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Awesome-LLM Awesome

🔥 Large Language Models(LLM) have taken the NLP community AI community the Whole World by storm. Here is a curated list of papers about large language models, especially relating to ChatGPT. It also contains frameworks for LLM training, tools to deploy LLM, courses and tutorials about LLM and all publicly available LLM checkpoints and APIs.

Updates

  • [2023-07-01] Add some open-source models: Aquila, Chatglm2, Ultra-LM
  • [2023-07-01] Add some deploying tools: vLLM, Text Generation Inference
  • [2023-07-01] Add some great post about LLM from Yao Fu, Lilian and Andrej

ToDos

  • Add LLM data (Pretraining data/Instruction Tuning data/Chat data/RLHF data) ✨Contributions Wanted

Also check out the project that I am currently working on: nanoRWKV - The nanoGPT-style implementation of RWKV Language Model (an RNN with GPT-level LLM performance.)

Table of Content

Milestone Papers

Date keywords Institute Paper Publication
2017-06 Transformers Google Attention Is All You Need NeurIPS
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2018-06 GPT 1.0 OpenAI Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training Dynamic JSON Badge
2018-10 BERT Google BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding NAACL
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2019-02 GPT 2.0 OpenAI Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners Dynamic JSON Badge
2019-09 Megatron-LM NVIDIA Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism Dynamic JSON Badge
2019-10 T5 Google Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer JMLR
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2019-10 ZeRO Microsoft ZeRO: Memory Optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Models SC
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2020-01 Scaling Law OpenAI Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2020-05 GPT 3.0 OpenAI Language models are few-shot learners NeurIPS
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2021-01 Switch Transformers Google Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity JMLR
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2021-08 Codex OpenAI Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code Dynamic JSON Badge
2021-08 Foundation Models Stanford On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2021-09 FLAN Google Finetuned Language Models are Zero-Shot Learners ICLR
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2021-10 T0 HuggingFace et al. Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization ICLR
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2021-12 GLaM Google GLaM: Efficient Scaling of Language Models with Mixture-of-Experts ICML
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2021-12 WebGPT OpenAI WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback Dynamic JSON Badge
2021-12 Retro DeepMind Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokens ICML
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2021-12 Gopher DeepMind Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-01 COT Google Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models NeurIPS
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2022-01 LaMDA Google LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-01 Minerva Google Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models NeurIPS
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2022-01 Megatron-Turing NLG Microsoft&NVIDIA Using DeepSpeed and Megatron to Train Megatron-Turing NLG 530B, A Large-Scale Generative Language Model Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-03 InstructGPT OpenAI Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-04 PaLM Google PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-04 Chinchilla DeepMind An empirical analysis of compute-optimal large language model training NeurIPS
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2022-05 OPT Meta OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-05 UL2 Google Unifying Language Learning Paradigms Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-06 Emergent Abilities Google Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models TMLR
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2022-06 BIG-bench Google Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-06 METALM Microsoft Language Models are General-Purpose Interfaces Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-09 Sparrow DeepMind Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgements Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-10 Flan-T5/PaLM Google Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-10 GLM-130B Tsinghua GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-trained Model ICLR
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2022-11 HELM Stanford Holistic Evaluation of Language Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-11 BLOOM BigScience BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-11 Galactica Meta Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science Dynamic JSON Badge
2022-12 OPT-IML Meta OPT-IML: Scaling Language Model Instruction Meta Learning through the Lens of Generalization Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-01 Flan 2022 Collection Google The Flan Collection: Designing Data and Methods for Effective Instruction Tuning Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-02 LLaMA Meta LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-02 Kosmos-1 Microsoft Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Models Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-03 PaLM-E Google PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Model Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-03 GPT 4 OpenAI GPT-4 Technical Report Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-04 Pythia EleutherAI et al. Pythia: A Suite for Analyzing Large Language Models Across Training and Scaling ICML
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2023-05 Dromedary CMU et al. Principle-Driven Self-Alignment of Language Models from Scratch with Minimal Human Supervision Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-05 PaLM 2 Google PaLM 2 Technical Report Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-05 RWKV Bo Peng RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Era Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-05 DPO Stanford Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model Dynamic JSON Badge
2023-07 LLaMA 2 Meta Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models Dynamic JSON Badge

