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What's New in Pyramid 1.1

This article explains the new features in Pyramid version 1.1 as compared to its predecessor, :app:`Pyramid` 1.0. It also documents backwards incompatibilities between the two versions and deprecations added to Pyramid 1.1, as well as software dependency changes and notable documentation additions.

Terminology Changes

The term "template" used by the Pyramid documentation used to refer to both "paster templates" and "rendered templates" (templates created by a rendering engine. i.e. Mako, Chameleon, Jinja, etc.). "Paster templates" will now be referred to as "scaffolds", whereas the name for "rendered templates" will remain as "templates."

Major Feature Additions

The major feature additions in Pyramid 1.1 are:

  • Support for the request.response attribute.
  • New views introspection feature: paster pviews.
  • Support for "static" routes.
  • Default HTTP exception view.
  • http_cache view configuration parameter causes Pyramid to set HTTP caching headers.
  • Features that make it easier to write scripts that work in a :app:`Pyramid` environment.

request.response

  • Instances of the :class:`pyramid.request.Request` class now have a response attribute.

    The object passed to a view callable as request is an instance of :class:`pyramid.request.Request`. request.response is an instance of the class :class:`pyramid.response.Response`. View callables that are configured with a :term:`renderer` will return this response object to the Pyramid router. Therefore, code in a renderer-using view callable can set response attributes such as request.response.content_type (before they return, e.g. a dictionary to the renderer) and this will influence the HTTP return value of the view callable.

    request.response can also be used in view callable code that is not configured to use a renderer. For example, a view callable might do request.response.body = '123'; return request.response. However, the response object that is produced by request.response must be returned when a renderer is not in play in order to have any effect on the HTTP response (it is not a "global" response, and modifications to it are not somehow merged into a separately returned response object).

    The request.response object is lazily created, so its introduction does not negatively impact performance.

paster pviews

  • A new paster command named paster pviews was added. This command prints a summary of potentially matching views for a given path. See the section entitled :ref:`displaying_matching_views` for more information.

Static Routes

  • The add_route method of the Configurator now accepts a static argument. If this argument is True, the added route will never be considered for matching when a request is handled. Instead, it will only be useful for URL generation via route_url and route_path. See the section entitled :ref:`static_route_narr` for more information.

Default HTTP Exception View

  • A default exception view for the interface :class:`pyramid.interfaces.IExceptionResponse` is now registered by default. This means that an instance of any exception class imported from :mod:`pyramid.httpexceptions` (such as HTTPFound) can now be raised from within view code; when raised, this exception view will render the exception to a response.

    To allow for configuration of this feature, the :term:`Configurator` now accepts an additional keyword argument named exceptionresponse_view. By default, this argument is populated with a default exception view function that will be used when an HTTP exception is raised. When None is passed for this value, an exception view for HTTP exceptions will not be registered. Passing None returns the behavior of raising an HTTP exception to that of Pyramid 1.0 (the exception will propagate to :term:`middleware` and to the WSGI server).

http_cache

A new value http_cache can be used as a :term:`view configuration` parameter.

When you supply an http_cache value to a view configuration, the Expires and Cache-Control headers of a response generated by the associated view callable are modified. The value for http_cache may be one of the following:

  • A nonzero integer. If it's a nonzero integer, it's treated as a number of seconds. This number of seconds will be used to compute the Expires header and the Cache-Control: max-age parameter of responses to requests which call this view. For example: http_cache=3600 instructs the requesting browser to 'cache this response for an hour, please'.
  • A datetime.timedelta instance. If it's a datetime.timedelta instance, it will be converted into a number of seconds, and that number of seconds will be used to compute the Expires header and the Cache-Control: max-age parameter of responses to requests which call this view. For example: http_cache=datetime.timedelta(days=1) instructs the requesting browser to 'cache this response for a day, please'.
  • Zero (0). If the value is zero, the Cache-Control and Expires headers present in all responses from this view will be composed such that client browser cache (and any intermediate caches) are instructed to never cache the response.
  • A two-tuple. If it's a two tuple (e.g. http_cache=(1, {'public':True})), the first value in the tuple may be a nonzero integer or a datetime.timedelta instance; in either case this value will be used as the number of seconds to cache the response. The second value in the tuple must be a dictionary. The values present in the dictionary will be used as input to the Cache-Control response header. For example: http_cache=(3600, {'public':True}) means 'cache for an hour, and add public to the Cache-Control header of the response'. All keys and values supported by the webob.cachecontrol.CacheControl interface may be added to the dictionary. Supplying {'public':True} is equivalent to calling response.cache_control.public = True.

