netdev.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Nicira, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <config.h>
#include "netdev.h"

#include <errno.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "coverage.h"
#include "dpif.h"
#include "dp-packet.h"
#include "dynamic-string.h"
#include "fatal-signal.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include "list.h"
#include "netdev-dpdk.h"
#include "netdev-provider.h"
#include "netdev-vport.h"
#include "odp-netlink.h"
#include "openflow/openflow.h"
#include "packets.h"
#include "poll-loop.h"
#include "seq.h"
#include "shash.h"
#include "smap.h"
#include "sset.h"
#include "svec.h"
#include "openvswitch/vlog.h"
#include "flow.h"

VLOG_DEFINE_THIS_MODULE(netdev);

COVERAGE_DEFINE(netdev_received);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(netdev_sent);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(netdev_add_router);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(netdev_get_stats);

struct netdev_saved_flags {
    struct netdev *netdev;
    struct ovs_list node;           /* In struct netdev's saved_flags_list. */
    enum netdev_flags saved_flags;
    enum netdev_flags saved_values;
};

/* Protects 'netdev_shash' and the mutable members of struct netdev. */
static struct ovs_mutex netdev_mutex = OVS_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

/* All created network devices. */
static struct shash netdev_shash OVS_GUARDED_BY(netdev_mutex)
    = SHASH_INITIALIZER(&netdev_shash);

/* Protects 'netdev_classes' against insertions or deletions.
 *
 * This is a recursive mutex to allow recursive acquisition when calling into
 * providers.  For example, netdev_run() calls into provider 'run' functions,
 * which might reasonably want to call one of the netdev functions that takes
 * netdev_class_mutex. */
static struct ovs_mutex netdev_class_mutex OVS_ACQ_BEFORE(netdev_mutex);

/* Contains 'struct netdev_registered_class'es. */
static struct hmap netdev_classes OVS_GUARDED_BY(netdev_class_mutex)
    = HMAP_INITIALIZER(&netdev_classes);

struct netdev_registered_class {
    /* In 'netdev_classes', by class->type. */
    struct hmap_node hmap_node OVS_GUARDED_BY(netdev_class_mutex);
    const struct netdev_class *class OVS_GUARDED_BY(netdev_class_mutex);
    /* Number of 'struct netdev's of this class. */
    int ref_cnt OVS_GUARDED_BY(netdev_class_mutex);
};

/* This is set pretty low because we probably won't learn anything from the
 * additional log messages. */
static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(5, 20);

static void restore_all_flags(void *aux OVS_UNUSED);
void update_device_args(struct netdev *, const struct shash *args);

int
netdev_n_txq(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return netdev->n_txq;
}

int
netdev_n_rxq(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return netdev->n_rxq;
}

bool
netdev_is_pmd(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return (!strcmp(netdev->netdev_class->type, "dpdk") ||
            !strcmp(netdev->netdev_class->type, "dpdkr") ||
            !strcmp(netdev->netdev_class->type, "dpdkvhostcuse") ||
            !strcmp(netdev->netdev_class->type, "dpdkvhostuser"));
}

static void
netdev_class_mutex_initialize(void)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_class_mutex, netdev_mutex)
{
    static struct ovsthread_once once = OVSTHREAD_ONCE_INITIALIZER;

    if (ovsthread_once_start(&once)) {
        ovs_mutex_init_recursive(&netdev_class_mutex);
        ovsthread_once_done(&once);
    }
}

static void
netdev_initialize(void)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_class_mutex, netdev_mutex)
{
    static struct ovsthread_once once = OVSTHREAD_ONCE_INITIALIZER;

    if (ovsthread_once_start(&once)) {
        netdev_class_mutex_initialize();

        fatal_signal_add_hook(restore_all_flags, NULL, NULL, true);
        netdev_vport_patch_register();

#ifdef __linux__
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_linux_class);
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_internal_class);
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_tap_class);
        netdev_vport_tunnel_register();
#endif
#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_tap_class);
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_bsd_class);
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_windows_class);
        netdev_register_provider(&netdev_internal_class);
        netdev_vport_tunnel_register();
#endif
        netdev_dpdk_register();

        ovsthread_once_done(&once);
    }
}

/* Performs periodic work needed by all the various kinds of netdevs.
 *
 * If your program opens any netdevs, it must call this function within its
 * main poll loop. */
void
netdev_run(void)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_class_mutex, netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

    netdev_initialize();
    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (rc, hmap_node, &netdev_classes) {
        if (rc->class->run) {
            rc->class->run();
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);
}

/* Arranges for poll_block() to wake up when netdev_run() needs to be called.
 *
 * If your program opens any netdevs, it must call this function within its
 * main poll loop. */
void
netdev_wait(void)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_class_mutex, netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (rc, hmap_node, &netdev_classes) {
        if (rc->class->wait) {
            rc->class->wait();
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);
}

static struct netdev_registered_class *
netdev_lookup_class(const char *type)
    OVS_REQ_RDLOCK(netdev_class_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (rc, hmap_node, hash_string(type, 0),
                             &netdev_classes) {
        if (!strcmp(type, rc->class->type)) {
            return rc;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Initializes and registers a new netdev provider.  After successful
 * registration, new netdevs of that type can be opened using netdev_open(). */
int
netdev_register_provider(const struct netdev_class *new_class)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_class_mutex, netdev_mutex)
{
    int error;

    netdev_class_mutex_initialize();
    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    if (netdev_lookup_class(new_class->type)) {
        VLOG_WARN("attempted to register duplicate netdev provider: %s",
                   new_class->type);
        error = EEXIST;
    } else {
        error = new_class->init ? new_class->init() : 0;
        if (!error) {
            struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

            rc = xmalloc(sizeof *rc);
            hmap_insert(&netdev_classes, &rc->hmap_node,
                        hash_string(new_class->type, 0));
            rc->class = new_class;
            rc->ref_cnt = 0;
        } else {
            VLOG_ERR("failed to initialize %s network device class: %s",
                     new_class->type, ovs_strerror(error));
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);

    return error;
}

/* Unregisters a netdev provider.  'type' must have been previously
 * registered and not currently be in use by any netdevs.  After unregistration
 * new netdevs of that type cannot be opened using netdev_open(). */
int
netdev_unregister_provider(const char *type)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_class_mutex, netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_registered_class *rc;
    int error;

    netdev_initialize();

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    rc = netdev_lookup_class(type);
    if (!rc) {
        VLOG_WARN("attempted to unregister a netdev provider that is not "
                  "registered: %s", type);
        error = EAFNOSUPPORT;
    } else {
        if (!rc->ref_cnt) {
            hmap_remove(&netdev_classes, &rc->hmap_node);
            free(rc);
            error = 0;
        } else {
            VLOG_WARN("attempted to unregister in use netdev provider: %s",
                      type);
            error = EBUSY;
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);

    return error;
}

/* Clears 'types' and enumerates the types of all currently registered netdev
 * providers into it.  The caller must first initialize the sset. */
void
netdev_enumerate_types(struct sset *types)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

    netdev_initialize();
    sset_clear(types);

