export_test.py

# Copyright 2023 The JAX Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from __future__ import annotations

import collections
from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
import contextlib
import dataclasses
import functools
import logging
import json
import math
import re
import unittest

from absl.testing import absltest
import jax
from jax import lax
from jax import numpy as jnp
from jax import export
from jax.experimental import pjit
from jax.experimental.shard_map import shard_map
from jax.sharding import NamedSharding
from jax.sharding import Mesh
from jax.sharding import PartitionSpec as P
from jax import tree_util

from jax._src import config
from jax._src import core
from jax._src import dtypes
from jax._src import effects
from jax._src import test_util as jtu
from jax._src import xla_bridge as xb
from jax._src.interpreters import mlir

from jax._src.lib.mlir.dialects import hlo

import numpy as np

# ruff: noqa: F401
try:
  import flatbuffers
  CAN_SERIALIZE = True
except (ModuleNotFoundError, ImportError):
  CAN_SERIALIZE = False

config.parse_flags_with_absl()

_exit_stack = contextlib.ExitStack()

def setUpModule():
  _exit_stack.enter_context(jtu.set_host_platform_device_count(2))

def tearDownModule():
  _exit_stack.close()

### Setup for testing lowering with effects
@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class ForTestingOrderedEffect1(effects.Effect):
  pass

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class ForTestingOrderedEffect2(effects.Effect):
  pass

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class ForTestingUnorderedEffect1(effects.Effect):
  pass


class ForTestingOrderedEffect4NoNullary(effects.Effect):
  def __init__(self, _):
    pass

@dataclasses.dataclass(eq=False)
class ForTestingOrderedEffect5NoEq(effects.Effect):
  pass


_testing_effects = dict(
  ForTestingOrderedEffect1=ForTestingOrderedEffect1(),
  ForTestingOrderedEffect2=ForTestingOrderedEffect2(),
  ForTestingUnorderedEffect1=ForTestingUnorderedEffect1(),
  ForTestingOrderedEffect4NoNullary=ForTestingOrderedEffect4NoNullary(42),
  ForTestingOrderedEffect5NoEq=ForTestingOrderedEffect5NoEq(),
)
# Register the effects
for effect in _testing_effects.values():
  effect_class = effect.__class__
  effects.lowerable_effects.add_type(effect_class)
  effects.control_flow_allowed_effects.add_type(effect_class)
  effects.remat_allowed_effects.add_type(effect_class)
  effects.custom_derivatives_allowed_effects.add_type(effect_class)
  if "Ordered" in str(effect_class):
    effects.ordered_effects.add_type(effect_class)

# A primitive that takes a effect_class_name kwarg with the name of the effect class
# and just doubles its argument.
testing_primitive_with_effect_p = core.Primitive("testing_primitive_with_effect")
testing_primitive_with_effect_p.def_effectful_abstract_eval(
  lambda aval, *x, effect_class_name: (aval, {_testing_effects[effect_class_name]}))

def lowering_testing_primitive_with_effect(ctx, a, *, effect_class_name: str):
  if "Ordered" in effect_class_name:
    token_in = ctx.tokens_in.get(_testing_effects[effect_class_name])
    ctx.set_tokens_out(mlir.TokenSet({_testing_effects[effect_class_name]: token_in}))
  return [mlir.hlo.add(a, a)]

mlir.register_lowering(testing_primitive_with_effect_p,
                       lowering_testing_primitive_with_effect)

## Setup for multi-platform lowering
_testing_multi_platform_to_add = dict(cpu=2., tpu=3., cuda=4., rocm=5.)

def _testing_multi_platform_func(x, *,
                                 effect_class_name: str | None = None):
  # Behaves like x + 2 * _testing_multi_platform_to_add[platform]
  def for_platform(platform: str):
    if effect_class_name is None:
      return 2. * _testing_multi_platform_to_add[platform]
    else:
      return testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(
        _testing_multi_platform_to_add[platform],
        effect_class_name=effect_class_name)

  return x + lax.platform_dependent(
    tpu=lambda: for_platform("tpu"),
    cuda=lambda: for_platform("cuda"),
    rocm=lambda: for_platform("rocm"),
    default=lambda: for_platform("cpu"),
  )

def _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(x,
                                         platform: str | None = None):
  return x + 2. * _testing_multi_platform_to_add[
    xb.canonicalize_platform(platform or jtu.device_under_test())
  ]


def get_exported(fun: Callable, vjp_order=0,
                 **export_kwargs) -> Callable[[...], export.Exported]:
  """Like export.export but with serialization + deserialization."""
  def serde_exported(*fun_args, **fun_kwargs):
    exp = export.export(fun, **export_kwargs)(*fun_args, **fun_kwargs)
    if CAN_SERIALIZE:
      serialized = exp.serialize(vjp_order=vjp_order)
      return export.deserialize(serialized)
    else:
      return exp
  return serde_exported


# Run tests with the maximum supported version by default
@jtu.with_config(jax_export_calling_convention_version=export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version)
class JaxExportTest(jtu.JaxTestCase):

  @classmethod
  def setUpClass(cls):
    # Find the available platforms
    cls.platforms = []
    for backend in ["cpu", "gpu", "tpu"]:
      try:
        jax.devices(backend)
      except RuntimeError:
        continue
      cls.platforms.append(backend)
    super().setUpClass()

  def test_basic_export_only(self):
    @jax.jit
    def my_fun(x):
      return jnp.sin(x)
    exp = get_exported(my_fun)(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct((4,), dtype=np.float32))
    self.assertEqual("my_fun", exp.fun_name)
    expected_lowering_platform = xb.canonicalize_platform(jax.default_backend())
    self.assertEqual((expected_lowering_platform,),
                     exp.platforms)
    self.assertEqual(jax.tree.flatten(((1,), {}))[1], exp.in_tree)
    self.assertEqual((core.ShapedArray((4,), dtype=np.float32),), exp.in_avals)
    self.assertEqual((core.ShapedArray((4,), dtype=np.float32),), exp.out_avals)

  def test_pytree_export_only(self):
    a = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    b = np.arange(6, dtype=np.float32)
    def f(a_b_pair, *, a, b):
      return (dict(res=a_b_pair, a=a, b=b), jnp.sin(a), jnp.cos(b))

    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f), platforms=("cpu",))((a, b), a=a, b=b)
    a_aval = core.ShapedArray(a.shape, a.dtype)
    b_aval = core.ShapedArray(b.shape, b.dtype)
    self.assertEqual(exp.platforms, ("cpu",))
    args = ((a, b),)
    kwargs = dict(a=a, b=b)
    self.assertEqual(exp.in_tree, jax.tree.flatten((args, kwargs))[1])
    self.assertEqual(exp.in_avals, (a_aval, b_aval, a_aval, b_aval))
    self.assertEqual(exp.out_tree, jax.tree.flatten(f(*args, **kwargs))[1])
    self.assertEqual(exp.out_avals, (a_aval, b_aval, a_aval, b_aval, a_aval, b_aval))

  def test_basic(self):
    f = jnp.sin
    x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(f)(x)

    self.assertAllClose(f(x), exp_f.call(x))

  def test_jit_static_arg(self):

    with self.subTest("static_argnames"):

      @functools.partial(jax.jit, static_argnames=["c"])
      def f(x, *, c):
        return c * jnp.sin(x)

      x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
      exp_f = get_exported(f)(x, c=0.1)

      self.assertAllClose(f(x, c=0.1), exp_f.call(x))

    with self.subTest("static_argnums"):

      @functools.partial(jax.jit, static_argnums=[1])
      def g(x, c):
        return c * jnp.sin(x)

      x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
      exp_g = get_exported(g)(x, 0.1)

      self.assertAllClose(g(x, 0.1), exp_g.call(x))

  def test_export_error_no_jit(self):
    # Can export a lambda, without jit
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                "Function to be exported must be the result of `jit`"):
      _ = export.export(lambda x: jnp.sin(x))

  def test_call_exported_lambda(self):
    # When we export a lambda, the exported.fun_name is not a valid MLIR function name
    f = jax.jit(lambda x: jnp.sin(x))
    x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(f)(x)
    self.assertAllClose(f(x), exp_f.call(x))

  def test_call_name_conflict(self):
    @jax.jit
    def inner(x):
      # The lowering will contain a _where private function
      return jnp.where(x > 0, jnp.ones_like(x), jnp.zeros_like(x))

    x = jnp.arange(-20, 20, dtype=np.int32)
    exp_inner = export.export(inner)(x)
    self.assertIn("@_where(", str(exp_inner.mlir_module()))

    @jax.jit
    def outer(x):
      # There should be no conflict on _where
      x = exp_inner.call(x)
      return inner(x)

    export.export(outer)(x)

  def test_call_twice_exported(self):
    def f(x): return jnp.sin(x)
    x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)

    @jax.jit
    def f1(x):
      exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f))(x)
      return exp_f.call(x) + exp_f.call(x)

    self.assertAllClose(2. * f(x), f1(x))

  def test_unused_args(self):
    f = jax.jit(lambda x, y: jnp.sin(x))
    x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    y = np.arange(6, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(f)(x, y)

    self.assertAllClose(f(x, y), exp_f.call(x, y))

  def test_pytree(self):
    a = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    b = np.arange(6, dtype=np.float32)
    def f(a_b_pair, a, b):
      return (dict(res=a_b_pair, a=a, b=b), jnp.sin(a), jnp.cos(b))

