掘金:浅析iOS的浅复制与深复制 图床已销毁,查看掘金即可
最近同事问我一个问题:原数组A,进行复制得到数组B,改变数组B的Person元素对象,不影响数组A的Person元素对象,如何操作? 第一感觉是进行深复制,同样数组里面的元素对象也要进行深复制,于是就找到相关的API:
- (instancetype)initWithArray:(NSArray<ObjectType> *)array copyItems:(BOOL)flag;
然后同事跟我说还有其他方法吗?要不分享一下iOS的复制吧?然后就有了这篇文章。文章如有错误欢迎指出更正,小弟虚心受教,也怕误人子弟。
定义:在面向对象编程中,对象复制是创建一个现有对象的副本,即面向对象编程中的一个数据单元。生成的对象称为对象副本或者仅仅是原始对象的副本。
意义:为了操作对象副本数据时不影响原对象数据
NSString、NSMutableString、NSArray、NSMutableArray、NSDictionary、NSMutableDictionary…
不难发现在API中这些类需要遵循<NSCopying, NSMutableCopying>
。至于为什么要遵循这两个协议,协议中需要实现哪些方法后面涉及,这里不做阐释。但是至少可以总结出想要类支持复制功能,就要遵循<NSCopying, NSMutableCopying>
以及实现对应方法。
复制主要分为浅复制和深复制。
- 浅复制:拷贝指向对象的指针,而不是对象本身。
- 深复制:拷贝对象内容指向另外一块内存。
举个例子:
NSString *immutableStr = @"不可变字符串";
NSString *immutableStrCopy = [immutableStr copy];
NSString *immutableStrMutableCopy = [immutableStr mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableStr, immutableStr); // name--0x100001040
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableStrCopy, immutableStrCopy); // name--0x100001040
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableStrMutableCopy, immutableStrMutableCopy); // name--0x10075b320
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSMutableString *mutableStr = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"可变字符串"];
NSMutableString *mutableStrCopy = [mutableStr copy];
NSMutableString *mutableStrMutableCopy = [mutableStr mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableStr, mutableStr); // string--0x604000249a50
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableStrCopy, mutableStrCopy); // string--0xa00676e697274736
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableStrMutableCopy, mutableStrMutableCopy); // string--0x604000249720
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSArray *immutableArray = @[@"1", @"2"];
NSArray *immutableArrayCopy = [immutableArray copy];
NSArray *immutableArrayMutableCopy = [immutableArray mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArray, immutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000003a200
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayCopy, immutableArrayCopy); // 1,2--0x60000003a200
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayMutableCopy, immutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x600000449de0
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:@[@"1", @"2"]];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayCopy = [mutableArray copy];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayMutableCopy = [mutableArray mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArray, mutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000005c9e0
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayCopy, mutableArrayCopy); // 1,2--0x60000003a340
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayMutableCopy, mutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x60000005ca40
总结:
- 不可变对象:进行copy得到的是浅复制,进行mutableCopy得到的是深复制。
- 可变对象:无论进行copy还是mutableCopy都是深复制。
类型 | copy | mutableCopy |
---|---|---|
NSString | 浅复制 | 深复制 |
NSMutableString | 深复制 | 深复制 |
NSArray | 浅复制 | 深复制 |
NSMutableArray | 深复制 | 深复制 |
... | ... | ... |
断点调试发现不是,比如:immutableStrMutableCopy声明的是不可变类型NSString,NSString类型是不可以对字符串进行增删操作的,然而NSMutableString类型却可以。因为iOS是动态语言,运行时才断定是什么类型,显然immutableStrMutableCopy实际是NSMutableString,可以对它进行追加字符串,例如:
[(NSMutableString *)immutableStrMutableCopy appendString:@"追加字符"];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableStrMutableCopy, immutableStrMutableCopy); // string追加字符--0x10075b320
相反mutableStrCopy声明的是NSMutableString类型,实际是NSString类型,如果对mutableStrCopy进行增删操作,必然crash。
[mutableStrCopy appendString:@"will crash"];
Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[NSTaggedPointerString appendString:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0xa00676e697274736' mutableStrCopy对象没有appendString:这个方法。
以此类推,同样对于数组来说:
显然根据断点信息: immutableArrayMutableCopy是NSMutableArray,可以添加新对象
[(NSMutableArray *)immutableArrayMutableCopy addObject:@"3"];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayMutableCopy, immutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2,3--0x600000449de0
mutableArrayCopy是NSArray,添加新的对象会crash
// crash
[mutableArrayCopy addObject:@"3"];
Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSInvalidArgumentException', reason: '-[__NSArrayI addObject:]: unrecognized selector sent to instance 0x600000430600'
总结:
- 不可变对象进行mutableCopy得到的是可变对象.