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (rc, hmap_node, &netdev_classes) {
        sset_add(types, rc->class->type);
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);
}

/* Check that the network device name is not the same as any of the registered
 * vport providers' dpif_port name (dpif_port is NULL if the vport provider
 * does not define it) or the datapath internal port name (e.g. ovs-system).
 *
 * Returns true if there is a name conflict, false otherwise. */
bool
netdev_is_reserved_name(const char *name)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

    netdev_initialize();

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (rc, hmap_node, &netdev_classes) {
        const char *dpif_port = netdev_vport_class_get_dpif_port(rc->class);
        if (dpif_port && !strncmp(name, dpif_port, strlen(dpif_port))) {
            ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);
            return true;
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);

    if (!strncmp(name, "ovs-", 4)) {
        struct sset types;
        const char *type;

        sset_init(&types);
        dp_enumerate_types(&types);
        SSET_FOR_EACH (type, &types) {
            if (!strcmp(name+4, type)) {
                sset_destroy(&types);
                return true;
            }
        }
        sset_destroy(&types);
    }

    return false;
}

/* Opens the network device named 'name' (e.g. "eth0") of the specified 'type'
 * (e.g. "system") and returns zero if successful, otherwise a positive errno
 * value.  On success, sets '*netdevp' to the new network device, otherwise to
 * null.
 *
 * Some network devices may need to be configured (with netdev_set_config())
 * before they can be used. */
int
netdev_open(const char *name, const char *type, struct netdev **netdevp)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev *netdev;
    int error;

    netdev_initialize();

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
    netdev = shash_find_data(&netdev_shash, name);
    if (!netdev) {
        struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

        rc = netdev_lookup_class(type && type[0] ? type : "system");
        if (rc) {
            netdev = rc->class->alloc();
            if (netdev) {
                memset(netdev, 0, sizeof *netdev);
                netdev->netdev_class = rc->class;
                netdev->name = xstrdup(name);
                netdev->change_seq = 1;
                netdev->node = shash_add(&netdev_shash, name, netdev);

                /* By default enable one tx and rx queue per netdev. */
                netdev->n_txq = netdev->netdev_class->send ? 1 : 0;
                netdev->n_rxq = netdev->netdev_class->rxq_alloc ? 1 : 0;

                list_init(&netdev->saved_flags_list);

                error = rc->class->construct(netdev);
                if (!error) {
                    rc->ref_cnt++;
                    netdev_change_seq_changed(netdev);
                } else {
                    free(netdev->name);
                    ovs_assert(list_is_empty(&netdev->saved_flags_list));
                    shash_delete(&netdev_shash, netdev->node);
                    rc->class->dealloc(netdev);
                }
            } else {
                error = ENOMEM;
            }
        } else {
            VLOG_WARN("could not create netdev %s of unknown type %s",
                      name, type);
            error = EAFNOSUPPORT;
        }
    } else {
        error = 0;
    }

    if (!error) {
        netdev->ref_cnt++;
        *netdevp = netdev;
    } else {
        *netdevp = NULL;
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);

    return error;
}

/* Returns a reference to 'netdev_' for the caller to own. Returns null if
 * 'netdev_' is null. */
struct netdev *
netdev_ref(const struct netdev *netdev_)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev *netdev = CONST_CAST(struct netdev *, netdev_);

    if (netdev) {
        ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
        ovs_assert(netdev->ref_cnt > 0);
        netdev->ref_cnt++;
        ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);
    }
    return netdev;
}

/* Reconfigures the device 'netdev' with 'args'.  'args' may be empty
 * or NULL if none are needed. */
int
netdev_set_config(struct netdev *netdev, const struct smap *args, char **errp)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    if (netdev->netdev_class->set_config) {
        const struct smap no_args = SMAP_INITIALIZER(&no_args);
        int error;

        error = netdev->netdev_class->set_config(netdev,
                                                 args ? args : &no_args);
        if (error) {
            VLOG_WARN_BUF(errp, "%s: could not set configuration (%s)",
                          netdev_get_name(netdev), ovs_strerror(error));
        }
        return error;
    } else if (args && !smap_is_empty(args)) {
        VLOG_WARN_BUF(errp, "%s: arguments provided to device that is not configurable",
                      netdev_get_name(netdev));
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Returns the current configuration for 'netdev' in 'args'.  The caller must
 * have already initialized 'args' with smap_init().  Returns 0 on success, in
 * which case 'args' will be filled with 'netdev''s configuration.  On failure
 * returns a positive errno value, in which case 'args' will be empty.
 *
 * The caller owns 'args' and its contents and must eventually free them with
 * smap_destroy(). */
int
netdev_get_config(const struct netdev *netdev, struct smap *args)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    int error;

    smap_clear(args);
    if (netdev->netdev_class->get_config) {
        error = netdev->netdev_class->get_config(netdev, args);
        if (error) {
            smap_clear(args);
        }
    } else {
        error = 0;
    }

    return error;
}

const struct netdev_tunnel_config *
netdev_get_tunnel_config(const struct netdev *netdev)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    if (netdev->netdev_class->get_tunnel_config) {
        return netdev->netdev_class->get_tunnel_config(netdev);
    } else {
        return NULL;
    }
}

/* Returns the id of the numa node the 'netdev' is on.  If the function
 * is not implemented, returns NETDEV_NUMA_UNSPEC. */
int
netdev_get_numa_id(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    if (netdev->netdev_class->get_numa_id) {
        return netdev->netdev_class->get_numa_id(netdev);
    } else {
        return NETDEV_NUMA_UNSPEC;
    }
}

static void
netdev_unref(struct netdev *dev)
    OVS_RELEASES(netdev_mutex)
{
    ovs_assert(dev->ref_cnt);
    if (!--dev->ref_cnt) {
        const struct netdev_class *class = dev->netdev_class;
        struct netdev_registered_class *rc;

        dev->netdev_class->destruct(dev);

        if (dev->node) {
            shash_delete(&netdev_shash, dev->node);
        }
        free(dev->name);
        dev->netdev_class->dealloc(dev);
        ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);

        ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_class_mutex);
        rc = netdev_lookup_class(class->type);
        ovs_assert(rc->ref_cnt > 0);
        rc->ref_cnt--;
        ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_class_mutex);
    } else {
        ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);
    }
}

/* Closes and destroys 'netdev'. */
void
netdev_close(struct netdev *netdev)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    if (netdev) {
        ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
        netdev_unref(netdev);
    }
}

