
+		}
+		// The (k,v) slices might be overwritten if the batch is reset/reused,
+		// and the receiver should copy them if they are to be retained long-term.
+		if kind == pebble.InternalKeyKindSet {
+			w.Put(k, v)
+		} else if kind == pebble.InternalKeyKindDelete {
+			w.Delete(k)
+		} else {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unhandled operation, keytype: %v", kind)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// pebbleIterator is a wrapper of underlying iterator in storage engine.
+// The purpose of this structure is to implement the missing APIs.
+type pebbleIterator struct {
+	iter  *pebble.Iterator
+	moved bool
+}
+
+// NewIterator creates a binary-alphabetical iterator over a subset
+// of database content with a particular key prefix, starting at a particular
+// initial key (or after, if it does not exist).
+func (d *Database) NewIterator(prefix []byte, start []byte) ethdb.Iterator {
+	iter := d.db.NewIter(&pebble.IterOptions{
+		LowerBound: append(prefix, start...),
+		UpperBound: upperBound(prefix),
+	})
+	iter.First()
+	return &pebbleIterator{iter: iter, moved: true}
+}
+
+// Next moves the iterator to the next key/value pair. It returns whether the
+// iterator is exhausted.
+func (iter *pebbleIterator) Next() bool {
+	if iter.moved {
+		iter.moved = false
+		return iter.iter.Valid()
+	}
+	return iter.iter.Next()
+}
+
+// Error returns any accumulated error. Exhausting all the key/value pairs
+// is not considered to be an error.
+func (iter *pebbleIterator) Error() error {
+	return iter.iter.Error()
+}
+
+// Key returns the key of the current key/value pair, or nil if done. The caller
+// should not modify the contents of the returned slice, and its contents may
+// change on the next call to Next.
+func (iter *pebbleIterator) Key() []byte {
+	return iter.iter.Key()
+}
+
+// Value returns the value of the current key/value pair, or nil if done. The
+// caller should not modify the contents of the returned slice, and its contents
+// may change on the next call to Next.
+func (iter *pebbleIterator) Value() []byte {
+	return iter.iter.Value()
+}
+
+// Release releases associated resources. Release should always succeed and can
+// be called multiple times without causing error.
+func (iter *pebbleIterator) Release() { iter.iter.Close() }
diff --git a/ethdb/pebble/pebble_test.go b/ethdb/pebble/pebble_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afc24c7280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ethdb/pebble/pebble_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+//go:build (arm64 || amd64) && !openbsd
+
+package pebble
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble"
+	"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/vfs"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/ethdb"
+	"github.com/dominant-strategies/go-quai/ethdb/dbtest"
+)
+
+func TestPebbleDB(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("DatabaseSuite", func(t *testing.T) {
+		dbtest.TestDatabaseSuite(t, func() ethdb.KeyValueStore {
+			db, err := pebble.Open("", &pebble.Options{
+				FS: vfs.NewMem(),
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			return &Database{
+				db: db,
+			}
+		})
+	})
+}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index a17691222a..c0019736b6 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -7,21 +7,22 @@ require (
 	github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.6.0
 	github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.20.1-beta
 	github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0
+	github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v0.0.0-20230701135918-609ae80aea41
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
-	github.com/deckarep/golang-set v0.0.0-20180603214616-504e848d77ea
-	github.com/docker/docker v1.4.2-0.20180625184442-8e610b2b55bf
+	github.com/deckarep/golang-set v1.8.0
+	github.com/docker/docker v1.6.2