    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f))((a, b), a=a, b=b)
    self.assertAllClose(f((a, b), a=a, b=b),
                        exp_f.call((a, b), a=a, b=b))

  def test_pytree_namedtuple(self):
    T = collections.namedtuple("SomeType", ("a", "b", "c"))
    export.register_namedtuple_serialization(
        T,
        serialized_name="test_pytree_namedtuple.SomeType",
    )
    x = T(a=1, b=2, c=3)

    def f(x):
      return (x, x)  # return 2 copies, to check that types are shared

    exp = export.export(jax.jit(f))(x)
    res = exp.call(x)
    self.assertEqual(tree_util.tree_structure(res),
                     tree_util.tree_structure((x, x)))
    self.assertEqual(type(res[0]), type(x))
    self.assertEqual(type(res[1]), type(x))
    ser = exp.serialize()
    exp2 = export.deserialize(ser)
    self.assertEqual(exp2.in_tree, exp.in_tree)
    self.assertEqual(exp2.out_tree, exp.out_tree)
    res2 = exp2.call(x)
    self.assertEqual(tree_util.tree_structure(res2),
                     tree_util.tree_structure(res))

  def test_pytree_namedtuple_error(self):
    T = collections.namedtuple("SomeType", ("a", "b"))
    x = T(a=1, b=2)
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Cannot serialize .* unregistered type .*SomeType"):
      export.export(jax.jit(lambda x: x))(x).serialize()

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "If `from_children` is not present.* must call.*register_pytree_node"
    ):
      export.register_pytree_node_serialization(
          T,
          serialized_name="test_pytree_namedtuple.SomeType_V2",
          serialize_auxdata=lambda x: b"",
          deserialize_auxdata=lambda b: None
      )

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                "Use .*register_pytree_node_serialization"):
      export.register_namedtuple_serialization(str, serialized_name="n/a")

    export.register_namedtuple_serialization(
        T,
        serialized_name="test_pytree_namedtuple_error.SomeType",
    )

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Duplicate serialization registration .*test_pytree_namedtuple_error.SomeType"
    ):
      export.register_namedtuple_serialization(
          T,
          serialized_name="test_pytree_namedtuple_error.OtherType",
      )

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Duplicate serialization registration for serialized_name.*test_pytree_namedtuple_error.SomeType"
    ):
      export.register_namedtuple_serialization(
          collections.namedtuple("SomeOtherType", ("a", "b")),
          serialized_name="test_pytree_namedtuple_error.SomeType",
      )

  def test_pytree_custom_types(self):
    x1 = collections.OrderedDict([("foo", 34), ("baz", 101), ("something", -42)])

    @tree_util.register_pytree_node_class
    class CustomType:
      def __init__(self, a: int, b: CustomType | None, string: str):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.string = string

      def tree_flatten(self):
        return ((self.a, self.b), self.string)

      @classmethod
      def tree_unflatten(cls, aux_data, children):
        string = aux_data
        return cls(*children, string)

    export.register_pytree_node_serialization(
        CustomType,
        serialized_name="test_pytree_custom_types.CustomType",
        serialize_auxdata=lambda aux: aux.encode("utf-8"),
        deserialize_auxdata=lambda b: b.decode("utf-8")
    )
    x2 = CustomType(4, 5, "foo")

    def f(x1, x2):
      return (x1, x2, x1, x2)  # return 2 copies, to check that types are shared

    exp = export.export(jax.jit(f))(x1, x2)
    res = exp.call(x1, x2)
    self.assertEqual(tree_util.tree_structure(res),
                     tree_util.tree_structure(((x1, x2, x1, x2))))
    self.assertEqual(type(res[0]), type(x1))
    self.assertEqual(type(res[1]), type(x2))
    self.assertEqual(type(res[2]), type(x1))
    self.assertEqual(type(res[3]), type(x2))
    ser = exp.serialize()
    exp2 = export.deserialize(ser)
    self.assertEqual(exp2.in_tree, exp.in_tree)
    self.assertEqual(exp2.out_tree, exp.out_tree)
    res2 = exp2.call(x1, x2)
    self.assertEqual(tree_util.tree_structure(res2),
                     tree_util.tree_structure(res))


  def test_error_wrong_intree(self):
    def f(a_b_pair, *, c):
      return jnp.sin(a_b_pair[0]) + jnp.cos(a_b_pair[1]) + c
    a = b = c = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f))((a, b), c=c)

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "The invocation args and kwargs must have the same pytree structure"):
      exp_f.call(a, b, c=(a, b))

  def test_error_wrong_avals(self):
    def f(a, *, b):  # a: f32[4] and b: f32[4]
      return jnp.sin(a) + jnp.cos(b)
    f32_4 = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f))(f32_4, b=f32_4)

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
        r"Shape mismatch for args\[0\].shape\[0\]"):
      exp_f.call(np.arange(6, dtype=np.float32), b=f32_4)

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
        r"Shape mismatch for kwargs\['b'\].shape\[0\]"):
      exp_f.call(f32_4, b=np.arange(6, dtype=np.float32))

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
        r"Rank mismatch for args\[0\]"):
      exp_f.call(f32_4.reshape((1, 4)), b=f32_4)

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
        r"Dtype mismatch for args\[0\]"):
      exp_f.call(f32_4.astype(np.float16), b=f32_4)

  def test_default_export_platform(self):
    test_platform = jtu.device_under_test()
    if test_platform == "gpu":
      test_platform = "rocm" if jtu.is_device_rocm() else "cuda"
    self.assertEqual(export.default_export_platform(), test_platform)
    exp = export.export(jnp.sin)(1.)
    self.assertEqual(exp.platforms, (export.default_export_platform(),))

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    testcase_name=lambda kw: kw["platform"],
    kwargs=[dict(platform=p)
            for p in ("cpu", "cuda", "rocm", "tpu")])
  def test_error_wrong_platform(self, platform):
    a = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)

    exp_f = get_exported(jnp.sin, platforms=(platform,))(a)
    if xb.canonicalize_platform(jtu.device_under_test()) == platform:
      raise unittest.SkipTest("Uninteresting scenario")

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError, "Function .* was exported for platform"):
      exp_f.call(a)

    # Now try with the platform check disabled
    exp_f_no_platform_check = get_exported(
      jnp.sin, platforms=(platform,),
      disabled_checks=[export.DisabledSafetyCheck.platform()])(a)
    res = exp_f_no_platform_check.call(a)
    self.assertAllClose(res, jnp.sin(a))

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    testcase_name=lambda kw: kw["dialect"],
    kwargs=[dict(dialect=dialect)
            for dialect in ("stablehlo",)]
  )
  def test_error_disallowed_custom_call(self, dialect):
    # If we use hlo.custom_call we detect invalid custom call targets.
    # Set up a primitive with custom lowering rules
    test_primitive = core.Primitive("_test_primitive_disallowed_custom_call")
    test_primitive.def_abstract_eval(lambda in_aval: in_aval)
    def test_primitive_lowering(ctx, arg):
      op = dict(stablehlo=hlo.CustomCallOp)[dialect]
      return op([arg.type], [arg], "disallowed_call_target").results
    mlir.register_lowering(test_primitive, test_primitive_lowering)
    self.addCleanup(lambda: mlir.register_lowering(test_primitive, None))

    a = np.arange(3, dtype=np.float32)
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
        "Cannot serialize code with custom calls whose targets .*"):
      get_exported(
        jax.jit(lambda a: a + test_primitive.bind(a))
      )(a)

    # Now try again with the safety check disabled
    exp = get_exported(
      jax.jit(lambda a: a + test_primitive.bind(a)),
      disabled_checks=[export.DisabledSafetyCheck.custom_call("disallowed_call_target")]
    )(a)
    self.assertIn("disallowed_call_target", exp.mlir_module())

  def test_lowering_parameters_for_export(self):
    # Test that we propagate properly the LoweringParameters.for_export
    test_primitive = core.Primitive("_test_primitive_for_export")
    test_primitive.def_abstract_eval(lambda in_aval: in_aval)
    # Store here the context for lowering
    context = {}
    def test_primitive_lowering(ctx, arg):
      context["for_export"] = ctx.module_context.lowering_parameters.for_export
      context["export_ignore_forward_compatibility"] = ctx.module_context.lowering_parameters.export_ignore_forward_compatibility
      return mlir.hlo.AddOp(arg, arg).results

    mlir.register_lowering(test_primitive, test_primitive_lowering)
    self.addCleanup(lambda: mlir.register_lowering(test_primitive, None))

    f = jax.jit(test_primitive.bind)
    a = np.arange(3, dtype=np.float32)
    context.clear()
    res = f(a)  # Works with JIT
    self.assertAllClose(res, a + a)
    self.assertEqual(context,
                     dict(for_export=False,
                          export_ignore_forward_compatibility=False))
    context.clear()
    f.lower(a)  # Works with most AOT
    # The above was cached
    self.assertEqual(context, {})
    _ = export.export(f)(a)
    self.assertEqual(context,
                     dict(for_export=True,
                          export_ignore_forward_compatibility=False))
    context.clear()
    with config.export_ignore_forward_compatibility(True):
      _ = export.export(f)(a)
      self.assertEqual(context,
                       dict(for_export=True,
                            export_ignore_forward_compatibility=True))

  def test_grad(self):
    f = lambda x: jnp.sum(jnp.sin(x))
    x = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f), vjp_order=1)(x)

    f1 = exp_f.call
    self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(f)(x), jax.grad(f1)(x))

  def test_higher_order_grad(self):
    f = lambda x: x ** 3
    x = np.float32(4.)
    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f), vjp_order=3)(x)

    f1 = exp_f.call
    self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(f)(x),
                        jax.grad(f1)(x))
    self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(jax.grad(f))(x),
                        jax.grad(jax.grad(f1))(x))
    self.assertAllClose(jax.grad(jax.grad(jax.grad(f)))(x),
                        jax.grad(jax.grad(jax.grad(f1)))(x))