/* Removes 'netdev' from the global shash and unrefs 'netdev'.
 *
 * This allows handler and revalidator threads to still retain references
 * to this netdev while the main thread changes interface configuration.
 *
 * This function should only be called by the main thread when closing
 * netdevs during user configuration changes. Otherwise, netdev_close should be
 * used to close netdevs. */
void
netdev_remove(struct netdev *netdev)
{
    if (netdev) {
        ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
        if (netdev->node) {
            shash_delete(&netdev_shash, netdev->node);
            netdev->node = NULL;
            netdev_change_seq_changed(netdev);
        }
        netdev_unref(netdev);
    }
}

/* Parses 'netdev_name_', which is of the form [type@]name into its component
 * pieces.  'name' and 'type' must be freed by the caller. */
void
netdev_parse_name(const char *netdev_name_, char **name, char **type)
{
    char *netdev_name = xstrdup(netdev_name_);
    char *separator;

    separator = strchr(netdev_name, '@');
    if (separator) {
        *separator = '\0';
        *type = netdev_name;
        *name = xstrdup(separator + 1);
    } else {
        *name = netdev_name;
        *type = xstrdup("system");
    }
}

/* Attempts to open a netdev_rxq handle for obtaining packets received on
 * 'netdev'.  On success, returns 0 and stores a nonnull 'netdev_rxq *' into
 * '*rxp'.  On failure, returns a positive errno value and stores NULL into
 * '*rxp'.
 *
 * Some kinds of network devices might not support receiving packets.  This
 * function returns EOPNOTSUPP in that case.*/
int
netdev_rxq_open(struct netdev *netdev, struct netdev_rxq **rxp, int id)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    int error;

    if (netdev->netdev_class->rxq_alloc && id < netdev->n_rxq) {
        struct netdev_rxq *rx = netdev->netdev_class->rxq_alloc();
        if (rx) {
            rx->netdev = netdev;
            rx->queue_id = id;
            error = netdev->netdev_class->rxq_construct(rx);
            if (!error) {
                netdev_ref(netdev);
                *rxp = rx;
                return 0;
            }
            netdev->netdev_class->rxq_dealloc(rx);
        } else {
            error = ENOMEM;
        }
    } else {
        error = EOPNOTSUPP;
    }

    *rxp = NULL;
    return error;
}

/* Closes 'rx'. */
void
netdev_rxq_close(struct netdev_rxq *rx)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    if (rx) {
        struct netdev *netdev = rx->netdev;
        netdev->netdev_class->rxq_destruct(rx);
        netdev->netdev_class->rxq_dealloc(rx);
        netdev_close(netdev);
    }
}

/* Attempts to receive batch of packets from 'rx'.
 *
 * Returns EAGAIN immediately if no packet is ready to be received.
 *
 * Returns EMSGSIZE, and discards the packet, if the received packet is longer
 * than 'dp_packet_tailroom(buffer)'.
 *
 * It is advised that the tailroom of 'buffer' should be
 * VLAN_HEADER_LEN bytes longer than the MTU to allow space for an
 * out-of-band VLAN header to be added to the packet.  At the very least,
 * 'buffer' must have at least ETH_TOTAL_MIN bytes of tailroom.
 *
 * This function may be set to null if it would always return EOPNOTSUPP
 * anyhow. */
int
netdev_rxq_recv(struct netdev_rxq *rx, struct dp_packet **buffers, int *cnt)
{
    int retval;

    retval = rx->netdev->netdev_class->rxq_recv(rx, buffers, cnt);
    if (!retval) {
        COVERAGE_INC(netdev_received);
    }
    return retval;
}

/* Arranges for poll_block() to wake up when a packet is ready to be received
 * on 'rx'. */
void
netdev_rxq_wait(struct netdev_rxq *rx)
{
    rx->netdev->netdev_class->rxq_wait(rx);
}

/* Discards any packets ready to be received on 'rx'. */
int
netdev_rxq_drain(struct netdev_rxq *rx)
{
    return (rx->netdev->netdev_class->rxq_drain
            ? rx->netdev->netdev_class->rxq_drain(rx)
            : 0);
}

/* Configures the number of tx queues and rx queues of 'netdev'.
 * Return 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.
 *
 * 'n_rxq' specifies the maximum number of receive queues to create.
 * The netdev provider might choose to create less (e.g. if the hardware
 * supports only a smaller number).  The caller can check how many have been
 * actually created by calling 'netdev_n_rxq()'
 *
 * 'n_txq' specifies the exact number of transmission queues to create.
 * If this function returns successfully, the caller can make 'n_txq'
 * concurrent calls to netdev_send() (each one with a different 'qid' in the
 * range [0..'n_txq'-1]).
 *
 * On error, the tx queue and rx queue configuration is indeterminant.
 * Caller should make decision on whether to restore the previous or
 * the default configuration.  Also, caller must make sure there is no
 * other thread accessing the queues at the same time. */
int
netdev_set_multiq(struct netdev *netdev, unsigned int n_txq,
                  unsigned int n_rxq)
{
    int error;

    error = (netdev->netdev_class->set_multiq
             ? netdev->netdev_class->set_multiq(netdev,
                                                MAX(n_txq, 1),
                                                MAX(n_rxq, 1))
             : EOPNOTSUPP);

    if (error && error != EOPNOTSUPP) {
        VLOG_DBG_RL(&rl, "failed to set tx/rx queue for network device %s:"
                    "%s", netdev_get_name(netdev), ovs_strerror(error));
    }

    return error;
}

/* Sends 'buffers' on 'netdev'.  Returns 0 if successful (for every packet),
 * otherwise a positive errno value.  Returns EAGAIN without blocking if
 * at least one the packets cannot be queued immediately.  Returns EMSGSIZE
 * if a partial packet was transmitted or if a packet is too big or too small
 * to transmit on the device.
 *
 * If the function returns a non-zero value, some of the packets might have
 * been sent anyway.
 *
 * To retain ownership of 'buffer' caller can set may_steal to false.
 *
 * The network device is expected to maintain one or more packet
 * transmission queues, so that the caller does not ordinarily have to
 * do additional queuing of packets.  'qid' specifies the queue to use
 * and can be ignored if the implementation does not support multiple
 * queues.
 *
 * Some network devices may not implement support for this function.  In such
 * cases this function will always return EOPNOTSUPP. */
int
netdev_send(struct netdev *netdev, int qid, struct dp_packet **buffers,
            int cnt, bool may_steal)
{
    int error;

    error = (netdev->netdev_class->send
             ? netdev->netdev_class->send(netdev, qid, buffers, cnt, may_steal)
             : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (!error) {
        COVERAGE_INC(netdev_sent);
    }
    return error;
}

int
netdev_pop_header(struct netdev *netdev, struct dp_packet **buffers, int cnt)
{
    int i;

    if (!netdev->netdev_class->pop_header) {
        return EOPNOTSUPP;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
        int err;

        err = netdev->netdev_class->pop_header(buffers[i]);
        if (err) {
            dp_packet_clear(buffers[i]);
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