 	github.com/dominant-strategies/bn256 v0.0.0-20220930122411-fbf930a7493d
 	github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.1.0
 	github.com/fjl/memsize v0.0.0-20190710130421-bcb5799ab5e5
-	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.3
+	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.1.1-0.20200604201612-c04b05f3adfa
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.4.2
 	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.5-0.20210104140557-80c98217689d
 	github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3
-	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.0
-	github.com/huin/goupnp v1.0.2
+	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.2-0.20230321075855-87b91420868c
+	github.com/huin/goupnp v1.0.3
 	github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.8.3
-	github.com/jackpal/go-nat-pmp v1.0.2-0.20160603034137-1fa385a6f458
+	github.com/jackpal/go-nat-pmp v1.0.2
 	github.com/jedisct1/go-minisign v0.0.0-20190909160543-45766022959e
 	github.com/ledgerwatch/secp256k1 v1.0.0
 	github.com/naoina/toml v0.1.2-0.20170918210437-9fafd6967416
@@ -32,12 +33,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.4-0.20210419000835-c7a38de76ee5+incompatible
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0
-	github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210305035536-64b5b1c73954
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220731174439-a90be440212d
-	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20201208040808-7e3f01d25324
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.1
+	github.com/syndtr/goleveldb v1.0.1-0.20210819022825-2ae1ddf74ef7
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.7.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220922220347-f3bd1da661af
 	gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1 v1.20.0
 	lukechampine.com/blake3 v1.1.7
 	modernc.org/mathutil v1.5.0
@@ -47,22 +48,45 @@ require (
 	github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/adal v0.8.0 // indirect
 	github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.5 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.0.9 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.8.0 // indirect
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20230118201751-21c54148d20b // indirect
+	github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230613231145-182959a1fad6 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/getsentry/sentry-go v0.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.15.15 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-ieproxy v0.0.0-20190702010315-6dee0af9227d // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.9 // indirect
+	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/naoina/go-stringutil v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.14.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.39.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20200410134404-eec4a21b6bb0 // indirect
+	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.5 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.3.6 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220517211312-f3a8303e98df // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c // indirect
-	gotest.tools v2.2.0+incompatible // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index da99701a9e..99a1367df4 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.0.0/go.mod h1:IhtSnM/ZTZV8YYJWCY8RULGVqBDmpoyjwiy
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.5.0/go.mod h1:tpKbwo567HUNpVclU5sGELwQWBDZ8gh0ZeosJ0Rtdos=
 collectd.org v0.3.0/go.mod h1:A/8DzQBkF6abtvrT2j/AU/4tiBgJWYyh0y/oB/4MlWE=
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
+github.com/AndreasBriese/bbloom v0.0.0-20190306092124-e2d15f34fcf9/go.mod h1:bOvUY6CB00SOBii9/FifXqc0awNKxLFCL/+pkDPuyl8=
 github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go v0.2.1/go.mod h1:UGSo8XybXnIGZ3epmeBw7Jdz+HiUVpqIlpz/HKHylF4=
