PROGMEM is a Arduino AVR feature that has been ported to ESP8266 to
ensure compatability with existing Arduino libraries, as well as, saving
RAM. On the esp8266 declaring a string such as const char * xyz =
"this is a string" will place this string in RAM, not flash. It is
possible to place a String into flash, and then load it into RAM when
it is needed. On an 8bit AVR this process is very simple. On the 32bit
ESP8266 there are conditions that must be met to read back from flash.
On the ESP8266 PROGMEM is a macro:
#define PROGMEM ICACHE_RODATA_ATTRICACHE_RODATA_ATTR is defined by:
#define ICACHE_RODATA_ATTR __attribute__((section(".irom.text")))Which places the variable in the .irom.text section in flash. Placing strings in flash requires using any of the methods above.
static const char xyz[] PROGMEM = "This is a string stored in flash";For this you can use the PSTR macro. Which are all defined in pgmspace.h
#define PGM_P const char *
#define PGM_VOID_P const void *
#define PSTR(s) (__extension__({static const char __c[] PROGMEM = (s); &__c[0];}))In practice:
void myfunction(void) {
PGM_P xyz = PSTR("Store this string in flash");
const char * abc = PSTR("Also Store this string in flash");
}The two examples above will store these strings in flash. To retrieve
and manipulate flash strings they must be read from flash in 4byte words.
In the Arduino IDE for esp8266 there are several functions that can help
retrieve strings from flash that have been stored using PROGMEM. Both of
the examples above return const char *. However use of these pointers,
without correct 32bit alignment you will cause a segmentation fault and
the ESP8266 will crash. You must read from the flash 32 bit aligned.
Which are all defined in pgmspace.h
int memcmp_P(const void* buf1, PGM_VOID_P buf2P, size_t size);
void* memccpy_P(void* dest, PGM_VOID_P src, int c, size_t count);
void* memmem_P(const void* buf, size_t bufSize, PGM_VOID_P findP, size_t findPSize);
void* memcpy_P(void* dest, PGM_VOID_P src, size_t count);
char* strncpy_P(char* dest, PGM_P src, size_t size);
char* strcpy_P(dest, src)
char* strncat_P(char* dest, PGM_P src, size_t size);
char* strcat_P(dest, src)
int strncmp_P(const char* str1, PGM_P str2P, size_t size);
int strcmp_P(str1, str2P)
int strncasecmp_P(const char* str1, PGM_P str2P, size_t size);
int strcasecmp_P(str1, str2P)
size_t strnlen_P(PGM_P s, size_t size);
size_t strlen_P(strP)
char* strstr_P(const char* haystack, PGM_P needle);
int printf_P(PGM_P formatP, ...);
int sprintf_P(char *str, PGM_P formatP, ...);
int snprintf_P(char *str, size_t strSize, PGM_P formatP, ...);
int vsnprintf_P(char *str, size_t strSize, PGM_P formatP, va_list ap);There are a lot of functions there but in reality they are _P
versions of standard c functions that are adapted to read from the
esp8266 32bit aligned flash. All of them take a PGM_P which is
essentially a const char *. Under the hood these functions all use, a
process to ensure that 4 bytes are read, and the request byte is returned.
This works well when you have designed a function as above that is
specialised for dealing with PROGMEM pointers but there is no type
checking except against const char *. This means that it is totally
legitimate, as far as the compiler is concerned, for you to pass it any
const char * string, which is obviously not true and will lead to
undefined behaviour. This makes it impossible to create any overloaded
functions that can use flash strings when they are defined as PGM_P.
If you try you will get an ambiguous overload error as PGM_P ==
const char *.
Enter the __FlashStringHelper... This is a wrapper class that allows flash
strings to be used as a class, this means that type checking and function
overloading can be used with flash strings. Most people will be familiar with
the F() macro and possibly the FPSTR() macro. These are defined in WString.h:
#define FPSTR(pstr_pointer) (reinterpret_cast<const __FlashStringHelper *>(pstr_pointer))
#define F(string_literal) (FPSTR(PSTR(string_literal)))So FSPTR() takes a PROGMEM pointer to a string and casts it to this
__FlashStringHelper class. Thus if you have defined a string as
above xyz you can use FPSTR() to convert it to
__FlashStringHelper for passing into functions that take it.
static const char xyz[] PROGMEM = "This is a string stored in flash";
Serial.println(FPSTR(xyz));The F() combines both of these methods to create an easy and quick
way to store an inline string in flash, and return the type
__FlashStringHelper. For example:
Serial.println(F("This is a string stored in flash"));Although these two functions provide a similar function, they serve
different roles. FPSTR() allows you to define a global flash string
and then use it in any function that takes __FlashStringHelper.
F() allows you to define these flash strings in place, but you can't
use them anywhere else. The consequence of this is sharing common
strings is possible using FPSTR() but not F().
__FlashStringHelper is what the String class uses to overload its
constructor:
String(const char *cstr = ""); // constructor from const char *
String(const String &str); // copy constructor
String(const __FlashStringHelper *str); // constructor for flash stringsThis allows you to write:
String mystring(F("This string is stored in flash"));How do I write a function to use __FlashStringHelper? Simples: cast the pointer back to a PGM_P and use the _P functions shown above. This an example implementation for String for the concat function.
unsigned char String::concat(const __FlashStringHelper * str) {
if (!str) return 0; // return if the pointer is void
int length = strlen_P((PGM_P)str); // cast it to PGM_P, which is basically const char *, and measure it using the _P version of strlen.
if (length == 0) return 1;
unsigned int newlen = len + length;
if (!reserve(newlen)) return 0; // create a buffer of the correct length
strcpy_P(buffer + len, (PGM_P)str); //copy the string in using strcpy_P
len = newlen;
return 1;
}static const char xyz[] PROGMEM = "This is a string stored in flash. Len = %u";
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println();
Serial.println( FPSTR(xyz) ); // just prints the string, must convert it to FlashStringHelper first using FPSTR().
Serial.printf_P( xyz, strlen_P(xyz)); // use printf with PROGMEM string
}void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println();
Serial.println( F("This is an inline string")); //
Serial.printf_P( PSTR("This is an inline string using printf %s"), "hello");
}const size_t len_xyz = 30;
const uint8_t xyz[] PROGMEM = {
0x53, 0x61, 0x79, 0x20, 0x48, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x20,
0x74, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x79, 0x20, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74,
0x6c, 0x65, 0x20, 0x46, 0x72, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x00};
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println();
uint8_t * buf = new uint8_t[len_xyz];
if (buf) {
memcpy_P(buf, xyz, len_xyz);
Serial.write(buf, len_xyz); // output the buffer.
}
}Declare the data as done previously, then use pgm_read_byte to get
the value back.
const size_t len_xyz = 30;
const uint8_t xyz[] PROGMEM = {
0x53, 0x61, 0x79, 0x20, 0x48, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x20,
0x74, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x79, 0x20, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74,
0x6c, 0x65, 0x20, 0x46, 0x72, 0x69, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x00
};
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println();
for (int i = 0; i < len_xyz; i++) {
uint8_t byteval = pgm_read_byte(xyz + i);
Serial.write(byteval); // output the buffer.
}
}It is easy to store strings in flash using PROGMEM and PSTR but
you have to create functions that specifically use the pointers they
generate as they are basically const char *. On the other hand
FPSTR and F() give you a class that you can do implicit
conversions from, very useful when overloading functions, and doing
implicit type conversions. It is worth adding that if you wish to store
an int, float or pointer these can be stored and read back
directly as they are 4 bytes in size and therefor will be always
aligned!
Hope this helps.