From 21954eeb33a0ada8a2b8651c3fa357b5c55638db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Glenn Jackman <glenn.jackman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jul 2024 18:41:13 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Add pascals-triangle exercise

---
 config.json                                   |   8 +
 .../pascals-triangle/.docs/instructions.md    |  35 +
 .../pascals-triangle/.docs/introduction.md    |  22 +
 .../pascals-triangle/.meta/config.json        |  19 +
 .../pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq         |   7 +
 .../pascals-triangle/.meta/tests.toml         |  34 +
 .../practice/pascals-triangle/bats-extra.bash | 637 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../practice/pascals-triangle/bats-jq.bash    |  29 +
 .../pascals-triangle/pascals-triangle.jq      |   1 +
 .../test-pascals-triangle.bats                | 116 ++++
 10 files changed, 908 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/instructions.md
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/introduction.md
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/config.json
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/tests.toml
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-extra.bash
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-jq.bash
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/pascals-triangle.jq
 create mode 100644 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/test-pascals-triangle.bats

diff --git a/config.json b/config.json
index 03ef557..5956675 100644
--- a/config.json
+++ b/config.json
@@ -690,6 +690,14 @@
         "prerequisites": [],
         "difficulty": 5
       },
+      {
+        "slug": "pascals-triangle",
+        "name": "Pascals Triangle",
+        "uuid": "752f6077-e124-4eba-bbed-409df2b87509",
+        "practices": [],
+        "prerequisites": [],
+        "difficulty": 5
+      },
       {
         "slug": "spiral-matrix",
         "name": "Spiral Matrix",
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/instructions.md b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/instructions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f58f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/instructions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Instructions
+
+Your task is to output the first N rows of Pascal's triangle.
+
+[Pascal's triangle][wikipedia] is a triangular array of positive integers.
+
+In Pascal's triangle, the number of values in a row is equal to its row number (which starts at one).
+Therefore, the first row has one value, the second row has two values, and so on.
+
+The first (topmost) row has a single value: `1`.
+Subsequent rows' values are computed by adding the numbers directly to the right and left of the current position in the previous row.
+
+If the previous row does _not_ have a value to the left or right of the current position (which only happens for the leftmost and rightmost positions), treat that position's value as zero (effectively "ignoring" it in the summation).
+
+## Example
+
+Let's look at the first 5 rows of Pascal's Triangle:
+
+```text
+    1
+   1 1
+  1 2 1
+ 1 3 3 1
+1 4 6 4 1
+```
+
+The topmost row has one value, which is `1`.
+
+The leftmost and rightmost values have only one preceding position to consider, which is the position to its right respectively to its left.
+With the topmost value being `1`, it follows from this that all the leftmost and rightmost values are also `1`.
+
+The other values all have two positions to consider.
+For example, the fifth row's (`1 4 6 4 1`) middle value is `6`, as the values to its left and right in the preceding row are `3` and `3`:
+
+[wikipedia]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/introduction.md b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/introduction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60b8ec3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.docs/introduction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Introduction
+
+With the weather being great, you're not looking forward to spending an hour in a classroom.
+Annoyed, you enter the class room, where you notice a strangely satisfying triangle shape on the blackboard.
+Whilst waiting for your math teacher to arrive, you can't help but notice some patterns in the triangle: the outer values are all ones, each subsequent row has one more value than its previous row and the triangle is symmetrical.
+Weird!
+
+Not long after you sit down, your teacher enters the room and explains that this triangle is the famous [Pascal's triangle][wikipedia].
+
+Over the next hour, your teacher reveals some amazing things hidden in this triangle:
+
+- It can be used to compute how many ways you can pick K elements from N values.
+- It contains the Fibonacci sequence.
+- If you color odd and even numbers differently, you get a beautiful pattern called the [Sierpiński triangle][wikipedia-sierpinski-triangle].
+
+The teacher implores you and your classmates to lookup other uses, and assures you that there are lots more!
+At that moment, the school bell rings.
+You realize that for the past hour, you were completely absorbed in learning about Pascal's triangle.