int
netdev_build_header(const struct netdev *netdev, struct ovs_action_push_tnl *data,
                    const struct flow *tnl_flow)
{
    if (netdev->netdev_class->build_header) {
        return netdev->netdev_class->build_header(netdev, data, tnl_flow);
    }
    return EOPNOTSUPP;
}

int
netdev_push_header(const struct netdev *netdev,
                   struct dp_packet **buffers, int cnt,
                   const struct ovs_action_push_tnl *data)
{
    int i;

    if (!netdev->netdev_class->push_header) {
        return -EINVAL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
        netdev->netdev_class->push_header(buffers[i], data);
        pkt_metadata_init(&buffers[i]->md, u32_to_odp(data->out_port));
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Registers with the poll loop to wake up from the next call to poll_block()
 * when the packet transmission queue has sufficient room to transmit a packet
 * with netdev_send().
 *
 * The network device is expected to maintain one or more packet
 * transmission queues, so that the caller does not ordinarily have to
 * do additional queuing of packets.  'qid' specifies the queue to use
 * and can be ignored if the implementation does not support multiple
 * queues. */
void
netdev_send_wait(struct netdev *netdev, int qid)
{
    if (netdev->netdev_class->send_wait) {
        netdev->netdev_class->send_wait(netdev, qid);
    }
}

/* Attempts to set 'netdev''s MAC address to 'mac'.  Returns 0 if successful,
 * otherwise a positive errno value. */
int
netdev_set_etheraddr(struct netdev *netdev, const struct eth_addr mac)
{
    return netdev->netdev_class->set_etheraddr(netdev, mac);
}

/* Retrieves 'netdev''s MAC address.  If successful, returns 0 and copies the
 * the MAC address into 'mac'.  On failure, returns a positive errno value and
 * clears 'mac' to all-zeros. */
int
netdev_get_etheraddr(const struct netdev *netdev, struct eth_addr *mac)
{
    return netdev->netdev_class->get_etheraddr(netdev, mac);
}

/* Returns the name of the network device that 'netdev' represents,
 * e.g. "eth0".  The caller must not modify or free the returned string. */
const char *
netdev_get_name(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return netdev->name;
}

/* Retrieves the MTU of 'netdev'.  The MTU is the maximum size of transmitted
 * (and received) packets, in bytes, not including the hardware header; thus,
 * this is typically 1500 bytes for Ethernet devices.
 *
 * If successful, returns 0 and stores the MTU size in '*mtup'.  Returns
 * EOPNOTSUPP if 'netdev' does not have an MTU (as e.g. some tunnels do not).
 * On other failure, returns a positive errno value.  On failure, sets '*mtup'
 * to 0. */
int
netdev_get_mtu(const struct netdev *netdev, int *mtup)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    int error;

    error = class->get_mtu ? class->get_mtu(netdev, mtup) : EOPNOTSUPP;
    if (error) {
        *mtup = 0;
        if (error != EOPNOTSUPP) {
            VLOG_DBG_RL(&rl, "failed to retrieve MTU for network device %s: "
                         "%s", netdev_get_name(netdev), ovs_strerror(error));
        }
    }
    return error;
}

/* Sets the MTU of 'netdev'.  The MTU is the maximum size of transmitted
 * (and received) packets, in bytes.
 *
 * If successful, returns 0.  Returns EOPNOTSUPP if 'netdev' does not have an
 * MTU (as e.g. some tunnels do not).  On other failure, returns a positive
 * errno value. */
int
netdev_set_mtu(const struct netdev *netdev, int mtu)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    int error;

    error = class->set_mtu ? class->set_mtu(netdev, mtu) : EOPNOTSUPP;
    if (error && error != EOPNOTSUPP) {
        VLOG_DBG_RL(&rl, "failed to set MTU for network device %s: %s",
                     netdev_get_name(netdev), ovs_strerror(error));
    }

    return error;
}

/* Returns the ifindex of 'netdev', if successful, as a positive number.  On
 * failure, returns a negative errno value.
 *
 * The desired semantics of the ifindex value are a combination of those
 * specified by POSIX for if_nametoindex() and by SNMP for ifIndex.  An ifindex
 * value should be unique within a host and remain stable at least until
 * reboot.  SNMP says an ifindex "ranges between 1 and the value of ifNumber"
 * but many systems do not follow this rule anyhow.
 *
 * Some network devices may not implement support for this function.  In such
 * cases this function will always return -EOPNOTSUPP.
 */
int
netdev_get_ifindex(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    int (*get_ifindex)(const struct netdev *);

    get_ifindex = netdev->netdev_class->get_ifindex;

    return get_ifindex ? get_ifindex(netdev) : -EOPNOTSUPP;
}

/* Stores the features supported by 'netdev' into each of '*current',
 * '*advertised', '*supported', and '*peer' that are non-null.  Each value is a
 * bitmap of "enum ofp_port_features" bits, in host byte order.  Returns 0 if
 * successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  On failure, all of the
 * passed-in values are set to 0.
 *
 * Some network devices may not implement support for this function.  In such
 * cases this function will always return EOPNOTSUPP. */
int
netdev_get_features(const struct netdev *netdev,
                    enum netdev_features *current,
                    enum netdev_features *advertised,
                    enum netdev_features *supported,
                    enum netdev_features *peer)
{
    int (*get_features)(const struct netdev *netdev,
                        enum netdev_features *current,
                        enum netdev_features *advertised,
                        enum netdev_features *supported,
                        enum netdev_features *peer);
    enum netdev_features dummy[4];
    int error;

    if (!current) {
        current = &dummy[0];
    }
    if (!advertised) {
        advertised = &dummy[1];
    }
    if (!supported) {
        supported = &dummy[2];
    }
    if (!peer) {
        peer = &dummy[3];
    }

    get_features = netdev->netdev_class->get_features;
    error = get_features
                    ? get_features(netdev, current, advertised, supported,
                                   peer)
                    : EOPNOTSUPP;
    if (error) {
        *current = *advertised = *supported = *peer = 0;
    }
    return error;
}

/* Returns the maximum speed of a network connection that has the NETDEV_F_*
 * bits in 'features', in bits per second.  If no bits that indicate a speed
 * are set in 'features', returns 'default_bps'. */
uint64_t
netdev_features_to_bps(enum netdev_features features,
                       uint64_t default_bps)
{
    enum {
        F_1000000MB = NETDEV_F_1TB_FD,
        F_100000MB = NETDEV_F_100GB_FD,
        F_40000MB = NETDEV_F_40GB_FD,
        F_10000MB = NETDEV_F_10GB_FD,
        F_1000MB = NETDEV_F_1GB_HD | NETDEV_F_1GB_FD,
        F_100MB = NETDEV_F_100MB_HD | NETDEV_F_100MB_FD,
        F_10MB = NETDEV_F_10MB_HD | NETDEV_F_10MB_FD
    };

    return (  features & F_1000000MB ? UINT64_C(1000000000000)
            : features & F_100000MB  ? UINT64_C(100000000000)
            : features & F_40000MB   ? UINT64_C(40000000000)
            : features & F_10000MB   ? UINT64_C(10000000000)
            : features & F_1000MB    ? UINT64_C(1000000000)
            : features & F_100MB     ? UINT64_C(100000000)
            : features & F_10MB      ? UINT64_C(10000000)
                                     : default_bps);
}

