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Event Sources, Counters and Listeners, Oh My!

Overview

This is a quick overview of how to add EventSource and EventCounter tracing to an ASP.NET library.

Prerequisites

You should have a basic understanding of EventSource and how to write events. See https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/vancem/2012/07/09/introduction-tutorial-logging-etw-events-in-c-system-diagnostics-tracing-eventsource/ for some guidance.

Similarly, you should have a basic understanding of EventCounter and how they work. See https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/blob/master/src/System.Diagnostics.Tracing/documentation/EventCounterTutorial.md for guidance.

Event Patterns

  • Add ILogger based tracing in all the places you add EventSource tracing unless there's a really good reason not to. You can always used the Trace level ;).
  • Start/Stop events should have at least one payload value in common that can be used to correlate them. For example, Request ID, Request Path, Action Name, etc.
  • Error events should use the EventLevel.Error level (which should be obvious I hope ;))
  • Stop events should include a double durationInMilliseconds payload value with the duration between the Start and End event in milliseconds.
  • Use ValueStopwatch from Microsoft.Extensions.ValueStopwatch.Sources for timing since it avoids a heap allocation (it's a simple wrapper around a long)
  • For timing events, have the Start event method return a ValueStopwatch. Have that method return default(ValueStopwatch) when the event is disabled, and ValueStopwatch.StartNew() when it is enabled. Have the End event take in the ValueStopwatch and use .IsActive to check if it was actually started, and then if it was started use GetElapsedTime to get the duration. This ensures that if the event is disabled, we don't have the perf hit of calling ValueStopwatch.StartNew().
  • Payload values can only be primitives, so rich objects have to be expanded in advance or via a NonEvent wrapper method.
  • Exceptions should expand to three string payload parameters: exceptionType (.GetType().AssemblyQualifiedName output), exceptionMessage (.Message output), exceptionDetails (.ToString() output).
  • Make Payload Names descriptive as they are seen in Event viewing tools like PerfView. For example durationInMilliseconds instead of duration.
  • Naming Patterns:
    • Use Start as a suffix for events signalling the start of an operation. Do not use Begin or Started
    • Use Stop as a suffix for events signalling the end of an operation. Do not use Stopped, End or Ended
    • Fire Stop events even when a Failure event is also fired. Treat Stop as a finally block.
    • Use Failure as a suffix for events signalling an error.
    • Use present-tense verbs (Timeout not TimedOut)
    • Use NounVerb form (ConnectionStart not StartConnection)
  • In the EventSource type, keep all methods marked with [Event] together and sorted by eventId
  • .NET Core 2.0.3 or higher is required to view EventCounters (they were broken at runtime in 2.0.0 RTM). You can compile fine with 2.0 RTM though, it just won't actually trigger the counter

More patterns can be added as we find them :).

Code Style

  • Our event sources should have names that match the name of the containing assembly, but with . replaced with -. For example Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication becomes Microsoft-AspNetCore-Authentication.
  • Event sources should always be internal
  • Event sources should declare a private parameterless constructor
  • Event sources should declare a public static readonly instance of themselves called Log
  • Event sources should have names that end EventSource, for example DependencyInjectionEventSource

Event Pattern

In general, events should follow a pattern like this:

// This needs to have the NonEventAttribute because otherwise EventSource will try to auto-generate a manifest for it!
[NonEvent]
public void SomethingHappened(ObjectNeededToCalulateThePayload p, AnotherObjectNeededToCalculateThePayload p2)
{
  // Check that the source is enabled (regardless of level)
  if (IsEnabled())
  {
    // Write to an event counter if one is associated with this event
    _somethingsHappenedCounter.WriteMetric(1.0f);

    // Check that this specific event is actually enabled (by level and optionally keywords).
    if (IsEnabled(EventLevel.Informational, EventKeyords.None))
    {
      // Do any complex calculation needed to determine the payload values.
      var payloadValue = CalculateThePayload(p);

      // Fire the actual event method
      SomethingHappened(payloadValue, p2.MorePayload, p2.SomeValue - p2.SomeOtherValue);
    }
  }
}

// This has to be a separate method so that EventSource can generate an ETW manifest.
// The eventId field is required and must also be passed to WriteEvent.
[Event(eventId: 42, Level = EventLevel.Informational)]
private void SomethingHappened(string payloadValue, int anotherPayloadValue, double morePayload) => WriteEvent(42, payloadValue, anotherPayloadValue, morePayload);

The above example is one that covers basically all the scenarios. However, many of the individual elements of that pattern can be elided when not needed. For example, when there isn't any complex payload calcuation, everything can be done in a single method with the Event attribute. We generally write EventCounters regardless of the level that the provider is activated at (see the section on counters), hence why we check IsEnabled() (no parameters) in the above example. However, if there is no counter associated with the event, the IsEnabled(EventLevel, EventKeyword) overload can be used directly. So, below is an example of an event with a simple payload and no event counter:

[Event(eventId: 42, Level = EventLevel.Informational)]
public void SomethingHappened(string payloadValue)
{
  if (IsEnabled(EventLevel.Informational, EventKeywords.None))
  {
    WriteEvent(42, payloadValue);
  }
}

Keywords

When we have places where we want to enable events but only when explicitly requested by the user, we can use Keywords to control those. Keywords are a simple flags value that are provided when a listener enables an event source, and can be tested when calling IsEnabled. See https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dn774985(v=pandp.20).aspx#_Using_keywords for some guidance about keywords

Event Counters

Since Event Counters are only actually enabled when the EventCounterIntervalSec parameter is provided to the event source when a listener attaches, we don't really need a level or keyword to control them. As a result, we always write to them, when the EventSource itself is enabled.