 github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go v0.2.2 h1:6oiIS9yaG6XCCzhgAgKFfIWyo4LLCiDhZot6ltoThhY=
 github.com/Azure/azure-pipeline-go v0.2.2/go.mod h1:4rQ/NZncSvGqNkkOsNpOU1tgoNuIlp9AfUH5G1tvCHc=
@@ -38,16 +39,23 @@ github.com/Azure/go-autorest/logger v0.1.0 h1:ruG4BSDXONFRrZZJ2GUXDiUyVpayPmb1Gn
 github.com/Azure/go-autorest/logger v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oExouG+K6PryycPJfVSxi/koC6LSNgds39diKLz7Vrc=
 github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing v0.5.0 h1:TRn4WjSnkcSy5AEG3pnbtFSwNtwzjr4VYyQflFE619k=
 github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing v0.5.0/go.mod h1:r/s2XiOKccPW3HrqB+W0TQzfbtp2fGCgRFtBroKn4Dk=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 h1:WXkYYl6Yr3qBf1K79EBnL4mak0OimBfB0XUf9Vl28OQ=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.2.0 h1:Rt8g24XnyGTyglgET/PRUNlrUeu9F5L+7FilkXfZgs0=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802/go.mod h1:IVnqGOEym/WlBOVXweHU+Q+/VP0lqqI8lqeDx9IjBqo=
+github.com/CloudyKit/fastprinter v0.0.0-20200109182630-33d98a066a53/go.mod h1:+3IMCy2vIlbG1XG/0ggNQv0SvxCAIpPM5b1nCz56Xno=
+github.com/CloudyKit/jet/v3 v3.0.0/go.mod h1:HKQPgSJmdK8hdoAbKUUWajkHyHo4RaU5rMdUywE7VMo=
 github.com/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock v1.3.3/go.mod h1:f/Ixk793poVmq4qj/V1dPUg2JEAKC73Q5eFN3EC/SaM=
+github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.5.2 h1:vUG4lAyuPCXO0TLbXvPv7EB7cNK1QV/luu55UHLrrn8=
+github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.5.2/go.mod h1:g4AWEaM3yOg3HYfnJ3YIawPnVdXJh9QME85blwSAmyw=
+github.com/Joker/hpp v1.0.0/go.mod h1:8x5n+M1Hp5hC0g8okX3sR3vFQwynaX/UgSOM9MeBKzY=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2/go.mod h1:HSdplMjZKSmBqAxg5vPj2TmRDmfkzw+cTzAElWljhcU=
+github.com/Shopify/goreferrer v0.0.0-20181106222321-ec9c9a553398/go.mod h1:a1uqRtAwp2Xwc6WNPJEufxJ7fx3npB4UV/JOLmbu5I0=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1 h1:VIkavFPXSjcnS+O8yTq7NI32k0R5Aj+v39y29VYDOSA=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v1.2.1/go.mod h1:rcmrprowKIVzvc+NUiLncP2uuArMWLCbu9SBzvHz7e8=
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.6.0 h1:C/3Oi3EiBCqufydp1neRZkqcwmEiuRT9c3fqvvgKm5o=
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.6.0/go.mod h1:0qHz5QP0GMX4pfmMA/zt5RgfNuXJrTP0zS7DqpHGGTw=
 github.com/aead/siphash v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Nywa3cDsYNNK3gaciGTWPwHt0wlpNV15vwmswBAUSII=
+github.com/ajg/form v1.5.1/go.mod h1:uL1WgH+h2mgNtvBq0339dVnzXdBETtL2LeUXaIv25UY=
 github.com/ajstarks/svgo v0.0.0-20180226025133-644b8db467af/go.mod h1:K08gAheRH3/J6wwsYMMT4xOr94bZjxIelGM0+d/wbFw=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
@@ -55,8 +63,12 @@ github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156 h1:eMwmnE/GDgah
 github.com/allegro/bigcache v1.2.1-0.20190218064605-e24eb225f156/go.mod h1:Cb/ax3seSYIx7SuZdm2G2xzfwmv3TPSk2ucNfQESPXM=
 github.com/andreyvit/diff v0.0.0-20170406064948-c7f18ee00883/go.mod h1:rCTlJbsFo29Kk6CurOXKm700vrz8f0KW0JNfpkRJY/8=
 github.com/apache/arrow/go/arrow v0.0.0-20191024131854-af6fa24be0db/go.mod h1:VTxUBvSJ3s3eHAg65PNgrsn5BtqCRPdmyXh6rAfdxN0=
+github.com/armon/consul-api v0.0.0-20180202201655-eb2c6b5be1b6/go.mod h1:grANhF5doyWs3UAsr3K4I6qtAmlQcZDesFNEHPZAzj8=
+github.com/aymerick/raymond v2.0.3-0.20180322193309-b565731e1464+incompatible/go.mod h1:osfaiScAUVup+UC9Nfq76eWqDhXlp+4UYaA8uhTBO6g=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24TaqPxmxbtue+5NUziq4I4S80YR8gNf3Q=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KWe93zE9D1o94FZ5RNwFwVgaQK1VOXiVxmqh+CedLV8=
+github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
+github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/bmizerany/pat v0.0.0-20170815010413-6226ea591a40/go.mod h1:8rLXio+WjiTceGBHIoTvn60HIbs7Hm7bcHjyrSqYB9c=
 github.com/boltdb/bolt v1.3.1/go.mod h1:clJnj/oiGkjum5o1McbSZDSLxVThjynRyGBgiAx27Ps=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.20.1-beta h1:Ik4hyJqN8Jfyv3S4AGBOmyouMsYE3EdYODkMbQjwPGw=