- 可变对象进行copy得到的是不可变对象。
NSArray *immutableArray = @[@"1", @"2"];
NSArray *immutableArrayCopy = [immutableArray copy];
NSArray *immutableArrayMutableCopy = [immutableArray mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArray, immutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000003a200
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayCopy, immutableArrayCopy); // 1,2--0x60000003a200
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayMutableCopy, immutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x600000449de0
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArray firstObject], [immutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArrayCopy firstObject], [immutableArrayCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:@[@"1", @"2"]];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayCopy = [mutableArray copy];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayMutableCopy = [mutableArray mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArray, mutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000005c9e0
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayCopy, mutableArrayCopy); // 1,2--0x60000003a340
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayMutableCopy, mutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x60000005ca40
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArray firstObject], [mutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArrayCopy firstObject], [mutableArrayCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
从上面的代码筛选出深复制
的例子:
NSArray *immutableArray = @[@"1", @"2"];
NSArray *immutableArrayMutableCopy = [immutableArray mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArray, immutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000003a200
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayMutableCopy, immutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x600000449de0
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArray firstObject], [immutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:@[@"1", @"2"]];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayMutableCopy = [mutableArray mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArray, mutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000005c9e0
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayMutableCopy, mutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x60000005ca40
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArray firstObject], [mutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
发现深复制只作用于数组对象这层,而数组对象里面存放的元素并没有复制。引用官方文档里面的一句话:
“This kind of copy is only capable of producing a one-level-deep copy. If you only need a one-level-deep copy... If you need a true deep copy, such as when you have an array of arrays…” 理解为这只是单层深复制(one-level-deep copy)
那么现在区分一下概念:
- 浅复制(shallow copy):在浅复制操作时,对于被复制对象指针复制。
- 深复制(one-level-deep copy):在深复制操作时,对于被复制对象,至少有一层是深复制。
- 完全复制(real-deep copy):在完全复制操作时,对于被复制对象的每一层都是对象复制。
根据上图(来自官网)举例例子场景说明:
- 单层深复制:数组A,进行深复制得到数组B,当修改数组B里面的对象时,数组A里面的对象也会跟着变。
- 完全复制:数组A,进行深复制得到数组B,当修改数组B里面的对象时,数组A里面的对象不会跟着变。
那么对于集合怎样才算是完全复制呢?
NSArray *immutableArray = @[@"1", @"2"];
NSArray *immutableArrayMutableCopy = [immutableArray mutableCopy];
// 归档深复制
NSArray *archiverDeepCopyArray = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:[NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:immutableArray]];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArray, immutableArray); // 1,2--0x604000430900
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayMutableCopy, immutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x604000255300
NSLog(@"%@--%p", archiverDeepCopyArray, archiverDeepCopyArray); // 1,2--0x604000430840
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArray firstObject], [immutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [archiverDeepCopyArray firstObject], [archiverDeepCopyArray firstObject]); // 1--0xa000000000000311
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:@[@"1", @"2"]];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayMutableCopy = [mutableArray mutableCopy];
// 归档深复制
NSArray *archiverDeepCopyArray1 = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:[NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:mutableArray]];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArray, mutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000005c9e0
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayMutableCopy, mutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x60000005ca40