Providing a non-tuple value as http_cache is equivalent to calling response.cache_expires(value) within your view's body.

Providing a two-tuple value as http_cache is equivalent to calling response.cache_expires(value[0], **value[1]) within your view's body.

If you wish to avoid influencing, the Expires header, and instead wish to only influence Cache-Control headers, pass a tuple as http_cache with the first element of None, e.g.: (None, {'public':True}).

The environment setting PYRAMID_PREVENT_HTTP_CACHE and configuration file value prevent_http_cache are synonymous and allow you to prevent HTTP cache headers from being set by Pyramid's http_cache machinery globally in a process. see :ref:`influencing_http_caching` and :ref:`preventing_http_caching`.

Easier Scripting Writing

A new API function :func:`pyramid.paster.bootstrap` has been added to make writing scripts that need to work under Pyramid environment easier, e.g.:

from pyramid.paster import bootstrap
info = bootstrap('/path/to/my/development.ini')
request = info['request']
print request.route_url('myroute')

See :ref:`writing_a_script` for more details.

Minor Feature Additions

Backwards Incompatibilities

  • Pyramid no longer supports Python 2.4. Python 2.5 or better is required to run Pyramid 1.1+. Pyramid, however, does not work under any version of Python 3 yet.

  • The Pyramid router now, by default, expects response objects returned from view callables to implement the :class:`pyramid.interfaces.IResponse` interface. Unlike the Pyramid 1.0 version of this interface, objects which implement IResponse now must define a __call__ method that accepts environ and start_response, and which returns an app_iter iterable, among other things. Previously, it was possible to return any object which had the three WebOb app_iter, headerlist, and status attributes as a response, so this is a backwards incompatibility. It is possible to get backwards compatibility back by registering an adapter to IResponse from the type of object you're now returning from view callables. See the section in the Hooks chapter of the documentation entitled :ref:`using_iresponse`.

  • The :class:`pyramid.interfaces.IResponse` interface is now much more extensive. Previously it defined only app_iter, status and headerlist; now it is basically intended to directly mirror the webob.Response API, which has many methods and attributes.

  • The :mod:`pyramid.httpexceptions` classes named HTTPFound, HTTPMultipleChoices, HTTPMovedPermanently, HTTPSeeOther, HTTPUseProxy, and HTTPTemporaryRedirect now accept location as their first positional argument rather than detail. This means that you can do, e.g. return pyramid.httpexceptions.HTTPFound('http://foo') rather than return pyramid.httpexceptions.HTTPFound(location='http//foo') (the latter will of course continue to work).

  • The pyramid Router attempted to set a value into the key environ['repoze.bfg.message'] when it caught a view-related exception for backwards compatibility with applications written for :mod:`repoze.bfg` during error handling. It did this by using code that looked like so:

    # "why" is an exception object
try:
    msg = why[0]
except:
    msg = ''

environ['repoze.bfg.message'] = msg

    Use of the value environ['repoze.bfg.message'] was docs-deprecated in Pyramid 1.0. Our standing policy is to not remove features after a deprecation for two full major releases, so this code was originally slated to be removed in Pyramid 1.2. However, computing the repoze.bfg.message value was the source of at least one bug found in the wild (Pylons#199), and there isn't a foolproof way to both preserve backwards compatibility and to fix the bug. Therefore, the code which sets the value has been removed in this release. Code in exception views which relies on this value's presence in the environment should now use the exception attribute of the request (e.g. request.exception[0]) to retrieve the message instead of relying on request.environ['repoze.bfg.message'].

Deprecations and Behavior Differences

Note

Under Python 2.7+, it's necessary to pass the Python interpreter the correct warning flags to see deprecation warnings emitted by Pyramid when porting your application from an older version of Pyramid. Use the PYTHONWARNINGS environment variable with the value all in the shell you use to invoke paster serve to see these warnings, e.g. on Unix, PYTHONWARNINGS=all $VENV/bin/paster serve development.ini. Python 2.5 and 2.6 show deprecation warnings by default, so this is unnecessary there. All deprecation warnings are emitted to the console.