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[dict(poly_shape=True), dict(poly_shape=False)])
  def test_grad_int(self, poly_shape):
    def f(xi, xf):
      return (2 * xi.T, xf.T * xf.T)

    xi = np.arange(6, dtype=np.int32).reshape((2, 3))
    xf = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))

    # Native JAX 1st order vjp
    (f_outi, f_outf), f_vjp = jax.vjp(f, xi, xf)
    f_outi_ct = np.ones(f_outi.shape,
                        dtype=core.primal_dtype_to_tangent_dtype(f_outi.dtype))
    f_outf_ct = np.ones(f_outf.shape, dtype=f_outf.dtype)
    xi_ct, xf_ct = f_vjp((f_outi_ct, f_outf_ct))

    # Native JAX 2nd order vjp
    res, f_vjp2 = jax.vjp(f_vjp, (f_outi_ct, f_outf_ct))
    self.assertAllClose(res, (xi_ct, xf_ct))
    (f_outi_ct2, f_outf_ct2), = f_vjp2((xi_ct, xf_ct))

    if poly_shape:
      args = export.symbolic_args_specs([xi, xf], shapes_specs=["2, a", "a, 4"])
    else:
      args = (xi, xf)
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f), vjp_order=2)(*args)
    fr = exp.call

    res = fr(xi, xf)
    self.assertAllClose(res, (f_outi, f_outf))

    # Reloaded 1st order vjp
    (fr_outi, fr_outf), fr_vjp = jax.vjp(fr, xi, xf)
    self.assertAllClose(fr_outi, f_outi)
    self.assertAllClose(fr_outf, f_outf)
    xri_ct, xrf_ct = fr_vjp((f_outi_ct, f_outf_ct))
    self.assertAllClose(xri_ct, xi_ct)
    self.assertAllClose(xrf_ct, xf_ct)

    # Reloaded 2nd order vjp
    res, f_vjp2 = jax.vjp(fr_vjp, (f_outi_ct, f_outf_ct))
    self.assertAllClose(res, (xi_ct, xf_ct))
    (fr_outi_ct2, fr_outf_ct2), = f_vjp2((xi_ct, xf_ct))
    self.assertAllClose(fr_outi_ct2, f_outi_ct2)
    self.assertAllClose(fr_outf_ct2, f_outf_ct2)

  def test_pytree_vjp(self):
    def f(a_b_pair, *, a, b):
      return (dict(res=a_b_pair, a=2. * a, b=3. * b),
              jnp.sin(4. * a))

    a = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    b = np.arange(6, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f), vjp_order=1)((a, b), a=a, b=b)

    out_ct = f((a, b), a=a, b=b)  # The output has the right structure as the cotangent
    def f1_jax(a, b):  # For VJP, make a function without kwargs
      res = f((a, b), a=a, b=b)
      return res
    def f1_exp(a, b):  # For VJP, make a function without kwargs
      res = exp_f.call((a, b), a=a, b=b)
      return res
    jax_vjp = jax.vjp(f1_jax, a, b)[1](out_ct)
    exp_vjp = jax.vjp(f1_exp, a, b)[1](out_ct)
    self.assertAllClose(jax_vjp, exp_vjp)

  def test_roundtrip(self):
    def f1(x):
      return jnp.sin(x)
    a = np.arange(4, dtype=np.float32)
    exp_f1 = get_exported(jax.jit(f1))(a)
    def f2(x):
      res1 = exp_f1.call(x)
      res2 = exp_f1.call(res1)
      return jnp.cos(res2)
    exp_f2 = get_exported(jax.jit(f2))(a)

    self.assertAllClose(jnp.cos(jnp.sin(jnp.sin(a))),
                        exp_f2.call(a))

  def test_poly_export_only(self):
    a = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))
    def f(a, b):  # a: f32[2w,h]  b: f32[w,h]
      return jnp.concatenate([a, b], axis=0)

    scope = export.SymbolicScope()
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f))(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("(2*w, h)", scope=scope), a.dtype),
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("(w, h)", scope=scope), a.dtype))
    self.assertEqual("(2*w, h)", str(exp.in_avals[0].shape))
    self.assertEqual("(w, h)", str(exp.in_avals[1].shape))
    self.assertEqual("(3*w, h)", str(exp.out_avals[0].shape))

    # Peek at the module
    module_str = exp.mlir_module()
    self.assertEqual(config.jax_export_calling_convention_version.value >= 7,
                     "shape_assertion" in module_str)
    self.assertIn("jax.uses_shape_polymorphism = true", module_str)
    wrapped_main_expected_re = (
      r"@_wrapped_jax_export_main\("
      r"%arg0: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"h\".*"
      r"%arg1: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"w\".*"
      r"%arg2: tensor<\?x\?xf32>"
    )
    self.assertRegex(module_str, wrapped_main_expected_re)

    # Look for private inner functions that are generated to compute the
    # dimension variables and shape assertions. All those functions must
    # have jax.global_constant attributes on all the arguments.
    for func_name, func_args in re.findall(
        r"func.func private @([\w]+)\((.+)\) ->",
        module_str):
      if func_name == "_wrapped_jax_export_main":
        continue
      func_args_count = len(re.findall(r"%arg\d+", func_args))
      func_args_constant_attrs = len(re.findall(r"jax.global_constant = ",
                                                func_args))
      self.assertEqual(func_args_count, func_args_constant_attrs)

  def test_poly_pytree_export_only(self):
    a = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))
    def f(a0, a1, *, ak):
      return jnp.concatenate([a0, a1, ak], axis=0)

    a_poly_spec = jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("(w, h)"), a.dtype)
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f))(a_poly_spec, a_poly_spec, ak=a_poly_spec)
    self.assertEqual("(w, h)", str(exp.in_avals[0].shape))
    self.assertEqual("(3*w, h)", str(exp.out_avals[0].shape))

  def test_poly_export_error_symbolic_scope(self):
    a = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))
    def f(x, y):
      return jnp.concatenate([x, y], axis=1)

    x_poly_spec = jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("(w, h1)"), a.dtype)
    y_poly_spec = jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("(w, h2)"), a.dtype)
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        re.compile(
            "Invalid mixing of symbolic scopes when exporting f.*"
            r"Expected current \(from args\[0\]\) scope .*"
            r"and found for 'w' \(args\[1\]\) scope .*", re.DOTALL)):
      get_exported(jax.jit(f))(x_poly_spec, y_poly_spec)

  def test_poly_export_callable_with_no_name(self):
    # This was reported by a user
    class MyCallable:
      def __call__(self, x):
        return jnp.sin(x)

      # This makes it look like a jitted-function
      def lower(self, x, _experimental_lowering_parameters=None):
        return jax.jit(self.__call__).lower(
            x,
            _experimental_lowering_parameters=_experimental_lowering_parameters)

      def trace(self, x, _experimental_lowering_parameters=None):
        return jax.jit(self.__call__).trace(
            x,
            _experimental_lowering_parameters=_experimental_lowering_parameters)

    a, = export.symbolic_shape("a,")
    # No error
    _ = get_exported(jax.jit(MyCallable()))(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct((a, a), dtype=np.float32)
    )

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(v=v)
      for v in range(export.minimum_supported_calling_convention_version - 1,
                     export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version + 2)])
  def test_poly_basic_versions(self, v: int):
    with config.jax_export_calling_convention_version(v):
      logging.info(
          "Using JAX calling convention version %s",
          config.jax_export_calling_convention_version.value)
      with contextlib.ExitStack() as e:
        if not (export.minimum_supported_calling_convention_version <= v
                <= export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version):
          e.enter_context(self.assertRaisesRegex(
            ValueError,
            f"The requested export calling convention version {v} is outside the range of supported versions"))

        exp = get_exported(jnp.sin)(
            jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("w, h"), np.float32))
        x = np.arange(30, dtype=np.float32).reshape((5, 6))
        res = exp.call(x)
        self.assertAllClose(res, np.sin(x))

  # A function is exported with f32[poly_spec] and is called with different arg
  # shapes. We use export.call and we also run the shape check
  # module.
  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    testcase_name=lambda kw:f"poly_spec={kw['poly_spec']}_arg_shape={kw['arg_shape']}",  # type: ignore
    kwargs=[
      dict(poly_spec="3,4,12", arg_shape=(3, 4, 12)),
      dict(poly_spec="3,4,12", arg_shape=(3, 4, 13),
           # The shape check module does not test constant dimensions
           expect_error=re.escape(
               r"Shape mismatch for args[0].shape[2] (expected same constant)")),
      dict(poly_spec="3,4,6*a", arg_shape=(3, 4, 12)),
      dict(poly_spec="3,a,a+8", arg_shape=(3, 4, 12)),
      dict(poly_spec="3,4,a+1", arg_shape=(3, 4, 1),
           expect_error=re.escape(
               "Expected value >= 1 for dimension variable 'a'. "
               "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (3, 4, a + 1). "
               "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = 0"
          )),
      dict(poly_spec="3,4,6*a", arg_shape=(3, 4, 13),
           expect_error=re.escape(
              "Division had remainder 1 when computing the value of 'a'"
          )),
      dict(poly_spec="3,a,a+8", arg_shape=(3, 4, 13),
           expect_error=re.escape(
             "Found inconsistency between dimension size "
             "args[0].shape[2] (= 13) and the specification 'a + 8' (= 12)"
          )),
  ])
  def test_poly_shape_checks(
      self, poly_spec="3,a,a+8",
      arg_shape=(3, 4, 12), arg_dtype=np.float32,
      expect_error=None):  # If given, error from running the exported module

    def f(x):  # x: f32[poly_spec]
      return jnp.reshape(x, (-1, x.shape[1]))

    disabled_checks = ()
    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f), disabled_checks=disabled_checks)(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape(poly_spec), np.float32))
    self.assertEqual(exp_f.uses_global_constants, poly_spec != "3,4,12")
    arg = np.arange(np.prod(arg_shape),
                    dtype=arg_dtype).reshape(arg_shape)  # arg : f32[3,4,12]