@@ -73,54 +85,105 @@ github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA
 github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0 h1:SE+dxFebS7Iik5LK0tsi1k9ZCxEaFX4AjQmoyA+1dJk=
 github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0/go.mod h1:SOGHArjBr4JWaSDEVpWpo/hNg6RoKrls6Oh40hiwW+s=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0/go.mod h1:XrSqR1VqqWfGrhpAt58auRo0WTKS1nRRg3ghfAqPWnc=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1 h1:6MnRN8NT7+YBpUIWxHtefFZOKTAPgGjpQSxqLNn0+qY=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 h1:DC2CZ1Ep5Y4k3ZQ899DldepgrayRUGE6BBZ/cd9Cj44=
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
 github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
 github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
 github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
+github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20201120205902-5459f2c99403/go.mod h1:WmhPx2Nbnhtbo57+VJT5O0JRkEi1Wbu0z5j0R8u5Hbk=
+github.com/cockroachdb/datadriven v1.0.2/go.mod h1:a9RdTaap04u637JoCzcUoIcDmvwSUtcUFtT/C3kJlTU=
+github.com/cockroachdb/datadriven v1.0.3-0.20230413201302-be42291fc80f h1:otljaYPt5hWxV3MUfO5dFPFiOXg9CyG5/kCfayTqsJ4=
+github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.9.1 h1:yFVvsI0VxmRShfawbt/laCIDy/mtTqqnvoNgiy5bEV8=
+github.com/cockroachdb/errors v1.9.1/go.mod h1:2sxOtL2WIc096WSZqZ5h8fa17rdDq9HZOZLBCor4mBk=
+github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20211118104740-dabe8e521a4f/go.mod h1:Vz9DsVWQQhf3vs21MhPMZpMGSht7O/2vFW2xusFUVOs=
+github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20230118201751-21c54148d20b h1:r6VH0faHjZeQy818SGhaone5OnYfxFR/+AzdY3sf5aE=
+github.com/cockroachdb/logtags v0.0.0-20230118201751-21c54148d20b/go.mod h1:Vz9DsVWQQhf3vs21MhPMZpMGSht7O/2vFW2xusFUVOs=
+github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v0.0.0-20230701135918-609ae80aea41 h1:lYBVTS2P5fx79WWjoR/Gf4Fx5sZiIVCFWpuxntyiskY=
+github.com/cockroachdb/pebble v0.0.0-20230701135918-609ae80aea41/go.mod h1:FN5O47SBEz5+kO9fG8UTR64g2WS1u5ZFCgTvxGjoSks=
+github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.3 h1:AKZds10rFSIj7qADf0g46UixK8NNLwWTNdCIGS5wfSQ=
+github.com/cockroachdb/redact v1.1.3/go.mod h1:BVNblN9mBWFyMyqK1k3AAiSxhvhfK2oOZZ2lK+dpvRg=
+github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230613231145-182959a1fad6 h1:DJK8W/iB+s/qkTtmXSrHA49lp5O3OsR7E6z4byOLy34=
+github.com/cockroachdb/tokenbucket v0.0.0-20230613231145-182959a1fad6/go.mod h1:7nc4anLGjupUW/PeY5qiNYsdNXj7zopG+eqsS7To5IQ=
+github.com/codegangsta/inject v0.0.0-20150114235600-33e0aa1cb7c0/go.mod h1:4Zcjuz89kmFXt9morQgcfYZAYZ5n8WHjt81YYWIwtTM=
+github.com/coreos/etcd v3.3.10+incompatible/go.mod h1:uF7uidLiAD3TWHmW31ZFd/JWoc32PjwdhPthX9715RE=
+github.com/coreos/go-etcd v2.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:Jez6KQU2B/sWsbdaef3ED8NzMklzPG4d5KIOhIy30Tk=
+github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0/go.mod h1:nnelYz7RCh+5ahJtPPxZlU+153eP4D4r3EedlOD2RNk=
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@@ -132,16 +195,23 @@ github.com/golang/mock v1.3.1/go.mod h1:sBzyDLLjw3U8JLTeZvSv8jJB+tU5PVekmnlKIyFU
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@@ -149,8 +219,11 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5a
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@@ -158,24 +231,30 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20181206194817-3ea8567a2e57/go.mod h1:zfwlbNMJ+OI
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@@ -329,15 +505,20 @@ go.uber.org/multierr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:wR5kodmAFQ0UK8QlbwjlSNy0Z68gJhDJUG5sjR94q/
 go.uber.org/zap v1.9.1/go.mod h1:vwi/ZaCAaUcBkycHslxD9B2zi4UTXhF60s6SWpuDF0Q=
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@@ -348,6 +529,8 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190829153037-c13cbed26979/go.mod h1:86+5VVa7VpoJ4kLfm0