There are a number of different "kinds" of event counters in our system. They are characterized by what kind of value is written in the EventCounter.WriteMetric call. Counters provide mulitple aggregations (Count, Mean, StdDev, Min, Max), and certain aggregations are appropriate for different kinds of counters.

  • Counters track the number of times an event occurs. They are written by calling .WriteMetric(1.0f) to the counter. The consumer can determine the number of events that occurred over an interval by reading the "Count" aggregation. They should have names combining a plural noun and adjective, like "RequestsStarted"
  • Metrics track a value that changes over time or per "unit" (i.e. per request, per connection, etc.). They are written by calling .WriteMetric with the current value of the metric. The consumer can use the aggregates to get data about the metric over time. They should have names combining a singular nouns describing the metric, like "RequestBodySize"
    • Durations are a Metric that tracks a time duration in milliseconds. They have names ending with "Duration", like "RequestDuration"

Full Example

Here is an example of a straw-man Event Source for Authentication:

using System;
using System.Diagnostics.Tracing;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;

namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Internal
{
    [EventSource(Name = "Microsoft-AspNetCore-Authentication")]
    public class AuthenticationEventSource : EventSource
    {
        public static readonly AuthenticationEventSource Log = new AuthenticationEventSource();
        private readonly EventCounter _authenticationMiddlewareDuration;

        private AuthenticationEventSource()
        {
            _authenticationMiddlewareDuration = new EventCounter("AuthenticationMiddlewareDuration", this);
        }

        [NonEvent]
        internal void AuthenticationMiddlewareStart(HttpContext context)
        {
            if (IsEnabled(EventLevel.Informational, EventKeywords.None))
            {
                AuthenticationMiddlewareStart(context.TraceIdentifier, context.Request.Path.Value);
            }
        }

        [NonEvent]
        internal void AuthenticationMiddlewareEnd(HttpContext context, TimeSpan duration)
        {
            if (IsEnabled())
            {
                _authenticationMiddlewareDuration.WriteMetric((float)duration.TotalMilliseconds);

                if (IsEnabled(EventLevel.Informational, EventKeywords.None))
                {
                    AuthenticationMiddlewareEnd(context.TraceIdentifier, context.Request.Path.Value, duration.TotalMilliseconds);
                }
            }
        }

        [NonEvent]
        internal void AuthenticationMiddlewareFailure(HttpContext context, Exception ex)
        {
            if(IsEnabled(EventLevel.Error, EventKeywords.None))
            {
                AuthenticationMiddlewareFailure(context.TraceIdentifier, context.Request.Path.Value, ex.GetType().FullName, ex.Message, ex.ToString());
            }
        }

        [Event(eventId: 1, Level = EventLevel.Informational)]
        private void AuthenticationMiddlewareStart(string traceIdentifier, string path) => WriteEvent(1, traceIdentifier, path);

        [Event(eventId: 2, Level = EventLevel.Informational)]
        private void AuthenticationMiddlewareEnd(string traceIdentifier, string path, double durationMilliseconds) => WriteEvent(2, traceIdentifier, path, durationMilliseconds);

        [Event(eventId: 3, Level = EventLevel.Error)]
        private void AuthenticationMiddlewareFailure(string traceIdentifier, string value, string exceptionTypeName, string message, string fullException) => WriteEvent(3, traceIdentifier, value, exceptionTypeName, message, fullException);
    }
}

Automated Testing of EventSources

EventSources can be tested using the EventSourceTestBase base class in Microsoft.AspNetCore.Testing. An example test is below:

// The base class MUST be used for EventSource testing because EventSources are global and parallel tests can cause issues.
// The base class adds some code to handle that.
public class SomeTest : EventSourceTestBase
{
    [Fact]
    public void TestName()
    {
        // Arrange: Explicitly register the event sources to listen to.
        CollectFrom("Microsoft-AspNetCore-SomeEventSourceName");

        // Act: Do things that causes the events to be fired.
        DoStuff();

        // Assert: Get the collected events and assert that they match the expectations
        var events = GetEvents();

        // EventAssert is a helper for testing events. It's a little odd in that EventAssert.Event returns a "builder"
        // that creates an Action<EventWrittenEventArgs> that will assert the things you configured when called.
        // This pattern makes for clearer test code.
        EventAssert.Collection(events,
            EventAssert.Event(1, "Test", EventLevel.Informational),
            EventAssert.Event(2, "TestWithPayload", EventLevel.Verbose)
                .Payload("payload1", 42)
                .Payload("payload2", 4.2));
    }
}

NOTE: The test listener does not currently support collecting EventCounters. If you need that, file an issue in Testing and ping @anurse.