    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
      if expect_error is not None:
        stack.push(self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, expect_error))

      assert core.is_constant_shape(arg.shape)
      res = exp_f.call(arg)

    if not expect_error:
      self.assertAllClose(res, f(arg))

  # An inner function is exported with polymorphic shapes inner_poly_spec, and
  # is called from an outer function, which is exported with outer_poly_spec.
  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    testcase_name=lambda kw:f"inner={kw['inner_poly_spec']}_outer={kw['outer_poly_spec']}",  # type: ignore
    #one_containing="",
    # By default arg_shape = (3, 4, 12) for both the outer function and the inner
    # The inner function is exported for f32.
    kwargs=[
      # Both inner and outer are static shapes
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,12", outer_poly_spec="3,4,12"),
      # Inner has poly shapes but outer has static shapes. When we call inner
      # we do the shape constraint checking
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a+b", outer_poly_spec="3,4,12"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,3*a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,12"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,12",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
             "Found inconsistency between dimension size "
             "args[0].shape[2] (= 12) and the specification 'a' (= 4)")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,5*a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,12",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
             "Division had remainder 2 when computing the value of 'a'")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,12+a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,12",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
              "Expected value >= 1 for dimension variable 'a'. "
              "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (3, 4, a + 12). "
              "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = 0 from specification "
              "'a + 12' for dimension args[0].shape[2] (= 12)")),
      # Both inner and outer have poly shapes.
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,b", outer_poly_spec="3,4,c"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,3*a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,6*c"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a+8", outer_poly_spec="3,c+2,c+10"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a+b", outer_poly_spec="3,4,c",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
             "Expected value >= 1 for dimension variable 'b'. "
             "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (3, a, b + a). "
             "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = 4 from specification "
             "'a' for dimension args[0].shape[1] (= 4), "
             "'b' = c - 4 from specification 'b + a' for dimension args[0].shape[2] (= c),")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,c",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
             "Found inconsistency between dimension size "
             "args[0].shape[2] (= c) and the specification 'a' (= 4)")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a", arg_shape=(3, 4),
           outer_poly_spec="3,c",
           expect_error_outer_exp=r"Rank mismatch for args\[0\]"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a+b", arg_dtype=np.int32,
           outer_poly_spec="3,c,d",
           expect_error_outer_exp=r"Dtype mismatch for args\[0\]"),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,5*a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,c",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
              "Division had remainder mod(c, 5) when computing the value of 'a'")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a+b", outer_poly_spec="3,c,c",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
               "Expected value >= 1 for dimension variable 'b'. "
               "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (3, a, b + a). "
               "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = c from "
               "specification 'a' for dimension args[0].shape[1] (= c), "
               "'b' = 0 from specification 'b + a' for dimension args[0].shape[2] (= c)")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a+b", outer_poly_spec="c,4,12",
           expect_error_outer_exp=re.escape(
               "Shape mismatch for args[0].shape[0] (expected same constant)")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,4,5*a", outer_poly_spec="3,4,25*c",
           expect_error_run=re.escape(
              "Division had remainder 12 when computing the value of 'c'")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,b", outer_poly_spec="3,c+4,12",
           expect_error_run=re.escape(
               "Expected value >= 1 for dimension variable 'c'. "
               "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (3, c + 4, 12). "
               "Obtained dimension variables: 'c' = 0")),
      dict(inner_poly_spec="3,a,a", outer_poly_spec="3,a,a",
           expect_error_run=re.escape(
               "Found inconsistency between dimension size "
               "args[0].shape[2] (= 12) and the specification 'a' (= 4)")),
  ])
  def test_poly_shape_checks_nested(
      self, inner_poly_spec="3,4,5*a",
      arg_shape=(3, 4, 12), arg_dtype=np.float32,
      outer_poly_spec="3,4,25*c",
      expect_error_outer_exp=None,
      expect_error_run=None):
    # Polymorphic export called with static or polymorphic shapes
    def inner(x):  # x: inner_poly_spec
      return jnp.reshape(x, (-1, x.shape[1]))

    arg = np.arange(np.prod(arg_shape),
                    dtype=arg_dtype).reshape(arg_shape)  # x : f32[3,4,12]
    inner_exp = get_exported(jax.jit(inner))(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape(inner_poly_spec), np.float32))

    self.assertEqual(inner_exp.uses_global_constants,
                     (inner_poly_spec != "3,4,12"))
    def outer(x):  # x: outer_poly_spec
      # Use an addition to test that the shapes are refined properly for the
      # result of the call_exported.
      return inner_exp.call(x) + inner(x)

    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
      if expect_error_outer_exp is not None:
        stack.push(self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, expect_error_outer_exp))

      # Call it after exporting again, with polymorphic shapes
      outer_exp = get_exported(jax.jit(outer))(
          jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape(outer_poly_spec), arg.dtype))

    if expect_error_outer_exp is not None:
      return

    self.assertEqual(outer_exp.uses_global_constants,
                     (inner_poly_spec != "3,4,12" or outer_poly_spec != "3,4,12"))

    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
      if expect_error_run is not None:
        stack.push(self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, expect_error_run))

      res = outer_exp.call(arg)

    if expect_error_run is not None:
      return
    self.assertAllClose(2. * inner(arg), res)

  # Tests details of the shape constraints errors
  # This test exists also in shape_poly_test.py. Here we test the
  # call_exported error reporting.
  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    testcase_name=lambda kw: kw["shape"],  # assume "shape" is unique
    kwargs=[
      dict(shape=(8, 2, 9),  # a = 2, b = 3, c = 4
           poly_spec="(a + 2*b, a, a + b + c)"),
      dict(shape=(2, 2, 6),  # a = 2, b = 0, c = 4
           poly_spec="(a + 2*b, a, a + b + c)",
           expect_error=(
             "Input shapes do not match the polymorphic shapes specification. "
             "Expected value >= 1 for dimension variable 'b'. "
             "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (2*b + a, a, c + b + a). "
             "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = 2 from specification 'a' for dimension args[0].shape[1] (= 2), "
             "'b' = 0 from specification '2*b + a' for dimension args[0].shape[0] (= 2), . "
             "Please see https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/export/shape_poly.html#shape-assertion-errors for more details."
           )),
      dict(shape=(3, 2, 6),  # a = 2, b = 0.5, c = 4 - b is not integer
           poly_spec="(a + 2*b, a, a + b + c)",
           expect_error=(
             "Input shapes do not match the polymorphic shapes specification. "
             "Division had remainder 1 when computing the value of 'b'. "
             "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (2*b + a, a, c + b + a). "
             "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = 2 from specification 'a' for dimension args[0].shape[1] (= 2), . "
             "Please see https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/export/shape_poly.html#shape-assertion-errors for more details."
           )),
      dict(shape=(8, 2, 6),  # a = 2, b = 3 - inconsistency
           poly_spec="(a + 2*b, a, a + b)",
           expect_error=(
             "Input shapes do not match the polymorphic shapes specification. "
             "Found inconsistency between dimension size args[0].shape[0] (= 8) and the specification '2*b + a' (= 10). "
             "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (2*b + a, a, b + a). "
             "Obtained dimension variables: 'a' = 2 from specification 'a' for dimension args[0].shape[1] (= 2), "
             "'b' = 4 from specification 'b + a' for dimension args[0].shape[2] (= 6), . "
             "Please see https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/export/shape_poly.html#shape-assertion-errors for more details."
           )),
      dict(shape=(7, 2, 36),  # a = 2, b = 3, c = 6 - cannot solve c
           poly_spec="(2 * a + b, a, c * c)",
           expect_error=(
             "Cannot solve for values of dimension variables {'c'}. "
             "We can only solve linear uni-variate constraints. "
             "Using the following polymorphic shapes specifications: args[0].shape = (b + 2*a, a, c^2). "
             "Unprocessed specifications: 'c^2' for dimension size args[0].shape[2]. "
             "Please see https://jax.readthedocs.io/en/latest/export/shape_poly.html#dimension-variables-must-be-solvable-from-the-input-shapes for more details."
           )),
  ])
  def test_shape_constraints_errors(self, *,
      shape, poly_spec: str, expect_error: str | None = None):
    def f_jax(x):  # x: f32[a + 2*b, a, a + b + c]
      return 0.