+You quickly grab your laptop from your bag and go outside, ready to enjoy both the sunshine _and_ the wonders of Pascal's triangle.
+
+[wikipedia]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle
+[wikipedia-sierpinski-triangle]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski_triangle
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/config.json b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d6eb88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "authors": [
+    "glennj"
+  ],
+  "files": {
+    "solution": [
+      "pascals-triangle.jq"
+    ],
+    "test": [
+      "test-pascals-triangle.bats"
+    ],
+    "example": [
+      ".meta/example.jq"
+    ]
+  },
+  "blurb": "Compute Pascal's triangle up to a given number of rows.",
+  "source": "Pascal's Triangle at Wolfram Math World",
+  "source_url": "https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Pascal%27s+triangle"
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..001f0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[ # collect all the output from `foreach`
+  foreach range(.count) as $_ (
+    [];
+    # that range stops at 1; range is half-inclusive
+    reduce range(length - 1; 0; -1) as $i (. + [1]; .[$i] += .[$i - 1])
+  )
+]
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/tests.toml b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/tests.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2db0ee5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/tests.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# This is an auto-generated file.
+#
+# Regenerating this file via `configlet sync` will:
+# - Recreate every `description` key/value pair
+# - Recreate every `reimplements` key/value pair, where they exist in problem-specifications
+# - Remove any `include = true` key/value pair (an omitted `include` key implies inclusion)
+# - Preserve any other key/value pair
+#
+# As user-added comments (using the # character) will be removed when this file
+# is regenerated, comments can be added via a `comment` key.
+
+[9920ce55-9629-46d5-85d6-4201f4a4234d]
+description = "zero rows"
+
+[70d643ce-a46d-4e93-af58-12d88dd01f21]
+description = "single row"
+
+[a6e5a2a2-fc9a-4b47-9f4f-ed9ad9fbe4bd]
+description = "two rows"
+
+[97206a99-79ba-4b04-b1c5-3c0fa1e16925]
+description = "three rows"
+
+[565a0431-c797-417c-a2c8-2935e01ce306]
+description = "four rows"
+
+[06f9ea50-9f51-4eb2-b9a9-c00975686c27]
+description = "five rows"
+
+[c3912965-ddb4-46a9-848e-3363e6b00b13]
+description = "six rows"
+
+[6cb26c66-7b57-4161-962c-81ec8c99f16b]
+description = "ten rows"
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-extra.bash b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-extra.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54d4807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-extra.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,637 @@
+# This is the source code for bats-support and bats-assert, concatenated
+# * https://github.com/bats-core/bats-support
+# * https://github.com/bats-core/bats-assert
+#
+# Comments have been removed to save space. See the git repos for full source code.
+
+############################################################
+#
+# bats-support - Supporting library for Bats test helpers
+#
+# Written in 2016 by Zoltan Tombol <zoltan dot tombol at gmail dot com>
+#
+# To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all
+# copyright and related and neighboring rights to this software to the
+# public domain worldwide. This software is distributed without any
+# warranty.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication
+# along with this software. If not, see
+# <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
+#
+
+fail() {
+  (( $# == 0 )) && batslib_err || batslib_err "$@"
+  return 1
+}
+
+batslib_is_caller() {
+  local -i is_mode_direct=1
+
+  # Handle options.
+  while (( $# > 0 )); do
+    case "$1" in
+      -i|--indirect) is_mode_direct=0; shift ;;
+      --) shift; break ;;
+      *) break ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  # Arguments.
+  local -r func="$1"
+
+  # Check call stack.