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@@ -359,18 +542,24 @@ golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190409202823-959b441ac422/go.mod h1:6SW0HCj/g11FgYtHl
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@@ -378,11 +567,17 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190603091049-60506f45cf65/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR
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@@ -394,22 +589,27 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
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@@ -417,34 +617,55 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191120155948-bd437916bb0e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
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@@ -457,15 +678,21 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190911174233-4f2ddba30aff/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtn
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@@ -484,6 +711,7 @@ google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7
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@@ -498,23 +726,41 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20191115194625-c23dd37a84c9/go.mod h1:n3cpQtvx
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+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1 h1:d0NfwRgPtno5B1Wa6L2DAG+KivqkdutMf1UhdNx175w=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.1/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127 h1:qIbj1fsPNlZgppZ+VLlY7N33q108Sa+fhmuc+sWQYwY=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:hNsd1EY+bozCKY1Ytp96fpM3vjJbqLJn88ws8XvfDNI=
 gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMys=
+gopkg.in/go-playground/assert.v1 v1.2.1/go.mod h1:9RXL0bg/zibRAgZUYszZSwO/z8Y/a8bDuhia5mkpMnE=
+gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8 v8.18.2/go.mod h1:RX2a/7Ha8BgOhfk7j780h4/u/RRjR0eouCJSH80/M2Y=
+gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.51.1/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
+gopkg.in/mgo.v2 v2.0.0-20180705113604-9856a29383ce/go.mod h1:yeKp02qBN3iKW1OzL3MGk2IdtZzaj7SFntXj72NppTA=
 gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1 h1:bBRl1b0OH9s/DuPhuXpNl+VtCaJXFZ5/uEFST95x9zc=
 gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:YD8tP3GAjkrDg1eZH7EGmyESg/lsYskCTPBJVb9jqSc=
 gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7 h1:uRGJdciOHaEIrze2W8Q3AKkepLTh2hOroT7a+7czfdQ=
@@ -524,12 +770,13 @@ gopkg.in/urfave/cli.v1 v1.20.0/go.mod h1:vuBzUtMdQeixQj8LVd+/98pzhxNGQoyuPBlsXHO
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0 h1:clyUAQHOM3G0M3f5vQj7LuJrETvjVot3Z5el9nffUtU=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c h1:dUUwHk2QECo/6vqA44rthZ8ie2QXMNeKRTHCNY2nXvo=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20191120175047-4206685974f2/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gotest.tools v2.2.0+incompatible h1:VsBPFP1AI068pPrMxtb/S8Zkgf9xEmTLJjfM+P5UIEo=
-gotest.tools v2.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:DsYFclhRJ6vuDpmuTbkuFWG+y2sxOXAzmJt81HFBacw=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20210107192922-496545a6307b/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190418001031-e561f6794a2a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
diff --git a/network.env.dist b/network.env.dist
index b8d279b8bd..52ca0b0d7b 100644
--- a/network.env.dist
+++ b/network.env.dist
@@ -126,3 +126,4 @@ ENABLE_PPROF=false
 # Output format variables
 SHOW_COLORS=true
 RUN_BLAKE3=false
+DB_ENGINE=pebble
diff --git a/node/config.go b/node/config.go
index 9e1b866553..ef4b7051c2 100644
--- a/node/config.go
+++ b/node/config.go
@@ -162,6 +162,17 @@ type Config struct {
 	staticNodesWarning     bool
 	trustedNodesWarning    bool
 	oldQuaiResourceWarning bool
+
+	// AllowUnprotectedTxs allows non EIP-155 protected transactions to be send over RPC.