NSLog(@"%@--%p", archiverDeepCopyArray1, archiverDeepCopyArray1); // 1,2--0x600000253a10
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArray firstObject], [mutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [archiverDeepCopyArray1 firstObject], [archiverDeepCopyArray1 firstObject]); // 1--0xa000000000000311
通过上述例子使用归档方式可以达到完全复制。
NSArray *immutableArray = @[@"1", @"2"];
NSArray *immutableArrayMutableCopy = [immutableArray mutableCopy];
// 深复制
// copyItems参数表示:是否里面的元素也进行复制, NO表示浅复制, YES表示深复制
NSArray *copyItemsDeepCopyArray = [[NSArray alloc] initWithArray:immutableArray copyItems:YES];
NSArray *copyItemsDeepCopyArray2 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:immutableArray copyItems:YES];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArray, immutableArray); // 1,2--0x604000430900
NSLog(@"%@--%p", immutableArrayMutableCopy, immutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x604000255300
NSLog(@"%@--%p", copyItemsDeepCopyArray, copyItemsDeepCopyArray); // 1,2--0x604000430840
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArray firstObject], [immutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [immutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10d448078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [copyItemsDeepCopyArray firstObject], [copyItemsDeepCopyArray firstObject]); // 1--0xa000000000000311
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSMutableArray *mutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:@[@"1", @"2"]];
NSMutableArray *mutableArrayMutableCopy = [mutableArray mutableCopy];
// 深复制
NSArray *copyItemsDeepCopyArray1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:mutableArray copyItems:YES];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArray, mutableArray); // 1,2--0x60000005c9e0
NSLog(@"%@--%p", mutableArrayMutableCopy, mutableArrayMutableCopy); // 1,2--0x60000005ca40
NSLog(@"%@--%p", copyItemsDeepCopyArray1, copyItemsDeepCopyArray1); // 1,2--0x60000025c890
NSLog(@"------------------------");
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArray firstObject], [mutableArray firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject], [mutableArrayMutableCopy firstObject]); // 1--0x10f1f3078
NSLog(@"%@--%p", [copyItemsDeepCopyArray1 firstObject], [copyItemsDeepCopyArray1 firstObject]); // 1--0xa000000000000311
使用上述两种方式均可达到完全复制的效果。
有四个注意点:
- 使用归档方式:归档的对象必须遵循NSCoding协议并实现协议方法。
- 使用归档方式:使用NSKeyedArchiver归档的对象是什么类型,那么NSKeyedUnarchiver解档出来的对象就是什么类型 比如归档的是NSArray类型,解档得到的类型也是NSArray: NSArray *archiverDeepCopyArray = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:[NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:immutableArray]];
- 使用实例化方法:如果copyItems为YES,那么数组的元素对象必须遵循NSCopying协议并实现协议方法,否则crash
- 使用实例化方法:使用什么类型进行初始化的,得到的就是什么类型的对象。 比如使用NSMutableArray进行初始化,那么copyItemsDeepCopyArray1就是NSMutableArray类型,而不是NSArray类型: NSArray *copyItemsDeepCopyArray1 = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithArray:mutableArray copyItems:YES];
上面提及到只要遵循<NSCopying, NSMutableCopying>
以及实现协议方法就可以实现复制操作,那先看看这两个协议有什么协议方法:
@protocol NSCopying
- (id)copyWithZone:(nullable NSZone *)zone;
@end
@protocol NSMutableCopying
- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(nullable NSZone *)zone;
@end
自定义Person类实现浅复制&深复制
// Person.h
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
@end
// Person.m
// 深复制
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
//创建新的对象空间
Person *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
p.name = self.name;
p.age = self.age;
return p;
}
// 浅复制(伪复制)
//- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
// // 返回对象本身
// return self;
//}
// 深复制
- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
//创建新的对象空间
Person *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
//为每个属性创建新的空间,并将内容复制
p.name = self.name;
p.age = self.age;
return p;
}
测试:
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
person.name = @"daisuke";
person.age = 26;
Person *personCopy = [person copy];
Person *personMutableCopy = [person mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", person, person.name); // <Person: 0x6040000275e0>--0x100349088
NSLog(@"%@--%p", personCopy, personCopy.name); // <Person: 0x604000222340>--0x100349088
NSLog(@"%@--%p", personMutableCopy, personMutableCopy.name); // <Person: 0x604000222b80>--0x100349088
从打印结果的出都实现了深复制操作。但是一般来说自定义对象不需要实现NSMutableCopying协议,因为对象不像容器,本身没有相关存储扩展等功能。
看到这里可能细心的人发现都是深复制,为什么person对象里面的name属性地址没有深复制?