+  if (( is_mode_direct )); then
+    [[ $func == "${FUNCNAME[2]}" ]] && return 0
+  else
+    local -i depth
+    for (( depth=2; depth<${#FUNCNAME[@]}; ++depth )); do
+      [[ $func == "${FUNCNAME[$depth]}" ]] && return 0
+    done
+  fi
+
+  return 1
+}
+
+batslib_err() {
+  { if (( $# > 0 )); then
+      echo "$@"
+    else
+      cat -
+    fi
+  } >&2
+}
+
+batslib_count_lines() {
+  local -i n_lines=0
+  local line
+  while IFS='' read -r line || [[ -n $line ]]; do
+    (( ++n_lines ))
+  done < <(printf '%s' "$1")
+  echo "$n_lines"
+}
+
+batslib_is_single_line() {
+  for string in "$@"; do
+    (( $(batslib_count_lines "$string") > 1 )) && return 1
+  done
+  return 0
+}
+
+batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width() {
+  local -i max_len=-1
+  while (( $# != 0 )); do
+    local -i key_len="${#1}"
+    batslib_is_single_line "$2" && (( key_len > max_len )) && max_len="$key_len"
+    shift 2
+  done
+  echo "$max_len"
+}
+
+batslib_print_kv_single() {
+  local -ir col_width="$1"; shift
+  while (( $# != 0 )); do
+    printf '%-*s : %s\n' "$col_width" "$1" "$2"
+    shift 2
+  done
+}
+
+batslib_print_kv_multi() {
+  while (( $# != 0 )); do
+    printf '%s (%d lines):\n' "$1" "$( batslib_count_lines "$2" )"
+    printf '%s\n' "$2"
+    shift 2
+  done
+}
+
+batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi() {
+  local -ir width="$1"; shift
+  local -a pairs=( "$@" )
+
+  local -a values=()
+  local -i i
+  for (( i=1; i < ${#pairs[@]}; i+=2 )); do
+    values+=( "${pairs[$i]}" )
+  done
+
+  if batslib_is_single_line "${values[@]}"; then
+    batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${pairs[@]}"
+  else
+    local -i i
+    for (( i=1; i < ${#pairs[@]}; i+=2 )); do
+      pairs[$i]="$( batslib_prefix < <(printf '%s' "${pairs[$i]}") )"
+    done
+    batslib_print_kv_multi "${pairs[@]}"
+  fi
+}
+
+batslib_prefix() {
+  local -r prefix="${1:-  }"
+  local line
+  while IFS='' read -r line || [[ -n $line ]]; do
+    printf '%s%s\n' "$prefix" "$line"
+  done
+}
+
+batslib_mark() {
+  local -r symbol="$1"; shift
+  # Sort line numbers.
+  set -- $( sort -nu <<< "$( printf '%d\n' "$@" )" )
+
+  local line
+  local -i idx=0
+  while IFS='' read -r line || [[ -n $line ]]; do
+    if (( ${1:--1} == idx )); then
+      printf '%s\n' "${symbol}${line:${#symbol}}"
+      shift
+    else
+      printf '%s\n' "$line"
+    fi
+    (( ++idx ))
+  done
+}
+
+batslib_decorate() {
+  echo
+  echo "-- $1 --"
+  cat -
+  echo '--'
+  echo
+}
+
+############################################################
+
+assert() {
+  if ! "$@"; then
+    batslib_print_kv_single 10 'expression' "$*" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'assertion failed' \
+    | fail
+  fi
+}
+
+assert_equal() {
+  if [[ $1 != "$2" ]]; then
+    batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 8 \
+    'expected' "$2" \
+    'actual'   "$1" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'values do not equal' \
+    | fail
+  fi
+}
+
+assert_failure() {
+  : "${output?}"
+  : "${status?}"
+
+  (( $# > 0 )) && local -r expected="$1"
+  if (( status == 0 )); then
+    batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 6 'output' "$output" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'command succeeded, but it was expected to fail' \
+    | fail
+  elif (( $# > 0 )) && (( status != expected )); then
+    { local -ir width=8
+      batslib_print_kv_single "$width" \
+      'expected' "$expected" \
+      'actual'   "$status"
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi "$width" \
+      'output' "$output"
+    } \
+    | batslib_decorate 'command failed as expected, but status differs' \
+    | fail
+  fi
+}
+
+assert_line() {
+  local -i is_match_line=0
+  local -i is_mode_partial=0
+  local -i is_mode_regexp=0
+  : "${lines?}"
+
+  # Handle options.