  • The :class:`pyramid.view.static` class has been deprecated in favor of the newer :class:`pyramid.static.static_view` class. A deprecation warning is raised when it is used. You should replace it with a reference to :class:`pyramid.static.static_view` with the use_subpath=True argument.

  • The paster pshell, paster proutes, and paster pviews commands now take a single argument in the form /path/to/config.ini#sectionname rather than the previous 2-argument spelling /path/to/config.ini sectionname. #sectionname may be omitted, in which case #main is assumed.

  • The default Mako renderer is now configured to escape all HTML in expression tags. This is intended to help prevent XSS attacks caused by rendering unsanitized input from users. To revert this behavior in user's templates, they need to filter the expression through the 'n' filter:

    ${ myhtml | n }.

    See Pylons#193.

  • Deprecated all assignments to request.response_* attributes (for example request.response_content_type = 'foo' is now deprecated). Assignments and mutations of assignable request attributes that were considered by the framework for response influence are now deprecated: response_content_type, response_headerlist, response_status, response_charset, and response_cache_for. Instead of assigning these to the request object for later detection by the rendering machinery, users should use the appropriate API of the Response object created by accessing request.response (e.g. code which does request.response_content_type = 'abc' should be changed to request.response.content_type = 'abc').

  • Passing view-related parameters to :meth:`pyramid.config.Configurator.add_route` is now deprecated. Previously, a view was permitted to be connected to a route using a set of view* parameters passed to the add_route method of the Configurator. This was a shorthand which replaced the need to perform a subsequent call to add_view. For example, it was valid (and often recommended) to do:

    config.add_route('home', '/', view='mypackage.views.myview',
                  view_renderer='some/renderer.pt')

    Passing view* arguments to add_route is now deprecated in favor of connecting a view to a predefined route via :meth:`pyramid.config.Configurator.add_view` using the route's route_name parameter. As a result, the above example should now be spelled:

    config.add_route('home', '/')
config.add_view('mypackage.views.myview', route_name='home',
                renderer='some/renderer.pt')

    This deprecation was done to reduce confusion observed in IRC, as well as to (eventually) reduce documentation burden. A deprecation warning is now issued when any view-related parameter is passed to add_route.

    .. seealso::

   See also `issue #164 on GitHub
   <https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/issues/164>`_.

  • Passing an environ dictionary to the __call__ method of a "traverser" (e.g. an object that implements :class:`pyramid.interfaces.ITraverser` such as an instance of :class:`pyramid.traversal.ResourceTreeTraverser`) as its request argument now causes a deprecation warning to be emitted. Consumer code should pass a request object instead. The fact that passing an environ dict is permitted has been documentation-deprecated since repoze.bfg 1.1, and this capability will be removed entirely in a future version.

  • The following (undocumented, dictionary-like) methods of the :class:`pyramid.request.Request` object have been deprecated: __contains__, __delitem__, __getitem__, __iter__, __setitem__, get, has_key, items, iteritems, itervalues, keys, pop, popitem, setdefault, update, and values. Usage of any of these methods will cause a deprecation warning to be emitted. These methods were added for internal compatibility in repoze.bfg 1.1 (code that currently expects a request object expected an environ object in BFG 1.0 and before). In a future version, these methods will be removed entirely.

  • A custom request factory is now required to return a request object that has a response attribute (or "reified"/lazy property) if the request is meant to be used in a view that uses a renderer. This response attribute should be an instance of the class :class:`pyramid.response.Response`.

  • The JSON and string renderer factories now assign to request.response.content_type rather than request.response_content_type.

  • Each built-in renderer factory now determines whether it should change the content type of the response by comparing the response's content type against the response's default content type; if the content type is the default content type (usually text/html), the renderer changes the content type (to application/json or text/plain for JSON and string renderers respectively).

  • The :func:`pyramid.wsgi.wsgiapp2` now uses a slightly different method of figuring out how to "fix" SCRIPT_NAME and PATH_INFO for the downstream application. As a result, those values may differ slightly from the perspective of the downstream application (for example, SCRIPT_NAME will now never possess a trailing slash).