Other Papers

If you're interested in the field of LLM, you may find the above list of milestone papers helpful to explore its history and state-of-the-art. However, each direction of LLM offers a unique set of insights and contributions, which are essential to understanding the field as a whole. For a detailed list of papers in various subfields, please refer to the following link (it is possible that there are overlaps between different subfields):

(:exclamation: We would greatly appreciate and welcome your contribution to the following list. ❗)

  • LLM-Analysis

    Analyse different LLMs in different fields with respect to different abilities

  • LLM-Acceleration

    Hardware and software acceleration for LLM training and inference

  • LLM-Application

    Use LLM to do some really cool stuff

  • LLM-Augmentation

    Augment LLM in different aspects including faithfulness, expressiveness, domain-specific knowledge etc.

  • LLM-Detection

    Detect LLM-generated text from texts written by humans

  • LLM-Alignment

    Align LLM with Human Preference

  • Chain-of-Thought

    Chain of thought—a series of intermediate reasoning steps—significantly improves the ability of large language models to perform complex reasoning.

  • In-Context-Learning

    Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate an in-context learning (ICL) ability, that is, learning from a few examples in the context.

  • Prompt-Learning

    A Good Prompt is Worth 1,000 Words

  • Instruction-Tuning

    Finetune a language model on a collection of tasks described via instructions

LLM Leaderboard

There are three important steps for a ChatGPT-like LLM:

  1. Pre-training
  2. Instruction Tuning
  3. Alignment

The following list makes sure that all LLMs are compared apples to apples.

You may also find these leaderboards helpful:

  • Open LLM Leaderboard - aims to track, rank and evaluate LLMs and chatbots as they are released.
  • Chatbot Arena Leaderboard - a benchmark platform for large language models (LLMs) that features anonymous, randomized battles in a crowdsourced manner.
  • AlpacaEval Leaderboard - An Automatic Evaluator for Instruction-following Language Models

Base LLM

Model Size Architecture Access Date Origin Model License1
Switch Transformer 1.6T Decoder(MOE) - 2021-01 Paper -
GLaM 1.2T Decoder(MOE) - 2021-12 Paper -
PaLM 540B Decoder - 2022-04 Paper -
MT-NLG 530B Decoder - 2022-01 Paper -
J1-Jumbo 178B Decoder api 2021-08 Paper -
OPT 175B Decoder api | ckpt 2022-05 Paper OPT-175B License Agreement
BLOOM 176B Decoder api | ckpt 2022-11 Paper BigScience RAIL License v1.0
GPT 3.0 175B Decoder api 2020-05 Paper -
LaMDA 137B Decoder - 2022-01 Paper -
GLM 130B Decoder ckpt 2022-10 Paper The GLM-130B License
YaLM 100B Decoder ckpt 2022-06 Blog Apache 2.0
LLaMA 65B Decoder ckpt 2022-09 Paper Non-commercial bespoke license
GPT-NeoX 20B Decoder ckpt 2022-04 Paper Apache 2.0
Falcon 40B Decoder ckpt 2023-05 Homepage Apache 2.0
UL2 20B agnostic ckpt 2022-05 Paper Apache 2.0
鹏程.盘古α 13B Decoder ckpt 2021-04 Paper Apache 2.0
T5 11B Encoder-Decoder ckpt 2019-10 Paper Apache 2.0
CPM-Bee 10B Decoder api 2022-10 Paper -
rwkv-4 7B RWKV ckpt 2022-09 Github Apache 2.0
GPT-J 6B Decoder ckpt 2022-09 Github Apache 2.0
GPT-Neo 2.7B Decoder ckpt 2021-03 Github MIT
GPT-Neo 1.3B Decoder ckpt 2021-03 Github MIT

Instruction finetuned LLM

Model Size Architecture Access Date Origin Model License1
Flan-PaLM 540B Decoder - 2022-10 Paper -
BLOOMZ 176B Decoder ckpt 2022-11 Paper BigScience RAIL License v1.0
InstructGPT 175B Decoder api 2022-03 Paper -
Galactica 120B Decoder ckpt 2022-11 Paper CC-BY-NC-4.0
OpenChatKit 20B - ckpt 2023-3 - Apache 2.0
Flan-UL2 20B Decoder ckpt 2023-03 Blog Apache 2.0
Gopher - - - - - -
Chinchilla - - - - - -
Flan-T5 11B Encoder-Decoder ckpt 2022-10 Paper Apache 2.0
T0 11B Encoder-Decoder ckpt 2021-10 Paper Apache 2.0
Alpaca 7B Decoder demo 2023-03 Github CC BY NC 4.0
Orca 13B Decoder ckpt 2023-06 Paper Non-commercial bespoke license