+  while (( $# > 0 )); do
+    case "$1" in
+    -n|--index)
+      if (( $# < 2 )) || ! [[ $2 =~ ^([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)$ ]]; then
+        echo "\`--index' requires an integer argument: \`$2'" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: assert_line' \
+        | fail
+        return $?
+      fi
+      is_match_line=1
+      local -ri idx="$2"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    -p|--partial) is_mode_partial=1; shift ;;
+    -e|--regexp) is_mode_regexp=1; shift ;;
+    --) shift; break ;;
+    *) break ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  if (( is_mode_partial )) && (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+    echo "\`--partial' and \`--regexp' are mutually exclusive" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: assert_line' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Arguments.
+  local -r expected="$1"
+
+  if (( is_mode_regexp == 1 )) && [[ '' =~ $expected ]] || (( $? == 2 )); then
+    echo "Invalid extended regular expression: \`$expected'" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: assert_line' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Matching.
+  if (( is_match_line )); then
+    # Specific line.
+    if (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+      if ! [[ ${lines[$idx]} =~ $expected ]]; then
+        batslib_print_kv_single 6 \
+        'index' "$idx" \
+        'regexp' "$expected" \
+        'line'  "${lines[$idx]}" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'regular expression does not match line' \
+        | fail
+      fi
+    elif (( is_mode_partial )); then
+      if [[ ${lines[$idx]} != *"$expected"* ]]; then
+        batslib_print_kv_single 9 \
+        'index'     "$idx" \
+        'substring' "$expected" \
+        'line'      "${lines[$idx]}" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'line does not contain substring' \
+        | fail
+      fi
+    else
+      if [[ ${lines[$idx]} != "$expected" ]]; then
+        batslib_print_kv_single 8 \
+        'index'    "$idx" \
+        'expected' "$expected" \
+        'actual'   "${lines[$idx]}" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'line differs' \
+        | fail
+      fi
+    fi
+  else
+    # Contained in output.
+    if (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+      local -i idx
+      for (( idx = 0; idx < ${#lines[@]}; ++idx )); do
+        [[ ${lines[$idx]} =~ $expected ]] && return 0
+      done
+      { local -ar single=( 'regexp' "$expected" )
+        local -ar may_be_multi=( 'output' "$output" )
+        local -ir width="$( batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width "${single[@]}" "${may_be_multi[@]}" )"
+        batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${single[@]}"
+        batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi "$width" "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+      } \
+      | batslib_decorate 'no output line matches regular expression' \
+      | fail
+    elif (( is_mode_partial )); then
+      local -i idx
+      for (( idx = 0; idx < ${#lines[@]}; ++idx )); do
+        [[ ${lines[$idx]} == *"$expected"* ]] && return 0
+      done
+      { local -ar single=( 'substring' "$expected" )
+        local -ar may_be_multi=( 'output' "$output" )
+        local -ir width="$( batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width "${single[@]}" "${may_be_multi[@]}" )"
+        batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${single[@]}"
+        batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi "$width" "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+      } \
+      | batslib_decorate 'no output line contains substring' \
+      | fail
+    else
+      local -i idx
+      for (( idx = 0; idx < ${#lines[@]}; ++idx )); do
+        [[ ${lines[$idx]} == "$expected" ]] && return 0
+      done
+      { local -ar single=( 'line' "$expected" )
+        local -ar may_be_multi=( 'output' "$output" )
+        local -ir width="$( batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width "${single[@]}" "${may_be_multi[@]}" )"
+        batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${single[@]}"
+        batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi "$width" "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+      } \
+      | batslib_decorate 'output does not contain line' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+assert_output() {
+  local -i is_mode_partial=0
+  local -i is_mode_regexp=0
+  local -i is_mode_nonempty=0
+  local -i use_stdin=0
+  : "${output?}"
+
+  # Handle options.
+  if (( $# == 0 )); then
+    is_mode_nonempty=1
+  fi
+
+  while (( $# > 0 )); do
+    case "$1" in
+    -p|--partial) is_mode_partial=1; shift ;;
+    -e|--regexp) is_mode_regexp=1; shift ;;
+    -|--stdin) use_stdin=1; shift ;;
+    --) shift; break ;;
+    *) break ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  if (( is_mode_partial )) && (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+    echo "\`--partial' and \`--regexp' are mutually exclusive" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: assert_output' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Arguments.