由于NSString特殊性,系统会判断字符串属性在同一内容前提下,使用@“”或者initWith..方法创建的对象作为常量,放在常量区则不会开辟新的内存空间。
验证:
NSString *text = @"123";
NSLog(@"%p---", text); // 0x10f36b0c8
NSString *text1 = @"123";
NSLog(@"%p---", text1); // 0x10f36b0c8
NSString *text2 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"123"];
NSLog(@"%p---", text2); // 0x10f36b0c8
发现不同变量,因为内容一致,指向的地址是一样的。所以除了改变值,难道就没有开辟新内存空间的方法了吗?有
NSString *text3 = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"123"]; NSLog(@"%p---", text3); // 0xa000000003332313 NSString *text4 = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"123"]; NSLog(@"%p---", text4); // 0xa000000003332313
会发现同样的内容,但是地址是不一样的,而且长度也不一样。
总结:
- @“”或者initWith..方法的变量存放在常量区,由系统管理内存
- Format:方式创建的变量存放在堆区
所以想要实现完全的复制可以这样做:
// Person.m
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
//创建新的对象空间
Person *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
p.name = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@", self.name];
p.age = self.age;
return p;
}
实现完全复制无非就是怕修改副本对象的属性,从而影响到原对象的属性。对于字符串来说,其实你可以不需要这样做。因为副本对象修改字符串属性不会影响原对象的字符串属性。
验证:
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
person.name = @"daisuke";
person.age = 26;
Person *personCopy = [person copy];
Person *personMutableCopy = [person mutableCopy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p", person, person.name); // <Person: 0x6040000275e0>--0x100349088
NSLog(@"%@--%p", personCopy, personCopy.name); // <Person: 0x604000222340>--0x100349088
NSLog(@"%@--%p", personMutableCopy, personMutableCopy.name); // <Person: 0x604000222b80>--0x100349088
personCopy.name = @"修改name的值";
NSLog(@"%@-%@-%p", person, person.name, person.name); // <Person: 0x60000003f140>-daisuke-0x103f1e088
NSLog(@"%@-%@-%p", personCopy, personCopy.name, personCopy.name); // <Person: 0x6000002302a0>-修改name的值-0x103f1e0c8
上面的代码中看到尽管两个对象name的地址是一样的,但是修改对象personCopy的属性name的值,并没有影响到对象person的name值。
新建一个Contact类作为person的一个属性:
// Person.h
@interface Person : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
/// 联系方式
@property (nonatomic, strong) Contact *contact;
@end
在copyWithZone:方法中
// Person.m
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
//创建新的对象空间
Person *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
p.name = self.name;
p.age = self.age;
p.contact = self.contact;
return p;
}
测试:
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
person.name = @"daisuke";
person.age = 26;
Contact *contact = [[Contact alloc] init];
contact.phone = @"12345678900";
contact.email = @"[email protected]";
person.contact = contact;
Person *personCopy = [person copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", person, person.name, person.contact.phone, person.contact);
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", personCopy, personCopy.name,personCopy.contact.phone, personCopy.contact);
// <Person: 0x600000024a00>--0x10
b2a8088--12345678900--0x60000022fdc0
// <Person: 0x600000230300>--0x10b2a8088--12345678900--0x60000022fdc0
personCopy.contact.phone = @"999999999";
personCopy.name = @"这是新的名称";
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", person, person.name, person.contact.phone, person.contact);
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", personCopy, personCopy.name,personCopy.contact.phone, personCopy.contact);
// <Person: 0x600000024a00>--0x10b2a8088--999999999--0x60000022fdc0
// <Person: 0x600000230300>--0x10b2a8128--999999999--0x60000022fdc0
从打印信息看到person是进行了深复制,但是对象contact指向的是同一个指针,显然并没有进行深复制(单层深复制),也可以从copyWithZone:方法中看到p.contact = self.contact;只是简单的指针赋值。如果改变副本personCopy的contact对象属性,原对象的contact也会跟着改变,这不是我们想要的结果。那应该怎么办呢?方法是让属性对象也实现深复制功能