RLHF LLM

Model Size Architecture Access Date Origin
GPT 4 - - - 2023-03 Blog
ChatGPT - Decoder demo|api 2022-11 Blog
Sparrow 70B - - 2022-09 Paper
Claude - - demo|api 2023-03 Blog

The above tables coule be better summarized by this wonderful visualization from this survey paper:

Open LLM

  • LLaMA - A foundational, 65-billion-parameter large language model. LLaMA.cpp Lit-LLaMA
    • Alpaca - A model fine-tuned from the LLaMA 7B model on 52K instruction-following demonstrations. Alpaca.cpp Alpaca-LoRA
    • Flan-Alpaca - Instruction Tuning from Humans and Machines.
    • Baize - Baize is an open-source chat model trained with LoRA. It uses 100k dialogs generated by letting ChatGPT chat with itself.
    • Cabrita - A portuguese finetuned instruction LLaMA.
    • Vicuna - An Open-Source Chatbot Impressing GPT-4 with 90% ChatGPT Quality.
    • Llama-X - Open Academic Research on Improving LLaMA to SOTA LLM.
    • Chinese-Vicuna - A Chinese Instruction-following LLaMA-based Model.
    • GPTQ-for-LLaMA - 4 bits quantization of LLaMA using GPTQ.
    • GPT4All - Demo, data, and code to train open-source assistant-style large language model based on GPT-J and LLaMa.
    • Koala - A Dialogue Model for Academic Research
    • BELLE - Be Everyone's Large Language model Engine
    • StackLLaMA - A hands-on guide to train LLaMA with RLHF.
    • RedPajama - An Open Source Recipe to Reproduce LLaMA training dataset.
    • Chimera - Latin Phoenix.
    • WizardLM|WizardCoder - Family of instruction-following LLMs powered by Evol-Instruct: WizardLM, WizardCoder.
    • CaMA - a Chinese-English Bilingual LLaMA Model.
    • Orca - Microsoft's finetuned LLaMA model that reportedly matches GPT3.5, finetuned against 5M of data, ChatGPT, and GPT4
    • BayLing - an English/Chinese LLM equipped with advanced language alignment, showing superior capability in English/Chinese generation, instruction following and multi-turn interaction.
    • UltraLM - Large-scale, Informative, and Diverse Multi-round Chat Models.
    • Guanaco - QLoRA tuned LLaMA
  • BLOOM - BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model BLOOM-LoRA
    • BLOOMZ&mT0 - a family of models capable of following human instructions in dozens of languages zero-shot.
    • Phoenix
  • T5 - Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer
    • T0 - Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization
  • OPT - Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models.
  • UL2 - a unified framework for pretraining models that are universally effective across datasets and setups.
  • GLM- GLM is a General Language Model pretrained with an autoregressive blank-filling objective and can be finetuned on various natural language understanding and generation tasks.
  • RWKV - Parallelizable RNN with Transformer-level LLM Performance.
    • ChatRWKV - ChatRWKV is like ChatGPT but powered by my RWKV (100% RNN) language model.
  • StableLM - Stability AI Language Models.
  • YaLM - a GPT-like neural network for generating and processing text. It can be used freely by developers and researchers from all over the world.
  • GPT-Neo - An implementation of model & data parallel GPT3-like models using the mesh-tensorflow library.
  • GPT-J - A 6 billion parameter, autoregressive text generation model trained on The Pile.
    • Dolly - a cheap-to-build LLM that exhibits a surprising degree of the instruction following capabilities exhibited by ChatGPT.
  • Pythia - Interpreting Autoregressive Transformers Across Time and Scale
    • Dolly 2.0 - the first open source, instruction-following LLM, fine-tuned on a human-generated instruction dataset licensed for research and commercial use.
  • OpenFlamingo - an open-source reproduction of DeepMind's Flamingo model.
  • Cerebras-GPT - A Family of Open, Compute-efficient, Large Language Models.
  • GALACTICA - The GALACTICA models are trained on a large-scale scientific corpus.
    • GALPACA - GALACTICA 30B fine-tuned on the Alpaca dataset.
  • Palmyra - Palmyra Base was primarily pre-trained with English text.
  • Camel - a state-of-the-art instruction-following large language model designed to deliver exceptional performance and versatility.
  • h2oGPT
  • PanGu-α - PanGu-α is a 200B parameter autoregressive pretrained Chinese language model develped by Huawei Noah's Ark Lab, MindSpore Team and Peng Cheng Laboratory.
  • MOSS - MOSS是一个支持中英双语和多种插件的开源对话语言模型.
  • Open-Assistant - a project meant to give everyone access to a great chat based large language model.
    • HuggingChat - Powered by Open Assistant's latest model – the best open source chat model right now and @huggingface Inference API.
  • StarCoder - Hugging Face LLM for Code
  • MPT-7B - Open LLM for commercial use by MosaicML
  • Falcon - Falcon LLM is a foundational large language model (LLM) with 40 billion parameters trained on one trillion tokens. TII has now released Falcon LLM – a 40B model.
  • XGen - Salesforce open-source LLMs with 8k sequence length.
  • baichuan-7B - baichuan-7B 是由百川智能开发的一个开源可商用的大规模预训练语言模型.
  • Aquila - 悟道·天鹰语言大模型是首个具备中英双语知识、支持商用许可协议、国内数据合规需求的开源语言大模型。