    x = np.arange(math.prod(shape), dtype=np.float32).reshape(shape)
    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
      if expect_error is not None:
        stack.push(self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, re.escape(expect_error)))
      exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f_jax))(
          jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape(poly_spec), x.dtype))
      exp.call(x)

  def test_poly_booleans(self):
    # For booleans we use a special case ConvertOp to cast to and from
    # dynamic shapes arguments.
    @jax.jit
    def f_jax(x):  # x: bool[b]
      return jnp.logical_not(x)

    x = np.array([True, False, True, False], dtype=np.bool_)
    exp = get_exported(f_jax)(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("b"),
                                                   x.dtype))
    res = exp.call(x)
    self.assertAllClose(f_jax(x), res)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(dtype=dtype)
      for dtype in dtypes._jax_types if dtype != np.dtype("bool")
  ])
  def test_poly_numeric_dtypes(self, dtype=np.int32):
    if str(dtype) in {"float8_e4m3b11fnuz",
                      "float8_e4m3fnuz",
                      "float8_e5m2fnuz",
                      "int2",
                      "int4",
                      "uint2",
                      "uint4"}:
      self.skipTest(f"TODO: serialization not supported for {str(dtype)}")
    @jax.jit
    def f_jax(x):
      return x + x

    x = np.arange(6, dtype=dtype)
    exp = get_exported(f_jax)(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("b"),
                                                   x.dtype))
    res = exp.call(x)
    self.assertAllClose(f_jax(x), res)

  def test_poly_expressions(self):
    # Calling an Exported module whose output shape contains symbolic
    # expressions
    def output_shape(b):
      return (b + b, b - b, b * b,
              (b + 13) // b, (b + 13) % b,
              core.max_dim(b - 5, 0))
    @jax.jit
    def f(x):  # x: f32[b]
      b = x.shape[0]
      return jnp.ones(output_shape(b), dtype=x.dtype)
    x = np.arange(5, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = get_exported(f)(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("b"),
                                                x.dtype))
    # Call with static shapes
    res = exp.call(x)
    self.assertAllClose(res, f(x))

    # Now re-export with shape polymorphism
    x_spec = jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("a"), x.dtype)
    exp2 = get_exported(jax.jit(exp.call))(x_spec)
    a = exp2.in_avals[0].shape[0]
    self.assertEqual(exp2.out_avals[0].shape, output_shape(a))

  def test_with_donation(self):
    f = jax.jit(jnp.sin, donate_argnums=(0,))
    x = np.arange(3, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = export.export(f)(x)

    def caller(x):
      y = exp.call(x)
      return x + y
    res = jax.jit(caller)(x)
    self.assertAllClose(res, x + np.sin(x))

  def test_poly_call_pmap(self):
    if len(jax.devices()) < 2:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")
    def f(x):  # x: f32[a, 4]
      return x + jnp.arange(x.shape[0], dtype=x.dtype).reshape((x.shape[0], 1))

    a, = export.symbolic_shape("a")
    exp = export.export(jax.jit(f))(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct((a, 4), np.float32))
    f_exp = exp.call
    x_jit = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))
    res_jit = jax.jit(f_exp)(x_jit)
    self.assertAllClose(res_jit, f(x_jit))
    x_pmap = np.arange(24, dtype=np.float32).reshape((2, 3, 4))
    res_pmap = jax.pmap(f_exp)(x_pmap)
    self.assertAllClose(res_pmap, jnp.stack([f(x) for x in x_pmap]))

  def test_with_sharding(self):
    nr_devices = 2
    if len(jax.devices()) < nr_devices:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")
    export_devices = jax.devices()[0:nr_devices]
    export_mesh = Mesh(export_devices, axis_names=("x",))
    a = np.arange(16 * 4, dtype=np.float32).reshape((16, 4))
    @functools.partial(
        jax.jit,
        in_shardings=(jax.sharding.NamedSharding(export_mesh, P("x", None),),),
        out_shardings=jax.sharding.NamedSharding(export_mesh, P(None, "x")))
    def f_jax(b):  # b: f32[16 // DEVICES, 4]
      return b * 2.

    res_native = f_jax(a)
    exp = get_exported(f_jax)(a)

    self.assertEqual(exp.nr_devices, len(export_devices))
    run_devices = export_devices[::-1]  # We can use other devices
    run_mesh = Mesh(run_devices, "y")
    a_device = jax.device_put(a, jax.sharding.NamedSharding(run_mesh, P()))

    expected_re = re.compile(
      # The top-level input it replicated
      r"func.func .* @main\(%arg0: tensor<16x4xf32>.*mhlo.sharding = \"{replicated}\"}\).*"
      # We apply the in_shardings for f_jax
      r".*custom_call @Sharding\(%arg0\).*mhlo.sharding = \"{devices=\[2,1\]<=\[2\]}\"}.*"
      r"%1 = .*call @call_exported_f_jax.*"
      # We apply the out_shardings for f_jax
      r".*custom_call @Sharding\(%1\).*mhlo.sharding = \"{devices=\[1,2\]<=\[2\]}\"}.*",
      re.DOTALL)
    hlo = jax.jit(exp.call).lower(a_device).as_text()
    self.assertRegex(hlo, expected_re)

    res_exported = exp.call(a_device)
    self.assertAllClose(res_native, res_exported)

    # Test error reporting
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Function .* was exported for 2 devices and is called in a context with 1 device"):
      _ = exp.call(a)

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Function .* was exported for 2 devices and is called in a context with 1 device"):
      mesh1 = Mesh(jax.devices()[0:1], axis_names=("x",))
      _ = jax.jit(
        exp.call,
        in_shardings=(jax.sharding.NamedSharding(mesh1, P("x", None)),)
      )(a)

  def test_input_shardings_unused_args(self):
    nr_devices = 2
    if len(jax.devices()) < nr_devices:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")
    devices = jax.devices()[0:nr_devices]
    export_mesh = Mesh(np.array(devices),
                       axis_names=("x",))
    a = np.arange(16 * 4, dtype=np.float32).reshape((16, 4))

    f = jax.jit(lambda x, y: jnp.sin(x),
                in_shardings=(jax.sharding.NamedSharding(export_mesh, P("x", None),),
                              None),
                out_shardings=(jax.sharding.NamedSharding(export_mesh, P("x", None),)))
    exp = get_exported(f)(a, a)

    # We can use other devices and other meshes for running
    run_devices = devices[::-1]
    run_mesh = Mesh(run_devices, "a")
    run_input_shardings = exp.in_shardings_jax(run_mesh)
    a_run = jax.device_put(a, run_input_shardings[0])
    b_run = jax.device_put(a, run_input_shardings[1])
    res = exp.call(a_run, b_run)
    self.assertEqual(res.addressable_shards[0].device, run_devices[0])
    self.assertEqual(res.addressable_shards[1].device, run_devices[1])

  def test_export_abstract_mesh(self):
    if jax.local_device_count() < 2:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")

    abs_mesh = jax.sharding.AbstractMesh((("x", 2),))
    input_sharding = jax.sharding.NamedSharding(abs_mesh, P("x", None))
    output_sharding = jax.sharding.NamedSharding(abs_mesh, P(None, "x"))
    @jax.jit
    def f(a):
      b = a @ a.T
      return jax.lax.with_sharding_constraint(b, output_sharding)

    exp = get_exported(f)(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct((16, 16), dtype=np.float32,
                             sharding=input_sharding))
    # Call the Exported with a concrete Mesh
    devices = jax.local_devices()[:2]
    run_mesh = Mesh(devices, ("x",))
    a_sharding = jax.sharding.NamedSharding(run_mesh, P("x", None))
    a = jnp.arange(16 * 16, dtype=np.float32).reshape((16, 16))
    a = jax.device_put(a, a_sharding)

    res = exp.call(a)
    self.assertAllClose(res, f(a))
    self.assertLen(res.addressable_shards, 2)
    self.assertEqual(res.addressable_shards[0].index, (slice(None), slice(0, 8)))
    self.assertEqual(res.addressable_shards[1].index, (slice(None), slice(8, 16)))

  def test_call_single_device_export_with_different_no_of_devices(self):
    if jax.local_device_count() < 2:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")

    @jax.jit
    def f_without_shardings(x):
      return jnp.sum(x ** 2, axis=0)

    a = jnp.arange(jax.local_device_count() * 10, dtype=np.float32).reshape(
        (jax.local_device_count(), 10)
    )
    res_native = f_without_shardings(a)
    exp = get_exported(f_without_shardings)(a)
    self.assertEqual(exp.nr_devices, 1)

    run_devices = jax.local_devices()
    run_mesh = Mesh(run_devices, "i")
    b = jax.device_put(a, jax.sharding.NamedSharding(run_mesh, P("i")))

    res_exported = exp.call(b)
    self.assertAllClose(res_native, res_exported)

  def test_call_with_different_no_of_devices_error_has_in_shardings(self):
    if jax.local_device_count() < 2:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")

    mesh_1 = Mesh(jax.local_devices()[:1], "i")
    @functools.partial(pjit.pjit,
                       in_shardings=NamedSharding(mesh_1, P("i")))
    def f_with_sharding(x):
      return jnp.sum(x ** 2, axis=0)

    a = jnp.arange(jax.device_count() * 10, dtype=np.float32).reshape(
        (jax.device_count(), 10)
    )
    exp = get_exported(f_with_sharding)(a)
    self.assertEqual(exp.nr_devices, 1)

    run_devices = jax.local_devices()
    run_mesh = Mesh(run_devices, "i")
    b = jax.device_put(a, jax.sharding.NamedSharding(run_mesh, P("i")))

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Function .* was exported for 1 devices and is called in a "
        f"context with {jax.local_device_count()} devices.* function contains "
        "non-replicated sharding annotations"):
      exp.call(b)

  def test_call_with_different_no_of_devices_pmap(self):
    if len(jax.devices()) < 2:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")