/* Returns true if any of the NETDEV_F_* bits that indicate a full-duplex link
 * are set in 'features', otherwise false. */
bool
netdev_features_is_full_duplex(enum netdev_features features)
{
    return (features & (NETDEV_F_10MB_FD | NETDEV_F_100MB_FD | NETDEV_F_1GB_FD
                        | NETDEV_F_10GB_FD | NETDEV_F_40GB_FD
                        | NETDEV_F_100GB_FD | NETDEV_F_1TB_FD)) != 0;
}

/* Set the features advertised by 'netdev' to 'advertise'.  Returns 0 if
 * successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
int
netdev_set_advertisements(struct netdev *netdev,
                          enum netdev_features advertise)
{
    return (netdev->netdev_class->set_advertisements
            ? netdev->netdev_class->set_advertisements(
                    netdev, advertise)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* If 'netdev' has an assigned IPv4 address, sets '*address' to that address
 * and '*netmask' to its netmask and returns 0.  Otherwise, returns a positive
 * errno value and sets '*address' to 0 (INADDR_ANY).
 *
 * The following error values have well-defined meanings:
 *
 *   - EADDRNOTAVAIL: 'netdev' has no assigned IPv4 address.
 *
 *   - EOPNOTSUPP: No IPv4 network stack attached to 'netdev'.
 *
 * 'address' or 'netmask' or both may be null, in which case the address or
 * netmask is not reported. */
int
netdev_get_in4(const struct netdev *netdev,
               struct in_addr *address_, struct in_addr *netmask_)
{
    struct in_addr address;
    struct in_addr netmask;
    int error;

    error = (netdev->netdev_class->get_in4
             ? netdev->netdev_class->get_in4(netdev,
                    &address, &netmask)
             : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (address_) {
        address_->s_addr = error ? 0 : address.s_addr;
    }
    if (netmask_) {
        netmask_->s_addr = error ? 0 : netmask.s_addr;
    }
    return error;
}

/* Assigns 'addr' as 'netdev''s IPv4 address and 'mask' as its netmask.  If
 * 'addr' is INADDR_ANY, 'netdev''s IPv4 address is cleared.  Returns a
 * positive errno value. */
int
netdev_set_in4(struct netdev *netdev, struct in_addr addr, struct in_addr mask)
{
    return (netdev->netdev_class->set_in4
            ? netdev->netdev_class->set_in4(netdev, addr, mask)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* Obtains ad IPv4 address from device name and save the address in
 * in4.  Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.
 */
int
netdev_get_in4_by_name(const char *device_name, struct in_addr *in4)
{
    struct netdev *netdev;
    int error;

    error = netdev_open(device_name, "system", &netdev);
    if (error) {
        in4->s_addr = htonl(0);
        return error;
    }

    error = netdev_get_in4(netdev, in4, NULL);
    netdev_close(netdev);
    return error;
}

/* Adds 'router' as a default IP gateway for the TCP/IP stack that corresponds
 * to 'netdev'. */
int
netdev_add_router(struct netdev *netdev, struct in_addr router)
{
    COVERAGE_INC(netdev_add_router);
    return (netdev->netdev_class->add_router
            ? netdev->netdev_class->add_router(netdev, router)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* Looks up the next hop for 'host' for the TCP/IP stack that corresponds to
 * 'netdev'.  If a route cannot not be determined, sets '*next_hop' to 0,
 * '*netdev_name' to null, and returns a positive errno value.  Otherwise, if a
 * next hop is found, stores the next hop gateway's address (0 if 'host' is on
 * a directly connected network) in '*next_hop' and a copy of the name of the
 * device to reach 'host' in '*netdev_name', and returns 0.  The caller is
 * responsible for freeing '*netdev_name' (by calling free()). */
int
netdev_get_next_hop(const struct netdev *netdev,
                    const struct in_addr *host, struct in_addr *next_hop,
                    char **netdev_name)
{
    int error = (netdev->netdev_class->get_next_hop
                 ? netdev->netdev_class->get_next_hop(
                        host, next_hop, netdev_name)
                 : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (error) {
        next_hop->s_addr = 0;
        *netdev_name = NULL;
    }
    return error;
}

/* Populates 'smap' with status information.
 *
 * Populates 'smap' with 'netdev' specific status information.  This
 * information may be used to populate the status column of the Interface table
 * as defined in ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(5). */
int
netdev_get_status(const struct netdev *netdev, struct smap *smap)
{
    return (netdev->netdev_class->get_status
            ? netdev->netdev_class->get_status(netdev, smap)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* If 'netdev' has an assigned IPv6 address, sets '*in6' to that address and
 * returns 0.  Otherwise, returns a positive errno value and sets '*in6' to
 * all-zero-bits (in6addr_any).
 *
 * The following error values have well-defined meanings:
 *
 *   - EADDRNOTAVAIL: 'netdev' has no assigned IPv6 address.
 *
 *   - EOPNOTSUPP: No IPv6 network stack attached to 'netdev'.
 *
 * 'in6' may be null, in which case the address itself is not reported. */
int
netdev_get_in6(const struct netdev *netdev, struct in6_addr *in6)
{
    struct in6_addr dummy;
    int error;

    error = (netdev->netdev_class->get_in6
             ? netdev->netdev_class->get_in6(netdev,
                    in6 ? in6 : &dummy)
             : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (error && in6) {
        memset(in6, 0, sizeof *in6);
    }
    return error;
}

/* On 'netdev', turns off the flags in 'off' and then turns on the flags in
 * 'on'.  Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
static int
do_update_flags(struct netdev *netdev, enum netdev_flags off,
                enum netdev_flags on, enum netdev_flags *old_flagsp,
                struct netdev_saved_flags **sfp)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev_saved_flags *sf = NULL;
    enum netdev_flags old_flags;
    int error;

    error = netdev->netdev_class->update_flags(netdev, off & ~on, on,
                                               &old_flags);
    if (error) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "failed to %s flags for network device %s: %s",
                     off || on ? "set" : "get", netdev_get_name(netdev),
                     ovs_strerror(error));
        old_flags = 0;
    } else if ((off || on) && sfp) {
        enum netdev_flags new_flags = (old_flags & ~off) | on;
        enum netdev_flags changed_flags = old_flags ^ new_flags;
        if (changed_flags) {
            ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
            *sfp = sf = xmalloc(sizeof *sf);
            sf->netdev = netdev;
            list_push_front(&netdev->saved_flags_list, &sf->node);
            sf->saved_flags = changed_flags;
            sf->saved_values = changed_flags & new_flags;

            netdev->ref_cnt++;
            ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);
        }
    }

    if (old_flagsp) {
        *old_flagsp = old_flags;
    }
    if (sfp) {
        *sfp = sf;
    }

    return error;
}

/* Obtains the current flags for 'netdev' and stores them into '*flagsp'.
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  On failure,
 * stores 0 into '*flagsp'. */
int
netdev_get_flags(const struct netdev *netdev_, enum netdev_flags *flagsp)
{
    struct netdev *netdev = CONST_CAST(struct netdev *, netdev_);
    return do_update_flags(netdev, 0, 0, flagsp, NULL);
}