LLM Training Frameworks

  • DeepSpeed - DeepSpeed is a deep learning optimization library that makes distributed training and inference easy, efficient, and effective.
  • Megatron-DeepSpeed - DeepSpeed version of NVIDIA's Megatron-LM that adds additional support for several features such as MoE model training, Curriculum Learning, 3D Parallelism, and others.
  • FairScale - FairScale is a PyTorch extension library for high performance and large scale training.
  • Megatron-LM - Ongoing research training transformer models at scale.
  • Colossal-AI - Making large AI models cheaper, faster, and more accessible.
  • BMTrain - Efficient Training for Big Models.
  • Mesh Tensorflow - Mesh TensorFlow: Model Parallelism Made Easier.
  • maxtext - A simple, performant and scalable Jax LLM!
  • Alpa - Alpa is a system for training and serving large-scale neural networks.
  • GPT-NeoX - An implementation of model parallel autoregressive transformers on GPUs, based on the DeepSpeed library.

Tools for deploying LLM

  • FastChat - A distributed multi-model LLM serving system with web UI and OpenAI-compatible RESTful APIs.

  • SkyPilot - Run LLMs and batch jobs on any cloud. Get maximum cost savings, highest GPU availability, and managed execution -- all with a simple interface.

  • vLLM - A high-throughput and memory-efficient inference and serving engine for LLMs

  • Text Generation Inference - A Rust, Python and gRPC server for text generation inference. Used in production at HuggingFace to power LLMs api-inference widgets.

  • Haystack - an open-source NLP framework that allows you to use LLMs and transformer-based models from Hugging Face, OpenAI and Cohere to interact with your own data.

  • Sidekick - Data integration platform for LLMs.

  • LangChain - Building applications with LLMs through composability

  • LiteChain - Lightweight alternative to LangChain for composing LLMs

  • magentic - Seamlessly integrate LLMs as Python functions

  • wechat-chatgpt - Use ChatGPT On Wechat via wechaty

  • promptfoo - Test your prompts. Evaluate and compare LLM outputs, catch regressions, and improve prompt quality.

  • Agenta - Easily build, version, evaluate and deploy your LLM-powered apps.

  • Serge - a chat interface crafted with llama.cpp for running Alpaca models. No API keys, entirely self-hosted!

  • Embedchain - Framework to create ChatGPT like bots over your dataset.

  • Langroid - Harness LLMs with Multi-Agent Programming.