    @jax.jit
    def f_jax(x):
      return jnp.sum(x ** 2, axis=0)

    a = jnp.arange(100, dtype=jnp.float32).reshape((1, 100))
    res_native = f_jax(a)
    exp = get_exported(f_jax)(a)
    self.assertEqual(exp.nr_devices, 1)

    b = jnp.arange(jax.device_count() * 100, dtype=jnp.float32).reshape(
        (-1, 1, 100)
    )
    res_exported = jax.pmap(exp.call)(b)
    self.assertAllClose(res_native, res_exported[0])

  def test_call_with_different_no_of_devices_error_has_sharding_constraint(self):
    if jax.device_count() < 2:
      self.skipTest("Need at least 2 devices")

    mesh_1 = Mesh(jax.local_devices()[:1], "i")
    @jax.jit
    def f_with_sharding(x):
      x = jax.lax.with_sharding_constraint(x, NamedSharding(mesh_1, P("i")))
      return jnp.sum(x ** 2, axis=0)

    a = jnp.arange(jax.device_count() * 10, dtype=np.float32).reshape(
        (jax.device_count(), 10)
    )
    exp = get_exported(f_with_sharding)(a)
    self.assertEqual(exp.nr_devices, 1)

    run_devices = jax.local_devices()
    run_mesh = Mesh(run_devices, "i")
    b = jax.device_put(a, jax.sharding.NamedSharding(run_mesh, P("i")))

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        ValueError,
        "Function .* was exported for 1 devices and is called in a "
        f"context with {jax.local_device_count()} devices.* function contains "
        "non-replicated sharding annotations"):
      exp.call(b)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(testcase_name=f"_poly={poly}", poly=poly)
      for poly in (None, "2*b1,_", "_,b2", "2*b1,b2")
    ])
  def test_shard_map_collective_permute(self, poly=None):
    if len(jax.devices()) < 2:
      self.skipTest("Test requires at least 2 local devices")
    devices = np.array(jax.devices()[:2])  # use 2 devices
    mesh = Mesh(devices, axis_names=("x",))
    a = np.arange(4 * 4, dtype=np.float32).reshape((4, 4))

    @functools.partial(
      pjit.pjit,
      in_shardings=NamedSharding(mesh, P("x", None),),
      out_shardings=NamedSharding(mesh, P("x", None)))
    @functools.partial(
        shard_map, mesh=mesh,
        in_specs=(P("x", None),), out_specs=P("x", None))
    def f_jax(b):  # b: f32[2, 4]
      axis_size = lax.psum(1, "x")
      perm = [(j, (j + 1) % axis_size) for j in range(axis_size)]
      return lax.ppermute(b, "x", perm=perm)

    args_specs = export.symbolic_args_specs((a,), poly)
    exp = get_exported(f_jax)(*args_specs)

    # Test JAX native execution
    res_jax = f_jax(a)
    b0, b1 = np.split(a, 2, axis=0)  # The shard_map splits on axis 0
    b0, b1 = b1, b0
    expected = np.concatenate([b0, b1], axis=0)  # out_specs concatenates on axis 0
    self.assertAllClose(res_jax, expected)
    self.assertLen(res_jax.addressable_shards, len(devices))

    # Test reloaded execution.
    f_r = exp.call
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        Exception,
        "Function .* was exported for 2 devices and is "
        "called in a context with 1 devices"):
      _ = f_r(a)  # A is all on the default device

    # Replicate the input so that the execution knows
    # that we are using multiple devices
    a_replicated = jax.device_put(a, NamedSharding(mesh, None))
    res_r = f_r(a_replicated)
    self.assertAllClose(res_r, expected)
    self.assertLen(res_r.addressable_shards, len(devices))
    for i in range(len(devices)):
      self.assertEqual(res_jax.addressable_shards[i].device,
                       res_r.addressable_shards[i].device)
      self.assertEqual(res_jax.addressable_shards[i].index,
                       res_r.addressable_shards[i].index)
      self.assertAllClose(res_jax.addressable_shards[i].data,
                          res_r.addressable_shards[i].data)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(in_shardings=in_shardings, out_shardings=out_shardings,
           with_mesh_context=with_mesh_context)
      for in_shardings in ("missing", None, "P")
      for out_shardings in ("missing", None, "P")
      for with_mesh_context in (True, False)
  ])
  def test_grad_with_sharding(self, in_shardings="P", out_shardings=None,
                              with_mesh_context=False):
    if len(jax.devices()) < 2:
      self.skipTest("Test requires at least 2 devices")
    x_shape = (10, 20)
    x = np.arange(np.prod(x_shape), dtype=np.float32).reshape(x_shape)
    # The input has shape f32[10,20] and output f32[20,10] in order to
    # distinguish them in the HLO.
    def f_jax(x):  # x: f32[10,20] -> f32[20,10]
      return jnp.sin(x.T)

    mesh = Mesh(jax.devices()[:2], "d")
    pjit_kwargs = {}
    # Use NamedShardings if we don't have a mesh_context
    if with_mesh_context:
      sharding_None_d = P(None, "d")
      sharding_d_None = P("d", None)
    else:
      sharding_None_d = NamedSharding(mesh, P(None, "d"))
      sharding_d_None = NamedSharding(mesh, P("d", None))

    if in_shardings != "missing":
      pjit_kwargs["in_shardings"] = (
        sharding_None_d if in_shardings == "P" else None)
    if out_shardings != "missing":
      pjit_kwargs["out_shardings"] = (
        sharding_d_None if out_shardings == "P" else None)
    f_jax_pjit = pjit.pjit(f_jax, **pjit_kwargs)

    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
      if with_mesh_context:
        stack.enter_context(mesh)
      # Serialize higher-order gradiends
      exp = get_exported(f_jax_pjit, vjp_order=2)(x)
      exp_vjp = exp.vjp()
      # Try 2nd order grad as well
      exp_vjp2 = exp_vjp.vjp()

    vjp_module_str = str(exp_vjp.mlir_module())

    # The MHLO attributes of the args and the result of the main function
    # Arg0 are the primal inputs, arg1 are the output cotangent, res is the input cotangent
    arg0_attrs, arg1_attrs, res_attrs = re.search(
        r"func.func public @main\(%arg0: tensor<10x20xf32> (.*)"
        r", %arg1: tensor<20x10xf32> (.*)"
        r"\) -> \(tensor<10x20xf32> (.*)",  # the result
        vjp_module_str).groups()

    if in_shardings == "P":
      self.assertRegex(arg0_attrs, re.escape("{devices=[1,2]<=[2]}"))
      self.assertRegex(res_attrs, re.escape("{devices=[1,2]<=[2]}"))
      primal_in_sharding = "{devices=[1,2]<=[2]}"
    else:
      primal_in_sharding = "{replicated}"
      if with_mesh_context:
        self.assertRegex(arg0_attrs, re.escape("replicated"))
        self.assertRegex(res_attrs, re.escape("replicated"))
      else:
        # If there is no mesh context, we have used NamedSharding(None)
        # and then the sharding is unspecified!
        self.assertNotIn("mhlo.sharding", arg0_attrs)
        self.assertNotIn("mhlo.sharding", res_attrs)

    if out_shardings == "P":
      self.assertRegex(arg1_attrs, re.escape("{devices=[2,1]<=[2]}"))
      primal_out_sharding = "{devices=[2,1]<=[2]}"
    else:
      primal_out_sharding = "{replicated}"
      if with_mesh_context:
        self.assertRegex(arg1_attrs, re.escape("replicated"))
      else:
        self.assertNotIn("mhlo.sharding", arg1_attrs)

    # Sharding custom calls for the primal input shape all match primal_in_sharding
    primal_in_sharding_calls = re.findall(
      r"custom_call @Sharding.*mhlo.sharding = \"(.+)\".*:.*tensor<10x20xf32>",
      vjp_module_str)
    self.assertTrue(
      all(s == primal_in_sharding for s in primal_in_sharding_calls),
      primal_in_sharding_calls
    )

    # Custom calls for the primal output shape all match primal_out_sharding
    primal_out_sharding_calls = re.findall(
      r"custom_call @Sharding.*mhlo.sharding = \"(.+)\".*:.*tensor<20x10xf32>",
      vjp_module_str)
    self.assertTrue(
      all(s == primal_out_sharding for s in primal_out_sharding_calls),
      primal_out_sharding_calls
    )

    # Call the exported gradient functions. In order to set the device context
    # we replicate the inputs. If we don't use a mesh context and there are
    # no shardings on inputs or outputs, then we have serialized for one
    # device.
    if in_shardings != "P" and out_shardings != "P" and not with_mesh_context:
      self.assertEqual(exp_vjp.nr_devices, 1)
      self.assertEqual(exp_vjp2.nr_devices, 1)
      call_mesh = Mesh(jax.devices()[:1], "e")
    else:
      self.assertEqual(exp_vjp.nr_devices, 2)
      self.assertEqual(exp_vjp2.nr_devices, 2)
      call_mesh = Mesh(jax.devices()[:2], "e")

    g1 = pjit.pjit(exp_vjp.call,
                   in_shardings=(NamedSharding(call_mesh, None),
                                 NamedSharding(call_mesh, None)))(x, x.T)
    _, f_jax_vjp = jax.vjp(f_jax, x)
    xbar = f_jax_vjp(x.T)
    self.assertAllClose(xbar, g1)

    g2 = pjit.pjit(exp_vjp2.call,
                   in_shardings=(NamedSharding(call_mesh, None),
                                 NamedSharding(call_mesh, None),
                                 NamedSharding(call_mesh, None)))(x, x.T, x)
    _, f_jax_vjp2 = jax.vjp(f_jax_vjp, x.T)
    xbar2, = f_jax_vjp2((x,))
    self.assertAllClose(xbar2, g2[1])

  def test_grad_sharding_different_mesh(self):
    # Export and serialize with two similar meshes, the only difference being
    # the order of the devices. grad and serialization should not fail.
    # https://github.com/jax-ml/jax/issues/21314
    def f(x):
      return jnp.sum(x * 2.)