+  local expected
+  if (( use_stdin )); then
+    expected="$(cat -)"
+  else
+    expected="${1-}"
+  fi
+
+  # Matching.
+  if (( is_mode_nonempty )); then
+    if [ -z "$output" ]; then
+      echo 'expected non-empty output, but output was empty' \
+      | batslib_decorate 'no output' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  elif (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+    if [[ '' =~ $expected ]] || (( $? == 2 )); then
+      echo "Invalid extended regular expression: \`$expected'" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: assert_output' \
+      | fail
+    elif ! [[ $output =~ $expected ]]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 6 \
+      'regexp'  "$expected" \
+      'output' "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'regular expression does not match output' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  elif (( is_mode_partial )); then
+    if [[ $output != *"$expected"* ]]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 9 \
+      'substring' "$expected" \
+      'output'    "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'output does not contain substring' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  else
+    if [[ $output != "$expected" ]]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 8 \
+      'expected' "$expected" \
+      'actual'   "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'output differs' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+assert_success() {
+  : "${output?}"
+  : "${status?}"
+
+  if (( status != 0 )); then
+    { local -ir width=6
+      batslib_print_kv_single "$width" 'status' "$status"
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi "$width" 'output' "$output"
+    } \
+    | batslib_decorate 'command failed' \
+    | fail
+  fi
+}
+
+refute() {
+  if "$@"; then
+    batslib_print_kv_single 10 'expression' "$*" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'assertion succeeded, but it was expected to fail' \
+    | fail
+  fi
+}
+
+refute_line() {
+  local -i is_match_line=0
+  local -i is_mode_partial=0
+  local -i is_mode_regexp=0
+  : "${lines?}"
+
+  # Handle options.
+  while (( $# > 0 )); do
+    case "$1" in
+    -n|--index)
+      if (( $# < 2 )) || ! [[ $2 =~ ^([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)$ ]]; then
+        echo "\`--index' requires an integer argument: \`$2'" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: refute_line' \
+        | fail
+        return $?
+      fi
+      is_match_line=1
+      local -ri idx="$2"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    -p|--partial) is_mode_partial=1; shift ;;
+    -e|--regexp) is_mode_regexp=1; shift ;;
+    --) shift; break ;;
+    *) break ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  if (( is_mode_partial )) && (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+    echo "\`--partial' and \`--regexp' are mutually exclusive" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: refute_line' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Arguments.
+  local -r unexpected="$1"
+
+  if (( is_mode_regexp == 1 )) && [[ '' =~ $unexpected ]] || (( $? == 2 )); then
+    echo "Invalid extended regular expression: \`$unexpected'" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: refute_line' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Matching.
+  if (( is_match_line )); then
+    # Specific line.
+    if (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+      if [[ ${lines[$idx]} =~ $unexpected ]]; then
+        batslib_print_kv_single 6 \
+        'index' "$idx" \
+        'regexp' "$unexpected" \
+        'line'  "${lines[$idx]}" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'regular expression should not match line' \
+        | fail
+      fi
+    elif (( is_mode_partial )); then
+      if [[ ${lines[$idx]} == *"$unexpected"* ]]; then
+        batslib_print_kv_single 9 \
+        'index'     "$idx" \
+        'substring' "$unexpected" \
+        'line'      "${lines[$idx]}" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'line should not contain substring' \
+        | fail
+      fi
+    else
+      if [[ ${lines[$idx]} == "$unexpected" ]]; then
+        batslib_print_kv_single 5 \
+        'index' "$idx" \
+        'line'  "${lines[$idx]}" \
+        | batslib_decorate 'line should differ' \
+        | fail
+      fi
+    fi
+  else
+    # Line contained in output.