/* Sets the flags for 'netdev' to 'flags'.
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
int
netdev_set_flags(struct netdev *netdev, enum netdev_flags flags,
                 struct netdev_saved_flags **sfp)
{
    return do_update_flags(netdev, -1, flags, NULL, sfp);
}

/* Turns on the specified 'flags' on 'netdev':
 *
 *    - On success, returns 0.  If 'sfp' is nonnull, sets '*sfp' to a newly
 *      allocated 'struct netdev_saved_flags *' that may be passed to
 *      netdev_restore_flags() to restore the original values of 'flags' on
 *      'netdev' (this will happen automatically at program termination if
 *      netdev_restore_flags() is never called) , or to NULL if no flags were
 *      actually changed.
 *
 *    - On failure, returns a positive errno value.  If 'sfp' is nonnull, sets
 *      '*sfp' to NULL. */
int
netdev_turn_flags_on(struct netdev *netdev, enum netdev_flags flags,
                     struct netdev_saved_flags **sfp)
{
    return do_update_flags(netdev, 0, flags, NULL, sfp);
}

/* Turns off the specified 'flags' on 'netdev'.  See netdev_turn_flags_on() for
 * details of the interface. */
int
netdev_turn_flags_off(struct netdev *netdev, enum netdev_flags flags,
                      struct netdev_saved_flags **sfp)
{
    return do_update_flags(netdev, flags, 0, NULL, sfp);
}

/* Restores the flags that were saved in 'sf', and destroys 'sf'.
 * Does nothing if 'sf' is NULL. */
void
netdev_restore_flags(struct netdev_saved_flags *sf)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    if (sf) {
        struct netdev *netdev = sf->netdev;
        enum netdev_flags old_flags;

        netdev->netdev_class->update_flags(netdev,
                                           sf->saved_flags & sf->saved_values,
                                           sf->saved_flags & ~sf->saved_values,
                                           &old_flags);

        ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
        list_remove(&sf->node);
        free(sf);
        netdev_unref(netdev);
    }
}

/* Looks up the ARP table entry for 'ip' on 'netdev'.  If one exists and can be
 * successfully retrieved, it stores the corresponding MAC address in 'mac' and
 * returns 0.  Otherwise, it returns a positive errno value; in particular,
 * ENXIO indicates that there is no ARP table entry for 'ip' on 'netdev'. */
int
netdev_arp_lookup(const struct netdev *netdev,
                  ovs_be32 ip, struct eth_addr *mac)
{
    int error = (netdev->netdev_class->arp_lookup
                 ? netdev->netdev_class->arp_lookup(netdev, ip, mac)
                 : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (error) {
        *mac = eth_addr_zero;
    }
    return error;
}

/* Returns true if carrier is active (link light is on) on 'netdev'. */
bool
netdev_get_carrier(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    int error;
    enum netdev_flags flags;
    bool carrier;

    netdev_get_flags(netdev, &flags);
    if (!(flags & NETDEV_UP)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (!netdev->netdev_class->get_carrier) {
        return true;
    }

    error = netdev->netdev_class->get_carrier(netdev, &carrier);
    if (error) {
        VLOG_DBG("%s: failed to get network device carrier status, assuming "
                 "down: %s", netdev_get_name(netdev), ovs_strerror(error));
        carrier = false;
    }

    return carrier;
}

/* Returns the number of times 'netdev''s carrier has changed. */
long long int
netdev_get_carrier_resets(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return (netdev->netdev_class->get_carrier_resets
            ? netdev->netdev_class->get_carrier_resets(netdev)
            : 0);
}

/* Attempts to force netdev_get_carrier() to poll 'netdev''s MII registers for
 * link status instead of checking 'netdev''s carrier.  'netdev''s MII
 * registers will be polled once ever 'interval' milliseconds.  If 'netdev'
 * does not support MII, another method may be used as a fallback.  If
 * 'interval' is less than or equal to zero, reverts netdev_get_carrier() to
 * its normal behavior.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
int
netdev_set_miimon_interval(struct netdev *netdev, long long int interval)
{
    return (netdev->netdev_class->set_miimon_interval
            ? netdev->netdev_class->set_miimon_interval(netdev, interval)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* Retrieves current device stats for 'netdev'. */
int
netdev_get_stats(const struct netdev *netdev, struct netdev_stats *stats)
{
    int error;

    COVERAGE_INC(netdev_get_stats);
    error = (netdev->netdev_class->get_stats
             ? netdev->netdev_class->get_stats(netdev, stats)
             : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (error) {
        memset(stats, 0xff, sizeof *stats);
    }
    return error;
}

/* Attempts to set input rate limiting (policing) policy, such that up to
 * 'kbits_rate' kbps of traffic is accepted, with a maximum accumulative burst
 * size of 'kbits' kb. */
int
netdev_set_policing(struct netdev *netdev, uint32_t kbits_rate,
                    uint32_t kbits_burst)
{
    return (netdev->netdev_class->set_policing
            ? netdev->netdev_class->set_policing(netdev,
                    kbits_rate, kbits_burst)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* Adds to 'types' all of the forms of QoS supported by 'netdev', or leaves it
 * empty if 'netdev' does not support QoS.  Any names added to 'types' should
 * be documented as valid for the "type" column in the "QoS" table in
 * vswitchd/vswitch.xml (which is built as ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(8)).
 *
 * Every network device supports disabling QoS with a type of "", but this type
 * will not be added to 'types'.
 *
 * The caller must initialize 'types' (e.g. with sset_init()) before calling
 * this function.  The caller is responsible for destroying 'types' (e.g. with
 * sset_destroy()) when it is no longer needed.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
int
netdev_get_qos_types(const struct netdev *netdev, struct sset *types)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    return (class->get_qos_types
            ? class->get_qos_types(netdev, types)
            : 0);
}

/* Queries 'netdev' for its capabilities regarding the specified 'type' of QoS,
 * which should be "" or one of the types returned by netdev_get_qos_types()
 * for 'netdev'.  Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.
 * On success, initializes 'caps' with the QoS capabilities; on failure, clears
 * 'caps' to all zeros. */
int
netdev_get_qos_capabilities(const struct netdev *netdev, const char *type,
                            struct netdev_qos_capabilities *caps)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;

    if (*type) {
        int retval = (class->get_qos_capabilities
                      ? class->get_qos_capabilities(netdev, type, caps)
                      : EOPNOTSUPP);
        if (retval) {
            memset(caps, 0, sizeof *caps);
        }
        return retval;
    } else {
        /* Every netdev supports turning off QoS. */
        memset(caps, 0, sizeof *caps);
        return 0;
    }
}