例如Contact也实现深复制:
// Contact.m
-(id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
Contact *contact = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
contact.phone = self.phone;
contact.email = self.email;
return contact;
}
Contact类继承NSCopying协议实现了深复制功能,然后在Person类的深复制方法中修改为:
// Person.m
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
//创建新的对象空间
Person *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
p.name = self.name;
p.age = self.age;
// p.contact = self.contact;
// 深复制
p.contact = [self.contact copy];
return p;
}
这样就能让对象属性实现深复制效果,验证:
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
person.name = @"daisuke";
person.age = 26;
Contact *contact = [[Contact alloc] init];
contact.phone = @"12345678900";
contact.email = @"[email protected]";
person.contact = contact;
Person *personCopy = [person copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", person, person.name, person.contact.phone, person.contact);
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", personCopy, personCopy.name,personCopy.contact.phone, personCopy.contact);
// <Person: 0x60400042f820>--0x102d04088--12345678900--0x60400042f7c0
// <Person: 0x60400042f860>--0x102d04088--12345678900--0x60400042f8a0
personCopy.contact.phone = @"999999999";
personCopy.name = @"这是新的名称";
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", person, person.name, person.contact.phone, person.contact);
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", personCopy, personCopy.name,personCopy.contact.phone, personCopy.contact);
// <Person: 0x60400042f820>--0x102d04088--12345678900--0x60400042f7c0
// <Person: 0x60400042f860>--0x102d04128--999999999--0x60400042f8a0
从打印信息可以看到,person与personCopy指针不一样,person的contact对象属性与personCopy的contact对象属性指针不一样。 而且当修改personCopy的contact对象属性中的phone值时,原对象person的contact对象属性中的phone值没有跟着改变,所以是实现了完全复制。
为了不影响Person类,新建一个Father类:
// Father.h
@interface Father : NSObject<NSCopying>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
/// 联系方式
@property (nonatomic, strong) Contact *contact;
@end
// Father.m
@implementation Father
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
//创建新的对象空间
Father *f = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
f.name = self.name;
f.age = self.age;
// 深复制
f.contact = [self.contact copy];
return f;
}
@end
Father类稍微做了调整,把继承NSCopying协议放在.h文件中,再新建一个Son类继承Father类:
// Son.h
@interface Son : Father
@property (nonatomic, assign) double height;
@property (nonatomic, assign) double weight;
/// 成绩
@property (nonatomic, strong) Score *score;
@end
因为是继承关系,子类也遵循了NSCopying协议,但是并没有重写copyWithZone:方法,如果进行复制操作会是怎样的结果呢?
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
Son *son = [[Son alloc] init];
son.height = 173.0;
son.weight = 120;
Score *score = [[Score alloc] init];
score.math = 100.0;
score.chinese = 99.0;
score.english = 88;
son.score = score;
Son *sonCopy = [son copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@", son, son.score); // <Son: 0x604000266c00>--<Score: 0x60400003e5a0>
NSLog(@"%@--%@", sonCopy, sonCopy.score); // <Son: 0x604000266d80>--(null)
}
打印信息显示,son对象进行了深复制,但是sonCopy的score对象是空的。为什么呢?因为进行[son copy]操作时,子类没有重写copyWithZone:方法,会去父类那里找,也可以从断点中看到:
父类中self指向的是Son类,那么[[self class] allocWithZone:zone]表示给son创建一个新的空间,也就是之前打印信息显示结果一样完成了深复制操作,但是f对象中没有给score对象属性赋值,所以是null的。
想要score有值,必然要重写copyWithZone:方法。
// Son.m
@implementation Son
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
Son *s = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
s.height = self.height;
s.weight = self.height;
s.score = [self.score copy];
return s;
}
@end
而且Score也要实现深复制操作:
// Score.m