+    if (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+      local -i idx
+      for (( idx = 0; idx < ${#lines[@]}; ++idx )); do
+        if [[ ${lines[$idx]} =~ $unexpected ]]; then
+          { local -ar single=( 'regexp' "$unexpected" 'index' "$idx" )
+            local -a may_be_multi=( 'output' "$output" )
+            local -ir width="$( batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width "${single[@]}" "${may_be_multi[@]}" )"
+            batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${single[@]}"
+            if batslib_is_single_line "${may_be_multi[1]}"; then
+              batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+            else
+              may_be_multi[1]="$( printf '%s' "${may_be_multi[1]}" | batslib_prefix | batslib_mark '>' "$idx" )"
+              batslib_print_kv_multi "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+            fi
+          } \
+          | batslib_decorate 'no line should match the regular expression' \
+          | fail
+          return $?
+        fi
+      done
+    elif (( is_mode_partial )); then
+      local -i idx
+      for (( idx = 0; idx < ${#lines[@]}; ++idx )); do
+        if [[ ${lines[$idx]} == *"$unexpected"* ]]; then
+          { local -ar single=( 'substring' "$unexpected" 'index' "$idx" )
+            local -a may_be_multi=( 'output' "$output" )
+            local -ir width="$( batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width "${single[@]}" "${may_be_multi[@]}" )"
+            batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${single[@]}"
+            if batslib_is_single_line "${may_be_multi[1]}"; then
+              batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+            else
+              may_be_multi[1]="$( printf '%s' "${may_be_multi[1]}" | batslib_prefix | batslib_mark '>' "$idx" )"
+              batslib_print_kv_multi "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+            fi
+          } \
+          | batslib_decorate 'no line should contain substring' \
+          | fail
+          return $?
+        fi
+      done
+    else
+      local -i idx
+      for (( idx = 0; idx < ${#lines[@]}; ++idx )); do
+        if [[ ${lines[$idx]} == "$unexpected" ]]; then
+          { local -ar single=( 'line' "$unexpected" 'index' "$idx" )
+            local -a may_be_multi=( 'output' "$output" )
+            local -ir width="$( batslib_get_max_single_line_key_width "${single[@]}" "${may_be_multi[@]}" )"
+            batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${single[@]}"
+            if batslib_is_single_line "${may_be_multi[1]}"; then
+              batslib_print_kv_single "$width" "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+            else
+              may_be_multi[1]="$( printf '%s' "${may_be_multi[1]}" | batslib_prefix | batslib_mark '>' "$idx" )"
+              batslib_print_kv_multi "${may_be_multi[@]}"
+            fi
+          } \
+          | batslib_decorate 'line should not be in output' \
+          | fail
+          return $?
+        fi
+      done
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+refute_output() {
+  local -i is_mode_partial=0
+  local -i is_mode_regexp=0
+  local -i is_mode_empty=0
+  local -i use_stdin=0
+  : "${output?}"
+
+  # Handle options.
+  if (( $# == 0 )); then
+    is_mode_empty=1
+  fi
+
+  while (( $# > 0 )); do
+    case "$1" in
+    -p|--partial) is_mode_partial=1; shift ;;
+    -e|--regexp) is_mode_regexp=1; shift ;;
+    -|--stdin) use_stdin=1; shift ;;
+    --) shift; break ;;
+    *) break ;;
+    esac
+  done
+
+  if (( is_mode_partial )) && (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+    echo "\`--partial' and \`--regexp' are mutually exclusive" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: refute_output' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Arguments.
+  local unexpected
+  if (( use_stdin )); then
+    unexpected="$(cat -)"
+  else
+    unexpected="${1-}"
+  fi
+
+  if (( is_mode_regexp == 1 )) && [[ '' =~ $unexpected ]] || (( $? == 2 )); then
+    echo "Invalid extended regular expression: \`$unexpected'" \
+    | batslib_decorate 'ERROR: refute_output' \
+    | fail
+    return $?
+  fi
+
+  # Matching.