/* Obtains the number of queues supported by 'netdev' for the specified 'type'
 * of QoS.  Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  Stores
 * the number of queues (zero on failure) in '*n_queuesp'.
 *
 * This is just a simple wrapper around netdev_get_qos_capabilities(). */
int
netdev_get_n_queues(const struct netdev *netdev,
                    const char *type, unsigned int *n_queuesp)
{
    struct netdev_qos_capabilities caps;
    int retval;

    retval = netdev_get_qos_capabilities(netdev, type, &caps);
    *n_queuesp = caps.n_queues;
    return retval;
}

/* Queries 'netdev' about its currently configured form of QoS.  If successful,
 * stores the name of the current form of QoS into '*typep', stores any details
 * of configuration as string key-value pairs in 'details', and returns 0.  On
 * failure, sets '*typep' to NULL and returns a positive errno value.
 *
 * A '*typep' of "" indicates that QoS is currently disabled on 'netdev'.
 *
 * The caller must initialize 'details' as an empty smap (e.g. with
 * smap_init()) before calling this function.  The caller must free 'details'
 * when it is no longer needed (e.g. with smap_destroy()).
 *
 * The caller must not modify or free '*typep'.
 *
 * '*typep' will be one of the types returned by netdev_get_qos_types() for
 * 'netdev'.  The contents of 'details' should be documented as valid for
 * '*typep' in the "other_config" column in the "QoS" table in
 * vswitchd/vswitch.xml (which is built as ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(8)). */
int
netdev_get_qos(const struct netdev *netdev,
               const char **typep, struct smap *details)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    int retval;

    if (class->get_qos) {
        retval = class->get_qos(netdev, typep, details);
        if (retval) {
            *typep = NULL;
            smap_clear(details);
        }
        return retval;
    } else {
        /* 'netdev' doesn't support QoS, so report that QoS is disabled. */
        *typep = "";
        return 0;
    }
}

/* Attempts to reconfigure QoS on 'netdev', changing the form of QoS to 'type'
 * with details of configuration from 'details'.  Returns 0 if successful,
 * otherwise a positive errno value.  On error, the previous QoS configuration
 * is retained.
 *
 * When this function changes the type of QoS (not just 'details'), this also
 * resets all queue configuration for 'netdev' to their defaults (which depend
 * on the specific type of QoS).  Otherwise, the queue configuration for
 * 'netdev' is unchanged.
 *
 * 'type' should be "" (to disable QoS) or one of the types returned by
 * netdev_get_qos_types() for 'netdev'.  The contents of 'details' should be
 * documented as valid for the given 'type' in the "other_config" column in the
 * "QoS" table in vswitchd/vswitch.xml (which is built as
 * ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(8)).
 *
 * NULL may be specified for 'details' if there are no configuration
 * details. */
int
netdev_set_qos(struct netdev *netdev,
               const char *type, const struct smap *details)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;

    if (!type) {
        type = "";
    }

    if (class->set_qos) {
        if (!details) {
            static const struct smap empty = SMAP_INITIALIZER(&empty);
            details = &empty;
        }
        return class->set_qos(netdev, type, details);
    } else {
        return *type ? EOPNOTSUPP : 0;
    }
}

/* Queries 'netdev' for information about the queue numbered 'queue_id'.  If
 * successful, adds that information as string key-value pairs to 'details'.
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.
 *
 * 'queue_id' must be less than the number of queues supported by 'netdev' for
 * the current form of QoS (e.g. as returned by netdev_get_n_queues(netdev)).
 *
 * The returned contents of 'details' should be documented as valid for the
 * given 'type' in the "other_config" column in the "Queue" table in
 * vswitchd/vswitch.xml (which is built as ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(8)).
 *
 * The caller must initialize 'details' (e.g. with smap_init()) before calling
 * this function.  The caller must free 'details' when it is no longer needed
 * (e.g. with smap_destroy()). */
int
netdev_get_queue(const struct netdev *netdev,
                 unsigned int queue_id, struct smap *details)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    int retval;

    retval = (class->get_queue
              ? class->get_queue(netdev, queue_id, details)
              : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (retval) {
        smap_clear(details);
    }
    return retval;
}

/* Configures the queue numbered 'queue_id' on 'netdev' with the key-value
 * string pairs in 'details'.  The contents of 'details' should be documented
 * as valid for the given 'type' in the "other_config" column in the "Queue"
 * table in vswitchd/vswitch.xml (which is built as ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(8)).
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  On failure, the
 * given queue's configuration should be unmodified.
 *
 * 'queue_id' must be less than the number of queues supported by 'netdev' for
 * the current form of QoS (e.g. as returned by netdev_get_n_queues(netdev)).
 *
 * This function does not modify 'details', and the caller retains ownership of
 * it. */
int
netdev_set_queue(struct netdev *netdev,
                 unsigned int queue_id, const struct smap *details)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    return (class->set_queue
            ? class->set_queue(netdev, queue_id, details)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* Attempts to delete the queue numbered 'queue_id' from 'netdev'.  Some kinds
 * of QoS may have a fixed set of queues, in which case attempts to delete them
 * will fail with EOPNOTSUPP.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  On failure, the
 * given queue will be unmodified.
 *
 * 'queue_id' must be less than the number of queues supported by 'netdev' for
 * the current form of QoS (e.g. as returned by
 * netdev_get_n_queues(netdev)). */
int
netdev_delete_queue(struct netdev *netdev, unsigned int queue_id)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    return (class->delete_queue
            ? class->delete_queue(netdev, queue_id)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}

/* Obtains statistics about 'queue_id' on 'netdev'.  On success, returns 0 and
 * fills 'stats' with the queue's statistics; individual members of 'stats' may
 * be set to all-1-bits if the statistic is unavailable.  On failure, returns a
 * positive errno value and fills 'stats' with values indicating unsupported
 * statistics. */
int
netdev_get_queue_stats(const struct netdev *netdev, unsigned int queue_id,
                       struct netdev_queue_stats *stats)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    int retval;

    retval = (class->get_queue_stats
              ? class->get_queue_stats(netdev, queue_id, stats)
              : EOPNOTSUPP);
    if (retval) {
        stats->tx_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
        stats->tx_packets = UINT64_MAX;
        stats->tx_errors = UINT64_MAX;
        stats->created = LLONG_MIN;
    }
    return retval;
}