Tutorials about LLM

  • [Andrej Karpathy] State of GPT video
  • [Hyung Won Chung] Instruction finetuning and RLHF lecture Youtube
  • [Jason Wei] Scaling, emergence, and reasoning in large language models Slides
  • [Susan Zhang] Open Pretrained Transformers Youtube
  • [Ameet Deshpande] How Does ChatGPT Work? Slides
  • [Yao Fu] 预训练，指令微调，对齐，专业化：论大语言模型能力的来源 Bilibili
  • [Hung-yi Lee] ChatGPT 原理剖析 Youtube
  • [Jay Mody] GPT in 60 Lines of NumPy Link
  • [ICML 2022] Welcome to the "Big Model" Era: Techniques and Systems to Train and Serve Bigger Models Link
  • [NeurIPS 2022] Foundational Robustness of Foundation Models Link
  • [Andrej Karpathy] Let's build GPT: from scratch, in code, spelled out. Video|Code
  • [DAIR.AI] Prompt Engineering Guide Link
  • [邱锡鹏] 大型语言模型的能力分析与应用 Slides | Video
  • [Philipp Schmid] Fine-tune FLAN-T5 XL/XXL using DeepSpeed & Hugging Face Transformers Link
  • [HuggingFace] Illustrating Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) Link
  • [HuggingFace] What Makes a Dialog Agent Useful? Link
  • [张俊林]通向AGI之路：大型语言模型(LLM)技术精要 Link
  • [大师兄]ChatGPT/InstructGPT详解 Link
  • [HeptaAI]ChatGPT内核：InstructGPT，基于反馈指令的PPO强化学习 Link
  • [Yao Fu] How does GPT Obtain its Ability? Tracing Emergent Abilities of Language Models to their Sources Link
  • [Stephen Wolfram] What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work? Link
  • [Jingfeng Yang] Why did all of the public reproduction of GPT-3 fail? Link
  • [Hung-yi Lee] ChatGPT (可能)是怎麼煉成的 - GPT 社會化的過程 Video
  • [Keyvan Kambakhsh] Pure Rust implementation of a minimal Generative Pretrained Transformer code

Courses about LLM

  • [DeepLearning.AI] ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers Homepage
  • [Princeton] Understanding Large Language Models Homepage
  • [OpenBMB] 大模型公开课 主页
  • [Stanford] CS224N-Lecture 11: Prompting, Instruction Finetuning, and RLHF Slides
  • [Stanford] CS324-Large Language Models Homepage
  • [Stanford] CS25-Transformers United V2 Homepage
  • [Stanford Webinar] GPT-3 & Beyond Video
  • [李沐] InstructGPT论文精读 Bilibili Youtube
  • [陳縕儂] OpenAI InstructGPT 從人類回饋中學習 ChatGPT 的前身 Youtube
  • [李沐] HELM全面语言模型评测 Bilibili
  • [李沐] GPT，GPT-2，GPT-3 论文精读 Bilibili Youtube
  • [Aston Zhang] Chain of Thought论文 Bilibili Youtube
  • [MIT] Introduction to Data-Centric AI Homepage

Opinions about LLM

Other Awesome Lists

Other Useful Resources

  • Arize-Phoenix - Open-source tool for ML observability that runs in your notebook environment. Monitor and fine tune LLM, CV and Tabular Models.
  • Emergent Mind - The latest AI news, curated & explained by GPT-4.
  • ShareGPT - Share your wildest ChatGPT conversations with one click.
  • Major LLMs + Data Availability
  • 500+ Best AI Tools
  • Cohere Summarize Beta - Introducing Cohere Summarize Beta: A New Endpoint for Text Summarization
  • chatgpt-wrapper - ChatGPT Wrapper is an open-source unofficial Python API and CLI that lets you interact with ChatGPT.
  • Open-evals - A framework extend openai's Evals for different language model.
  • Cursor - Write, edit, and chat about your code with a powerful AI.
  • AutoGPT - an experimental open-source application showcasing the capabilities of the GPT-4 language model.
  • OpenAGI - When LLM Meets Domain Experts.
  • HuggingGPT - Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and its Friends in HuggingFace.
  • EasyEdit - An easy-to-use framework to edit large language models.
  • chatgpt-shroud - A Chrome extension for OpenAI's ChatGPT, enhancing user privacy by enabling easy hiding and unhiding of chat history. Ideal for privacy during screen shares.

Contributing

This is an active repository and your contributions are always welcome!

I will keep some pull requests open if I'm not sure if they are awesome for LLM, you could vote for them by adding 👍 to them.

If you have any question about this opinionated list, do not hesitate to contact me [email protected].

Footnotes

  1. This is not legal advice. Please contact the original authors of the models for more information. ↩ ↩2