@implementation Score
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
Score *s = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
s.math = self.math;
s.chinese = self.chinese;
s.english = self.english;
return s;
}
@end
接下来验证一下:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
Son *son = [[Son alloc] init];
son.height = 173.0;
son.weight = 120;
Score *score = [[Score alloc] init];
score.math = 100.0;
score.chinese = 99.0;
score.english = 88;
son.score = score;
Son *sonCopy = [son copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@", son, son.score); // <Son: 0x6040002760c0>--<Score: 0x604000429e20>
NSLog(@"%@--%@", sonCopy, sonCopy.score); // <Son: 0x604000276180>--<Score: 0x604000429e00>
}
通过打印信息看到实现深复制功能。
但是可能有一个疑问?Son是继承Father类的,要是Father类的属性也有值呢? 首先不修改复制方法的代码,简单的给Father类的属性赋值测试一下先:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
Son *son = [[Son alloc] init];
son.height = 173.0;
son.weight = 120;
Score *score = [[Score alloc] init];
score.math = 100.0;
score.chinese = 99.0;
score.english = 88;
son.score = score;
Contact *contact = [[Contact alloc] init];
contact.phone = @"123456789";
contact.email = @"feng@gmail";
son.contact = contact;
son.name = @"daisuke";
Son *sonCopy = [son copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", son, son.score, son.name, son.contact);
// <Son: 0x604000273240>--<Score: 0x6040000335e0>--daisuke--<Contact: 0x604000033600>
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", sonCopy, sonCopy.score, sonCopy.name, sonCopy.contact);
// <Son: 0x604000273580>--<Score: 0x604000236c00>--(null)--(null)
}
从打印信息看到sonCopy.name和sonCopy.contact两个值都是null的,为什么呢? 因为Son类重写了copyWithZone:方法,自己完成了深复制操作,并没有考虑到父类也需要深复制。自然而然没有运行父类的copyWithZone:方法,所以就出现了sonCopy对象的父类属性值时null的。 修改如下:
// Son.m
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
// 使用super
Son *s = [super copyWithZone:zone];
s.height = self.height;
s.weight = self.height;
s.score = [self.score copy];
return s;
}
测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
Son *son = [[Son alloc] init];
son.height = 173.0;
son.weight = 120;
Score *score = [[Score alloc] init];
score.math = 100.0;
score.chinese = 99.0;
score.english = 88;
son.score = score;
Contact *contact = [[Contact alloc] init];
contact.phone = @"123456789";
contact.email = @"feng@gmail";
son.contact = contact;
son.name = @"daisuke";
Son *sonCopy = [son copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", son, son.score, son.name, son.contact);
// <Son: 0x604000273240>--<Score: 0x6040000335e0>--daisuke--<Contact: 0x604000033600>
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", sonCopy, sonCopy.score, sonCopy.name, sonCopy.contact);
// <Son: 0x600000460700>--<Score: 0x6000000301c0>--daisuke--<Contact: 0x6000000301a0>
}
这样sonCopy.name和 sonCopy.contact两个属性都有值了,也完成了深复制,从断点也可以看到运行了父类的copyWithZone:方法,并且把父类的相关属性进行了深复制,如下图显示:
在很多多情况下,对象都是互相引用的,当然一个是strong一个是weak,否则造成循环引用,引起内存泄漏。比如:信用卡必须有一个人的属性,而人未必有信用卡的属性。那么对信用卡进行深复制,结果是如何呢? 第一反应想到的是首先创建一个People类并拥有一个(weak引用)card属性,一个Card类并拥有一个(strong引用)people属性。然后遵循NSCopying协议,实现copyWithZone:方法。 结果发现在People类中的copyWithZone:方法中不能对card进行copy操作,因为进行copy的时候新对象的引用计数器会+1,这样跟weak引用造成冲突:
// People.m
@implementation People
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
People *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
// 警告:Assigning retained object to weak property; object will be released after assignment
p.card = [self.card copy];
return p;
}
@end
警告信息:Assigning retained object to weak property; object will be released after assignment
因为card属性是weak类型,不能对它进行copy操作。否则造成死循环而崩溃,如下图显示:
那么不能进行copy操作,直接赋值会怎样呢?