    mesh = Mesh(jax.local_devices(), "i")
    mesh_rev = Mesh(list(reversed(jax.local_devices())), "i")
    shardings = NamedSharding(mesh, jax.sharding.PartitionSpec(("i",)))
    shardings_rev = NamedSharding(mesh_rev, jax.sharding.PartitionSpec(("i",)))
    input_no_shards = jnp.ones(shape=(jax.local_device_count(),))
    input = jnp.ones(shape=(jax.local_device_count(),), device=shardings)
    input_rev = jax.device_put(input_no_shards, device=shardings_rev)

    exp = export.export(pjit.pjit(f, in_shardings=shardings))(input)
    exp_rev = export.export(pjit.pjit(f, in_shardings=shardings_rev))(input_no_shards)

    if CAN_SERIALIZE:
      _ = exp.serialize(vjp_order=1)
      _ = exp_rev.serialize(vjp_order=1)

    g = jax.grad(exp_rev.call)(input_rev)
    g_rev = jax.grad(exp.call)(input)
    self.assertAllClose(g, g_rev)

  def test_multi_platform(self):
    x = np.arange(8, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(_testing_multi_platform_func),
                       platforms=("tpu", "cpu", "cuda", "rocm"))(x)
    self.assertEqual(exp.platforms, ("tpu", "cpu", "cuda", "rocm"))
    module_str = str(exp.mlir_module())
    expected_main_re = (
      r"@main\("
      r"%arg0: tensor<i..>.*jax.global_constant = \"_platform_index\".*, "
      r"%arg1: tensor<8xf32>.*->")
    self.assertRegex(module_str, expected_main_re)

    self.assertIn("jax.uses_shape_polymorphism = true",
                  module_str)

    # Call with argument placed on different plaforms
    for platform in self.__class__.platforms:
      x_device = jax.device_put(x, jax.devices(platform)[0])
      res_exp = exp.call(x_device)
      self.assertAllClose(
        res_exp,
        _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(x, platform=platform))

  def test_multi_platform_nested(self):
    x = np.arange(5, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(lambda x: _testing_multi_platform_func(jnp.sin(x))),
                       platforms=("cpu", "tpu", "cuda", "rocm"))(x)
    self.assertEqual(exp.platforms, ("cpu", "tpu", "cuda", "rocm"))

    # Now serialize the call to the exported using a different sequence of
    # lowering platforms, but included in the lowering platforms for the
    # nested exported.
    exp2 = get_exported(jax.jit(exp.call),
                        platforms=("cpu", "cuda", "rocm"))(x)

    # Ensure that we do not have multiple lowerings of the exported function
    exp2_module_str = str(exp2.mlir_module())
    count_sine = len(re.findall("stablehlo.sine", exp2_module_str))
    self.assertEqual(1, count_sine)

    # Call with argument placed on different plaforms
    for platform in self.__class__.platforms:
      if platform == "tpu": continue
      x_device = jax.device_put(x, jax.devices(platform)[0])
      res_exp = exp2.call(x_device)
      self.assertAllClose(
        res_exp,
        _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(np.sin(x), platform=platform))

  def test_multi_platform_nested_inside_single_platform_export(self):
    x = np.arange(5, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(_testing_multi_platform_func),
                       platforms=("cpu", "tpu", "cuda", "rocm"))(x)
    self.assertEqual(exp.platforms, ("cpu", "tpu", "cuda", "rocm"))

    # Now serialize the call for the current platform.
    exp2 = get_exported(jax.jit(exp.call))(x)
    module_str = str(exp2.mlir_module())
    self.assertIn("jax.uses_shape_polymorphism = true",
                  module_str)
    res2 = exp2.call(x)
    self.assertAllClose(res2, _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(x))

  def test_multi_platform_mlir_lower_fun_with_platform_specific_primitives(self):
    # A primitive with multiple lowering rules, which themselves involve
    # tracing primitives with per-platform rules, using mlir.lower_fun.
    # This situation arises for Pallas lowering.
    def times_n_lowering(n: int, ctx: mlir.LoweringRuleContext,
                         x: mlir.ir.Value) -> Sequence[mlir.ir.Value]:
      # Lowering n * x
      res = x
      for i in range(n - 1):
        res = mlir.hlo.AddOp(res, x)
      return res.results

    times_2 = core.Primitive("__testing_times_2")  # x2 for cpu
    times_2.def_abstract_eval(lambda x: x)
    # Define lowering rules only for the relevant platforms, ensure there
    # is no error about missing lowering rules
    mlir.register_lowering(times_2, functools.partial(times_n_lowering, 2),
                           "cpu")

    times_3 = core.Primitive("__testing_times_3")  # x3 for cuda and rocm
    times_3.def_abstract_eval(lambda x: x)

    mlir.register_lowering(times_3, functools.partial(times_n_lowering, 3),
                           "rocm")
    mlir.register_lowering(times_3, functools.partial(times_n_lowering, 3),
                           "cuda")

    times_4 = core.Primitive("__testing_times_4")  # x4 for tpu
    times_4.def_abstract_eval(lambda x: x)
    mlir.register_lowering(times_4, functools.partial(times_n_lowering, 4),
                           "tpu")

    times_2_or_3 = core.Primitive("__testing_times_2_or_3")  # x2 for cpu, x3 for cuda and rocm
    times_2_or_3.def_abstract_eval(lambda x: x)
    mlir.register_lowering(times_2_or_3,
                           mlir.lower_fun(times_2.bind,
                                          multiple_results=False), "cpu")

    mlir.register_lowering(times_2_or_3,
                           mlir.lower_fun(times_3.bind,
                                          multiple_results=False), "rocm")
    mlir.register_lowering(times_2_or_3,
                           mlir.lower_fun(times_3.bind,
                                          multiple_results=False), "cuda")

    times_2_or_3_or_4 = core.Primitive("__testing_times_2_or_3_or_4")  # x2 for cpu, x3 for cuda and rocm, x4 for tpu
    times_2_or_3_or_4.def_abstract_eval(lambda x: x)
    times_2_or_3_or_4_lowering_cpu_gpu = mlir.lower_fun(times_2_or_3.bind,
                                                         multiple_results=False)

    for platform in ["cpu", "cuda", "rocm"]:
      mlir.register_lowering(times_2_or_3_or_4,
                             times_2_or_3_or_4_lowering_cpu_gpu,
                             platform)
    mlir.register_lowering(times_2_or_3_or_4, mlir.lower_fun(times_4.bind,
                                                             multiple_results=False),
                           "tpu")

    @jax.jit
    def f(x):
      return times_2_or_3_or_4.bind(x)
    x = np.float32(42.)
    exp = export.export(f, platforms=["cpu", "cuda", "rocm", "tpu"])(x)
    expected = x * np.float32(dict(cpu=2, gpu=3, tpu=4)[jtu.device_under_test()])
    self.assertAllClose(exp.call(x), expected)

  def test_multi_platform_unknown_platform(self):
    x = np.arange(8, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(jnp.sin),
                       platforms=("tpu", "cpu", "cuda", "other"))(x)
    self.assertEqual(exp.platforms, ("tpu", "cpu", "cuda", "other"))


  def test_multi_platform_with_donation(self):
    f = jax.jit(jnp.sin, donate_argnums=(0,))
    x = np.arange(3, dtype=np.float32)
    exp = export.export(f, platforms=["cpu", "tpu"])(x)
    if jtu.device_under_test() not in ["cpu", "tpu"]:
      self.skipTest("other platform")

    def caller(x):
      y = exp.call(x)
      return x + y
    res = jax.jit(caller)(x)
    self.assertAllClose(res, x + np.sin(x))

    with self.assertRaisesRegex(
        NotImplementedError,
        "In multi-platform lowering either all or no lowering platforms should support donation"):
      export.export(f, platforms=["cpu", "tpu", "other"])(x)

  def test_multi_platform_and_poly(self):
    if jtu.test_device_matches(["gpu"]):
      # The export is not applicable to GPU
      raise unittest.SkipTest("Not intended for running on GPU")
    exp = get_exported(jax.jit(lambda x: jnp.reshape(_testing_multi_platform_func(x), (-1,))),
                       platforms=("cpu", "tpu"))(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("b1, b2"), np.float32)
    )
    x = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))
    res = exp.call(x)
    self.assertAllClose(res, _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(x).reshape((-1,)))
    # Now serialize the call to the exported
    exp2 = get_exported(jax.jit(exp.call))(x)
    res2 = exp2.call(x)
    self.assertAllClose(res2, _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(x).reshape((-1,)))

  def test_multi_platform_and_sharding(self):
    export_devices = jax.devices()[0:2]
    export_mesh = Mesh(export_devices, axis_names=("x",))
    a = np.arange(16 * 4, dtype=np.float32).reshape((16, 4))
    @functools.partial(
        jax.jit,
        in_shardings=(jax.sharding.NamedSharding(export_mesh, P("x", None),),),
        out_shardings=jax.sharding.NamedSharding(export_mesh, P(None, "x")))
    def f_jax(b):  # b: f32[16 // DEVICES, 4]
      return b * 2.

    res_native = f_jax(a)
    exp = get_exported(f_jax, platforms=("cpu", "tpu", "cuda", "rocm"))(a)