+  if (( is_mode_empty )); then
+    if [ -n "$output" ]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 6 \
+      'output' "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'output non-empty, but expected no output' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  elif (( is_mode_regexp )); then
+    if [[ $output =~ $unexpected ]]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 6 \
+      'regexp'  "$unexpected" \
+      'output' "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'regular expression should not match output' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  elif (( is_mode_partial )); then
+    if [[ $output == *"$unexpected"* ]]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 9 \
+      'substring' "$unexpected" \
+      'output'    "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'output should not contain substring' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  else
+    if [[ $output == "$unexpected" ]]; then
+      batslib_print_kv_single_or_multi 6 \
+      'output' "$output" \
+      | batslib_decorate 'output equals, but it was expected to differ' \
+      | fail
+    fi
+  fi
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-jq.bash b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-jq.bash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f55da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/bats-jq.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# `bats-core` will consume both stdout and stderr for the `run` command's output.
+# However `jq` prints its DEBUG output on stderr.
+#
+# Lines starting with `["DEBUG:",` will be prefixed with a hash and printed on file descriptor 3.
+# Other lines on stderr will remain on stderr for bats to consume.
+#
+# See `bats-core` docs:
+# - "Printing to the terminal", https://bats-core.readthedocs.io/en/stable/writing-tests.html#printing-to-the-terminal
+# - "File descriptor 3", https://bats-core.readthedocs.io/en/stable/writing-tests.html#file-descriptor-3-read-this-if-bats-hangs
+
+
+jq() {
+    local output stderr rc line
+    stderr=$(mktemp)
+    output=$(command jq "$@" 2> "$stderr")
+    rc=$?
+    while IFS= read -r line || [[ -n $line ]]; do
+        if [[ $line == '["DEBUG:",'* ]]; then
+            echo "# $line" >&3
+        else
+            echo "$line" >&2
+        fi
+    done < "$stderr"
+    rm -f "$stderr"
+    echo "$output"
+    return "$rc"
+}
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/pascals-triangle.jq b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/pascals-triangle.jq
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d0c541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/pascals-triangle.jq
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"Remove this line and implement your solution" | halt_error
diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/test-pascals-triangle.bats b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/test-pascals-triangle.bats
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5bfda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/test-pascals-triangle.bats
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bats
+# generated on 2024-07-11T22:29:37Z
+load bats-extra
+load bats-jq
+
+@test 'zero rows' {
+    #[[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 0
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'single row' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 1
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'two rows' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 2
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1],[1,1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'three rows' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 3
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1],[1,1],[1,2,1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'four rows' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 4
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1],[1,1],[1,2,1],[1,3,3,1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'five rows' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 5
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1],[1,1],[1,2,1],[1,3,3,1],[1,4,6,4,1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'six rows' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 6
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1],[1,1],[1,2,1],[1,3,3,1],[1,4,6,4,1],[1,5,10,10,5,1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}
+
+@test 'ten rows' {
+    [[ $BATS_RUN_SKIPPED == "true" ]] || skip
+
+    run jq -c -f pascals-triangle.jq << 'END_INPUT'
+        {
+          "count": 10
+        }
+END_INPUT
+
+    assert_success
+    expected='[[1],[1,1],[1,2,1],[1,3,3,1],[1,4,6,4,1],[1,5,10,10,5,1],[1,6,15,20,15,6,1],[1,7,21,35,35,21,7,1],[1,8,28,56,70,56,28,8,1],[1,9,36,84,126,126,84,36,9,1]]'
+    assert_equal "$output" "$expected"
+}

From 0f327399f46aa26d88ebb6c198430d311549abf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Glenn Jackman <glenn.jackman@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jul 2024 18:55:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] utilize the first loop variable

---
 exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq
index 001f0d4..bb3867b 100644
--- a/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq
+++ b/exercises/practice/pascals-triangle/.meta/example.jq
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [ # collect all the output from `foreach`
-  foreach range(.count) as $_ (
+  foreach range(.count) as $n (
     [];
     # that range stops at 1; range is half-inclusive
-    reduce range(length - 1; 0; -1) as $i (. + [1]; .[$i] += .[$i - 1])
+    reduce range($n - 1; 0; -1) as $i (. + [1]; .[$i] += .[$i - 1])
   )
 ]