// Card.h
@class People;
@interface Card : NSObject<NSCopying>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *number;
@property (nonatomic, strong) People *people;
@end
// Card.m
@implementation Card
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
Card *card = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
card.people = [self.people copy];
card.number = self.number;
return card;
}
@end
// People.h
@class Card;
@interface People : NSObject<NSCopying>
@property (nonatomic, weak) Card *card;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@end
// People.m
@implementation People
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
People *p = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
p.card = self.card;
p.name = self.name;
return p;
}
@end
测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
Card *card = [[Card alloc] init];
card.number = @"9999999";
People *people = [[People alloc] init];
people.name = @"daisuke";
card.people = people;
people.card = card;
Card *cardCopy = [card copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@", card, card.people, card.people.card);
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@", cardCopy, cardCopy.people, cardCopy.people.card);
// <Card: 0x60000042b700>--<People: 0x6000004297e0>--<Card: 0x60000042b700>
// <Card: 0x60000042b640>--<People: 0x60000042bac0>--<Card: 0x60000042b700>
}
从打印信息看出card.people.card、cardCopy.people.card两个的地址是一样的:0x60000042b700,而0x60000042b700指向的是card的地址,通过一张图展示他们的关系:
显然这个不是我们想要的结果,想要的结果如下图显示:
因为对对象进行深复制,里面的对象属性也要深复制,但是因为对象属性是weak引用,不允许copy操作,否则造死成循环而崩溃,怎么办呢? 由于能力有限,只能做一下简单处理,如果哪位有好的建议请联系我,谢谢。
// Card.m
@implementation Card
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
Card *card = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
card.people = [self.people copy];
// 重新指向新创建的card
card.people.card = card;
card.number = self.number;
return card;
}
@end
把people的card属性重新指向新创建的card,进行测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
Card *card = [[Card alloc] init];
card.number = @"9999999";
People *people = [[People alloc] init];
people.name = @"daisuke";
card.people = people;
people.card = card;
Card *cardCopy = [card copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@", card, card.people, card.people.card);
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@", cardCopy, cardCopy.people, cardCopy.people.card);
// <Card: 0x60400003a9e0>--<People: 0x60400042d120>--<Card: 0x60400003a9e0>
// <Card: 0x60400042c220>--<People: 0x60400042b560>--<Card: 0x60400042c220>
}
显然这样就能简单实现想要的结果。
创建基类BaseModel,有两种方式实现深复制:
// BaseModel.m
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone{
id object = [[self class] allocWithZone:zone];
unsigned int propertyCount = 0;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList([self class], &propertyCount);
for (int i = 0; i < propertyCount; i++) {
const char *name = property_getName(properties[i]);
NSString *propertyName = [NSString stringWithCString:name encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSObject<NSCopying> *tempValue = [self valueForKey:propertyName];
if (tempValue) {
// 此处如果是对象属性,且形成闭环关系,会造成死循环导致崩溃。
id value = [tempValue copy];
[object setValue:value forKey:propertyName];
}
}
return object;
}
使用runtime方式遍历递归对象的属性而进行深复制,这里有一个弊端,该方式不适合有闭环方式的对象使用,否则造成死循环。上面讲的互相引用的例子就是这个的证明,关系如下图显示:
所以使用BaseModel类方式的话,必须确保对象与对象之间没有形成闭环关闭。那么就测试一下没有闭环关系例子:
新建FatherModel类、ContactModel类分别继承于BaseModel类
// FatherModel.h
@interface FatherModel : BaseModel
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger age;
/// 联系方式
@property (nonatomic, strong) ContactModel *contact;
@end
// FatherModel.m
@implementation FatherModel
@end
// ContactModel.h
@interface ContactModel : BaseModel
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *phone;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *email;
@end
// ContactModel.m
@implementation ContactModel
@end
测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
FatherModel *father = [[FatherModel alloc] init];
father.name = @"daisuke";
father.age = 26;
ContactModel *contact = [[ContactModel alloc] init];
contact.phone = @"123456789";
contact.email = @"feng@gmail";
father.contact = contact;
FatherModel *fatherCopy = [father copy];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", father, father.name, father.contact.phone, father.contact);
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", fatherCopy, fatherCopy.name,fatherCopy.contact.phone, fatherCopy.contact);
// <FatherModel: 0x604000035b80>--daisuke--123456789--<ContactModel: 0x604000035ba0>
// <FatherModel: 0x604000231960>--daisuke--123456789--<ContactModel: 0x6040002312e0>
}
从打印信息中看到实现了深复制功能。
注意点:对象属性如果没有遵循NSCopying协议,只是简单赋值,不会进行深复制操作。
// BaseModel.m
@implementation BaseModel
- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aCoder{
unsigned int propertyCount = 0;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList([self class], &propertyCount);
for (int i = 0; i < propertyCount; i++) {
const char *name = property_getName(properties[i]);