    # Call with argument placed on different plaforms
    for platform in self.__class__.platforms:
      run_devices = jax.devices(platform)[0:len(export_devices)]
      if len(run_devices) != len(export_devices):
        continue
      run_mesh = Mesh(run_devices, ("x",))
      a_device = jax.device_put(a, jax.sharding.NamedSharding(run_mesh, None))
      res_exp = exp.call(a_device)
      self.assertArraysAllClose(res_native, res_exp)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(v=v)
      for v in range(export.minimum_supported_calling_convention_version,
                     export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version + 1)])
  def test_ordered_effects_basic(self, *, v: int):
    with config.jax_export_calling_convention_version(v):
      logging.info(
          "Using JAX serialization version %s",
          config.jax_export_calling_convention_version.value)
      x = np.arange(3, dtype=np.float32)
      def f_jax(x):  # x: f32[3]
        # Test also the calling convention for inner functions
        def f_jax_inner(x):
          return (
            testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(x, effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect2") +
            testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(x, effect_class_name="ForTestingUnorderedEffect1"))
        return (
          10. +
          jax.jit(f_jax_inner)(x) +
          testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(x, effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect1") +
          testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(x, effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect2")
        )

      exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f_jax))(x)
      self.assertEqual(["ForTestingOrderedEffect1()", "ForTestingOrderedEffect2()"],
                      sorted(str(e) for e in exp.ordered_effects))
      self.assertEqual(["ForTestingUnorderedEffect1()"],
                      [str(e) for e in exp.unordered_effects])
      mlir_module_str = str(exp.mlir_module())

      # Inner functions use stablehlo.token for all versions
      inner_fun_expected_re = (
        r"func.func private @f_jax_inner\("
        r"%arg0: !stablehlo.token .*jax.token = true.*"
        r"%arg1: tensor<3xf32>.*->.*"
        # Results
        r"!stablehlo.token .*jax.token = true.*"
        r"tensor<3xf32>"
      )
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, inner_fun_expected_re)

      # The wrapped_main function takens tokens after version 9, and takes
      # i1[0] before version 9.
      wrapped_main_expected_re = (
        r"@_wrapped_jax_export_main\("
        r"%arg0: !stablehlo.token .*jax.token = true.*"
        r"%arg1: !stablehlo.token .*jax.token = true.*->.*"
        # Results
        r"!stablehlo.token .*jax.token = true.*"
        r"!stablehlo.token .*jax.token = true.*")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, wrapped_main_expected_re)

      # The main function takes tokens and has the same type as the wrapped main
      main_expected_re = wrapped_main_expected_re.replace("@_wrapped_jax_export_main", "@main")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, main_expected_re)

      # Now call the exported from a function that uses its own effects
      def f_outer(x):
        return (
          testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(
            x, effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect2") +
          testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(
            x, effect_class_name="ForTestingUnorderedEffect1") +
          exp.call(x))

      lowered_outer = jax.jit(f_outer).lower(x)
      self.assertEqual(["ForTestingOrderedEffect1()", "ForTestingOrderedEffect2()"],
                      sorted(str(e) for e in lowered_outer._lowering.compile_args["ordered_effects"]))
      self.assertEqual(["ForTestingUnorderedEffect1()"],
                      sorted([str(e) for e in lowered_outer._lowering.compile_args["unordered_effects"]]))

      mlir_outer_module_str = str(lowered_outer.compiler_ir())
      self.assertRegex(mlir_outer_module_str, main_expected_re)

      res = jax.jit(f_outer)(x)
      self.assertAllClose(2. * 2. * x + 10. + 4. * 2. * x, res)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
      kwargs=[
          dict(v=v)
          for v in range(export.minimum_supported_calling_convention_version,
                         export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version + 1)])
  def test_ordered_effects_poly(self, *, v: int):
    with config.jax_export_calling_convention_version(v):
      logging.info(
          "Using JAX serialization version %s",
          config.jax_export_calling_convention_version.value)
      x = np.arange(12, dtype=np.float32).reshape((3, 4))
      def f_jax(x):  # x: f32[b1, b2]
        return 10. + testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(x, effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect1")
      exp = get_exported(jax.jit(f_jax))(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(
          export.symbolic_shape("b2, b1"), x.dtype))
      mlir_module_str = str(exp.mlir_module())
      wrapped_main_expected_re = (
        r"@_wrapped_jax_export_main\("
        r"%arg0: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"b1\".* "
        r"%arg1: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"b2\".* "
        r"%arg2: !stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.* "
        r"%arg3: tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\) -> \("
        # Results
        r"!stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\)")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, wrapped_main_expected_re)

      main_expected_re = (
        r"@main\("
        r"%arg0: !stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, "
        r"%arg1: tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\) -> \("
        # Results
        r"!stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\)")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, main_expected_re)

      res = exp.call(x)
      self.assertAllClose(10. + 2. * x, res)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(v=v)
      for v in range(export.minimum_supported_calling_convention_version,
                     export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version + 1)])
  def test_ordered_effects_multi_platform_and_poly(self, *, v: int):
    with config.jax_export_calling_convention_version(v):
      logging.info(
          "Using JAX serialization version %s",
          config.jax_export_calling_convention_version.value)
      if jtu.device_under_test() == "gpu":
        # The export is not applicable to GPU
        raise unittest.SkipTest("Not intended for running on GPU")
      x = np.ones((3, 4), dtype=np.float32)
      def f_jax(x):  # x: f32[b1, b2]
        return 10. + _testing_multi_platform_func(x,
                                                  effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect1")
      exp = get_exported(
          jax.jit(f_jax),
          platforms=("cpu", "tpu")
          )(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(export.symbolic_shape("b1, b2"), x.dtype))
      mlir_module_str = str(exp.mlir_module())
      wrapped_main_expected_re = (
        r"@_wrapped_jax_export_main\("
        r"%arg0: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"_platform_index\".*, "
        r"%arg1: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"b1\".*, "
        r"%arg2: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"b2\".*, "
        r"%arg3: !stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, "
        r"%arg4: tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\) -> \("
        # Results
        r"!stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\)")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, wrapped_main_expected_re)

      main_expected_re = (
        r"@main\("
        r"%arg0: tensor<i..> {jax.global_constant = \"_platform_index\".*, "
        r"%arg1: !stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, "
        r"%arg2: tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\) -> \("
        # Results
        r"!stablehlo.token {jax.token = true.*, tensor<\?x\?xf32>.*\)")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, main_expected_re)
      res = exp.call(x)
      self.assertAllClose(10. + _testing_multi_platform_fun_expected(x),
                          res)

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(v=v)
      for v in range(export.minimum_supported_calling_convention_version,
                     export.maximum_supported_calling_convention_version + 1)])
  def test_ordered_effects_with_donation(self, *, v: int):
    with config.jax_export_calling_convention_version(v):
      logging.info(
          "Using JAX serialization version %s",
          config.jax_export_calling_convention_version.value)

      x = np.arange(3, dtype=np.float32)

      def f_jax(x):
        return testing_primitive_with_effect_p.bind(
            x, effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect1"
        )

      f_jax = jax.jit(f_jax, donate_argnums=(0,))
      exp = export.export(f_jax)(x)
      mlir_module_str = str(exp.mlir_module())
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, r"@main.*tf.aliasing_output = 1")
      self.assertRegex(mlir_module_str, r"@_wrapped_jax_export_main.*tf.aliasing_output = 1")

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
      dict(name=name, expect_error=expect_error)
      # name is the suffix for event name: ForTestingOrderedEffectxxx
      for name, expect_error in (
        ("4NoNullary", "must have a nullary constructor"),
        ("5NoEq", "must have a nullary class constructor that produces an "
                  "equal effect object"),
      )
    ])
  def test_ordered_effects_error(self, *, name: str, expect_error: str):
    if not CAN_SERIALIZE:
      # These errors arise during serialization
      self.skipTest("serialization is disabled")
    x = np.ones((3, 4), dtype=np.float32)
    def f_jax(x):
      return 10. + _testing_multi_platform_func(
        x,
        effect_class_name="ForTestingOrderedEffect" + name)
    with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, expect_error):
      _ = get_exported(jax.jit(f_jax))(jax.ShapeDtypeStruct((3, 4), x.dtype))

  @jtu.parameterized_filterable(
    kwargs=[
        {"m": 5, "k": 4, "n": 3, "group_sizes": [5]},
        {"m": 10, "k": 9, "n": 8, "group_sizes": [3, 7]},
    ])
  def test_ragged_dot(self, m, k, n, group_sizes):
    def f_jax(x, y, gs):
      return jax.lax.ragged_dot(x, y, gs)
    dtype = np.float32
    group_sizes = np.array(group_sizes, dtype=np.int32)
    lhs = np.arange(m * k, dtype=dtype).reshape((m, k))
    num_groups = group_sizes.shape[0]
    rhs = np.arange(num_groups * k * n, dtype=dtype).reshape((num_groups, k, n))
    res_native = f_jax(lhs, rhs, group_sizes)

    exp_f = get_exported(jax.jit(f_jax))(
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(lhs.shape, dtype=lhs.dtype),
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(rhs.shape, dtype=rhs.dtype),
        jax.ShapeDtypeStruct(group_sizes.shape, dtype=group_sizes.dtype),
    )
    res_exported = exp_f.call(lhs, rhs, group_sizes)
    self.assertAllClose(res_native, res_exported)


if __name__ == "__main__":
  absltest.main(testLoader=jtu.JaxTestLoader())