  • Previously, :class:`pyramid.request.Request` inherited from :class:`webob.request.Request` and implemented __getattr__, __setattr__ and __delattr__ itself in order to override "adhoc attr" WebOb behavior where attributes of the request are stored in the environ. Now, :class:`pyramid.request.Request` inherits from (the more recent) :class:`webob.request.BaseRequest` instead of :class:`webob.request.Request`, which provides the same behavior. :class:`pyramid.request.Request` no longer implements its own __getattr__, __setattr__ or __delattr__ as a result.

  • Deprecated :func:`pyramid.view.is_response` function in favor of (newly-added) :meth:`pyramid.request.Request.is_response` method. Determining if an object is truly a valid response object now requires access to the registry, which is only easily available as a request attribute. The :func:`pyramid.view.is_response` function will still work until it is removed, but now may return an incorrect answer under some (very uncommon) circumstances.

  • :class:`pyramid.response.Response` is now a subclass of webob.response.Response (in order to directly implement the :class:`pyramid.interfaces.IResponse` interface, to speed up response generation).

  • The "exception response" objects importable from pyramid.httpexceptions (e.g. HTTPNotFound) are no longer just import aliases for classes that actually live in webob.exc. Instead, we've defined our own exception classes within the module that mirror and emulate the webob.exc exception response objects almost entirely. See :ref:`http_exception_hierarchy` in the Design Defense chapter for more information.

  • When visiting a URL that represented a static view which resolved to a subdirectory, the index.html of that subdirectory would not be served properly. Instead, a redirect to /subdir would be issued. This has been fixed, and now visiting a subdirectory that contains an index.html within a static view returns the index.html properly.

    .. seealso::

   See also `issue #67 on GitHub
   <https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/issues/67>`_.

  • Deprecated the pyramid.config.Configurator.set_renderer_globals_factory method and the renderer_globals Configurator constructor parameter. Users should convert code using this feature to use a BeforeRender event. See the section :ref:`beforerender_event` in the Hooks chapter.

  • In Pyramid 1.0, the :class:`pyramid.events.subscriber` directive behaved contrary to the documentation when passed more than one interface object to its constructor. For example, when the following listener was registered:

    @subscriber(IFoo, IBar)
def expects_ifoo_events_and_ibar_events(event):
    print event

    The Events chapter docs claimed that the listener would be registered and listening for both IFoo and IBar events. Instead, it registered an "object event" subscriber which would only be called if an IObjectEvent was emitted where the object interface was IFoo and the event interface was IBar.

    The behavior now matches the documentation. If you were relying on the buggy behavior of the 1.0 subscriber directive in order to register an object event subscriber, you must now pass a sequence to indicate you'd like to register a subscriber for an object event. e.g.:

    @subscriber([IFoo, IBar])
def expects_object_event(object, event):
    print object, event

  • In 1.0, if a :class:`pyramid.events.BeforeRender` event subscriber added a value via the __setitem__ or update methods of the event object with a key that already existed in the renderer globals dictionary, a KeyError was raised. With the deprecation of the "add_renderer_globals" feature of the configurator, there was no way to override an existing value in the renderer globals dictionary that already existed. Now, the event object will overwrite an older value that is already in the globals dictionary when its __setitem__ or update is called (as well as the new setdefault method), just like a plain old dictionary. As a result, for maximum interoperability with other third-party subscribers, if you write an event subscriber meant to be used as a BeforeRender subscriber, your subscriber code will now need to (using .get or __contains__ of the event object) ensure no value already exists in the renderer globals dictionary before setting an overriding value.

  • The :meth:`pyramid.config.Configurator.add_route` method allowed two routes with the same route to be added without an intermediate call to :meth:`pyramid.config.Configurator.commit`. If you now receive a ConfigurationError at startup time that appears to be add_route related, you'll need to either a) ensure that all of your route names are unique or b) call config.commit() before adding a second route with the name of a previously added name or c) use a Configurator that works in autocommit mode.

Dependency Changes

  • Pyramid now depends on :term:`WebOb` >= 1.0.2 as tests depend on the bugfix in that release: "Fix handling of WSGI environs with missing SCRIPT_NAME". (Note that in reality, everyone should probably be using 1.0.4 or better though, as WebOb 1.0.2 and 1.0.3 were effectively brownbag releases.)

Documentation Enhancements