+	AllowUnprotectedTxs bool `toml:",omitempty"`
+
+	// JWTSecret is the path to the hex-encoded jwt secret.
+	JWTSecret string `toml:",omitempty"`
+
+	// EnablePersonal enables the deprecated personal namespace.
+	EnablePersonal bool `toml:"-"`
+
+	DBEngine string `toml:",omitempty"`
 }
 
 // NodeDB returns the path to the discovery node database.
diff --git a/node/defaults.go b/node/defaults.go
index 7474894bb3..b96334589d 100644
--- a/node/defaults.go
+++ b/node/defaults.go
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ var DefaultConfig = Config{
 		MaxPeers:   50,
 		NAT:        nat.Any(),
 	},
+	DBEngine: "",
 }
 
 // DefaultDataDir is the default data directory to use for the databases and other
diff --git a/node/node.go b/node/node.go
index db65e0388a..52e4222276 100644
--- a/node/node.go
+++ b/node/node.go
@@ -516,7 +516,14 @@ func (n *Node) OpenDatabase(name string, cache, handles int, namespace string, r
 	if n.config.DataDir == "" {
 		db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	} else {
-		db, err = rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabase(n.ResolvePath(name), cache, handles, namespace, readonly)
+		db, err = rawdb.Open(rawdb.OpenOptions{
+			Type:      n.config.DBEngine,
+			Directory: n.ResolvePath(name),
+			Namespace: namespace,
+			Cache:     cache,
+			Handles:   handles,
+			ReadOnly:  readonly,
+		})
 	}
 
 	if err == nil {
@@ -530,26 +537,26 @@ func (n *Node) OpenDatabase(name string, cache, handles int, namespace string, r
 // also attaching a chain freezer to it that moves ancient chain data from the
 // database to immutable append-only files. If the node is an ephemeral one, a
 // memory database is returned.
-func (n *Node) OpenDatabaseWithFreezer(name string, cache, handles int, freezer, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
+func (n *Node) OpenDatabaseWithFreezer(name string, cache, handles int, ancient, namespace string, readonly bool) (ethdb.Database, error) {
 	n.lock.Lock()
 	defer n.lock.Unlock()
 	if n.state == closedState {
 		return nil, ErrNodeStopped
 	}
-
 	var db ethdb.Database
 	var err error
 	if n.config.DataDir == "" {
 		db = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	} else {
-		root := n.ResolvePath(name)
-		switch {
-		case freezer == "":
-			freezer = filepath.Join(root, "ancient")
-		case !filepath.IsAbs(freezer):
-			freezer = n.ResolvePath(freezer)
-		}
-		db, err = rawdb.NewLevelDBDatabaseWithFreezer(root, cache, handles, freezer, namespace, readonly)
+		db, err = rawdb.Open(rawdb.OpenOptions{
+			Type:              n.config.DBEngine,
+			Directory:         n.ResolvePath(name),
+			AncientsDirectory: n.ResolveAncient(name, ancient),
+			Namespace:         namespace,
+			Cache:             cache,
+			Handles:           handles,
+			ReadOnly:          readonly,
+		})
 	}
 
 	if err == nil {
@@ -563,6 +570,17 @@ func (n *Node) ResolvePath(x string) string {
 	return n.config.ResolvePath(x)
 }
 
+// ResolveAncient returns the absolute path of the root ancient directory.
+func (n *Node) ResolveAncient(name string, ancient string) string {
+	switch {
+	case ancient == "":
+		ancient = filepath.Join(n.ResolvePath(name), "ancient")
+	case !filepath.IsAbs(ancient):
+		ancient = n.ResolvePath(ancient)
+	}
+	return ancient
+}
+
 // closeTrackingDB wraps the Close method of a database. When the database is closed by the
 // service, the wrapper removes it from the node's database map. This ensures that Node
 // won't auto-close the database if it is closed by the service that opened it.