/* Initializes 'dump' to begin dumping the queues in a netdev.
 *
 * This function provides no status indication.  An error status for the entire
 * dump operation is provided when it is completed by calling
 * netdev_queue_dump_done().
 */
void
netdev_queue_dump_start(struct netdev_queue_dump *dump,
                        const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    dump->netdev = netdev_ref(netdev);
    if (netdev->netdev_class->queue_dump_start) {
        dump->error = netdev->netdev_class->queue_dump_start(netdev,
                                                             &dump->state);
    } else {
        dump->error = EOPNOTSUPP;
    }
}

/* Attempts to retrieve another queue from 'dump', which must have been
 * initialized with netdev_queue_dump_start().  On success, stores a new queue
 * ID into '*queue_id', fills 'details' with configuration details for the
 * queue, and returns true.  On failure, returns false.
 *
 * Queues are not necessarily dumped in increasing order of queue ID (or any
 * other predictable order).
 *
 * Failure might indicate an actual error or merely that the last queue has
 * been dumped.  An error status for the entire dump operation is provided when
 * it is completed by calling netdev_queue_dump_done().
 *
 * The returned contents of 'details' should be documented as valid for the
 * given 'type' in the "other_config" column in the "Queue" table in
 * vswitchd/vswitch.xml (which is built as ovs-vswitchd.conf.db(8)).
 *
 * The caller must initialize 'details' (e.g. with smap_init()) before calling
 * this function.  This function will clear and replace its contents.  The
 * caller must free 'details' when it is no longer needed (e.g. with
 * smap_destroy()). */
bool
netdev_queue_dump_next(struct netdev_queue_dump *dump,
                       unsigned int *queue_id, struct smap *details)
{
    const struct netdev *netdev = dump->netdev;

    if (dump->error) {
        return false;
    }

    dump->error = netdev->netdev_class->queue_dump_next(netdev, dump->state,
                                                        queue_id, details);

    if (dump->error) {
        netdev->netdev_class->queue_dump_done(netdev, dump->state);
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/* Completes queue table dump operation 'dump', which must have been
 * initialized with netdev_queue_dump_start().  Returns 0 if the dump operation
 * was error-free, otherwise a positive errno value describing the problem. */
int
netdev_queue_dump_done(struct netdev_queue_dump *dump)
{
    const struct netdev *netdev = dump->netdev;
    if (!dump->error && netdev->netdev_class->queue_dump_done) {
        dump->error = netdev->netdev_class->queue_dump_done(netdev,
                                                            dump->state);
    }
    netdev_close(dump->netdev);
    return dump->error == EOF ? 0 : dump->error;
}

/* Iterates over all of 'netdev''s queues, calling 'cb' with the queue's ID,
 * its statistics, and the 'aux' specified by the caller.  The order of
 * iteration is unspecified, but (when successful) each queue is visited
 * exactly once.
 *
 * Calling this function may be more efficient than calling
 * netdev_get_queue_stats() for every queue.
 *
 * 'cb' must not modify or free the statistics passed in.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value.  On error, some
 * configured queues may not have been included in the iteration. */
int
netdev_dump_queue_stats(const struct netdev *netdev,
                        netdev_dump_queue_stats_cb *cb, void *aux)
{
    const struct netdev_class *class = netdev->netdev_class;
    return (class->dump_queue_stats
            ? class->dump_queue_stats(netdev, cb, aux)
            : EOPNOTSUPP);
}


/* Returns the class type of 'netdev'.
 *
 * The caller must not free the returned value. */
const char *
netdev_get_type(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return netdev->netdev_class->type;
}

/* Returns the class associated with 'netdev'. */
const struct netdev_class *
netdev_get_class(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return netdev->netdev_class;
}

/* Returns the netdev with 'name' or NULL if there is none.
 *
 * The caller must free the returned netdev with netdev_close(). */
struct netdev *
netdev_from_name(const char *name)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev *netdev;

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
    netdev = shash_find_data(&netdev_shash, name);
    if (netdev) {
        netdev->ref_cnt++;
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);

    return netdev;
}

/* Fills 'device_list' with devices that match 'netdev_class'.
 *
 * The caller is responsible for initializing and destroying 'device_list' and
 * must close each device on the list. */
void
netdev_get_devices(const struct netdev_class *netdev_class,
                   struct shash *device_list)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct shash_node *node;

    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
    SHASH_FOR_EACH (node, &netdev_shash) {
        struct netdev *dev = node->data;

        if (dev->netdev_class == netdev_class) {
            dev->ref_cnt++;
            shash_add(device_list, node->name, node->data);
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);
}

/* Extracts pointers to all 'netdev-vports' into an array 'vports'
 * and returns it.  Stores the size of the array into '*size'.
 *
 * The caller is responsible for freeing 'vports' and must close
 * each 'netdev-vport' in the list. */
struct netdev **
netdev_get_vports(size_t *size)
    OVS_EXCLUDED(netdev_mutex)
{
    struct netdev **vports;
    struct shash_node *node;
    size_t n = 0;

    if (!size) {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* Explicitly allocates big enough chunk of memory. */
    vports = xmalloc(shash_count(&netdev_shash) * sizeof *vports);
    ovs_mutex_lock(&netdev_mutex);
    SHASH_FOR_EACH (node, &netdev_shash) {
        struct netdev *dev = node->data;

        if (netdev_vport_is_vport_class(dev->netdev_class)) {
            dev->ref_cnt++;
            vports[n] = dev;
            n++;
        }
    }
    ovs_mutex_unlock(&netdev_mutex);
    *size = n;

    return vports;
}

const char *
netdev_get_type_from_name(const char *name)
{
    struct netdev *dev = netdev_from_name(name);
    const char *type = dev ? netdev_get_type(dev) : NULL;
    netdev_close(dev);
    return type;
}

struct netdev *
netdev_rxq_get_netdev(const struct netdev_rxq *rx)
{
    ovs_assert(rx->netdev->ref_cnt > 0);
    return rx->netdev;
}

const char *
netdev_rxq_get_name(const struct netdev_rxq *rx)
{
    return netdev_get_name(netdev_rxq_get_netdev(rx));
}

static void
restore_all_flags(void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct shash_node *node;

    SHASH_FOR_EACH (node, &netdev_shash) {
        struct netdev *netdev = node->data;
        const struct netdev_saved_flags *sf;
        enum netdev_flags saved_values;
        enum netdev_flags saved_flags;

        saved_values = saved_flags = 0;
        LIST_FOR_EACH (sf, node, &netdev->saved_flags_list) {
            saved_flags |= sf->saved_flags;
            saved_values &= ~sf->saved_flags;
            saved_values |= sf->saved_flags & sf->saved_values;
        }
        if (saved_flags) {
            enum netdev_flags old_flags;

            netdev->netdev_class->update_flags(netdev,
                                               saved_flags & saved_values,
                                               saved_flags & ~saved_values,
                                               &old_flags);
        }
    }
}

uint64_t
netdev_get_change_seq(const struct netdev *netdev)
{
    return netdev->change_seq;
}