NSString *propertyName = [NSString stringWithCString:name encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSObject *tempValue = [self valueForKey:propertyName];
if (tempValue && [tempValue conformsToProtocol:@protocol(NSCopying)]) {
[aCoder encodeObject:tempValue forKey:propertyName];
}
}
}
- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aDecoder{
self = [super init];
if (self) {
unsigned int propertyCount = 0;
objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList([self class], &propertyCount);
for (int i = 0; i < propertyCount; i++) {
const char *name = property_getName(properties[i]);
NSString *propertyName = [NSString stringWithCString:name encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSObject *tempValue = [aDecoder decodeObjectForKey:propertyName];
if (tempValue) {
[self setValue:tempValue forKey:propertyName];
}
}
}
return self;
}
@end
测试新建CompanyModel类没有继承BaseModel,也没有遵循NSCoding协议。
FatherModel *father = [[FatherModel alloc] init];
father.name = @"daisuke";
father.age = 26;
CompanyModel *company = [[CompanyModel alloc] init];
company.companyName = @"小公司";
father.company = company;
NSData *data = [NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:father];
FatherModel *fatherCopy = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:data];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", father, father.name, father.company, father.company.companyName);
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", fatherCopy, fatherCopy.name,fatherCopy.company, fatherCopy.company.companyName);
// <FatherModel: 0x60400024fbd0>--daisuke--<CompanyModel: 0x6040000086b0>--小公司
// <FatherModel: 0x60400024fba0>--daisuke--(null)--(null)
从打印信息看到fatherCopy的company是空的。那么让CompanyModel类继承BaseModel,然后直接运行:
FatherModel *father = [[FatherModel alloc] init];
father.name = @"daisuke";
father.age = 26;
CompanyModel *company = [[CompanyModel alloc] init];
company.companyName = @"小公司";
father.company = company;
NSData *data = [NSKeyedArchiver archivedDataWithRootObject:father];
FatherModel *fatherCopy = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithData:data];
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", father, father.name, father.company, father.company.companyName);
NSLog(@"%@--%@--%@--%@", fatherCopy, fatherCopy.name,fatherCopy.company, fatherCopy.company.companyName);
// <FatherModel: 0x60400025a550>--daisuke--<CompanyModel: 0x604000012240>--小公司
// <FatherModel: 0x600000257d30>--daisuke--<CompanyModel: 0x6000000076f0>--小公司
发现属性有值了且完成了深复制操作。
新建一个CopyOrStrongModel类。
// 使用copy声明name属性:
@interface CopyOrStrongModel : NSObject
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@end
测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
model.name = @"daisuke";
NSLog(@"model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:%@", @([model.name isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:0
}
把值改为是可变类型的:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
NSMutableString *stringM = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"daisuke"];
model.name = stringM;
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke--0x6040002556c0
[stringM appendString:@"追加"];
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke追加--0x6040002556
NSLog(@"model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:%@", @([model.name isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:0
}
发现虽然stringM是可变字符串,但是进行model.name = stringM;实际是对可变字符串进行了[可变字符串 copy]操作,从而得到的是NSString类型。
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *name;
测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
model.name = @"daisuke";
NSLog(@"%@--%p", model.name, model.name);
}
使用这种方式跟copy一样,但是使用可变字符串赋值又会如何呢?
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
NSMutableString *stringM = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"daisuke"];
model.name = stringM;
// strong
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke--0x6040002556c0
[stringM appendString:@"追加"];
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke追加--0x60000025d460--daisuke追加--0x60000025d46
NSLog(@"model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:%@", @([model.name isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:1
}
从打印信息的到如果是strong类型声明的话,可变字符串赋值的后 model.name实际类型变成了NSMutableString类型。这不是我们想要的结果,显然对于model来说name属性的类型不想因为外界的赋值而改变,也不想因为外界的值改变了,model.name的值也跟着改变。
总结:
- 使用NSString赋值,使用copy或strong声明都可以
- 使用NSMutableString赋值,copy声明不会改变原类型([可变字符串 copy]得到的是NSString类型),也不会跟随外界赋的值而改变。使用strong声明就会。
当然有一种周全的方法,即便你是copy还是strong声明,赋值的是NSString还是NSMutableString类型,都不想外界修改的话。你可以重写setName:方法,例如:
- (void)setName:(NSString *)name{
NSLog(@"%p", name);
_name = [name copy];
NSLog(@"%p", _name);
}
测试:
- 使用copy方式:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
NSMutableString *stringM = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"daisuke"];
model.name = stringM;
// copy
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke--0x6040000564d0
[stringM appendString:@"追加"];
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke追加--0x6040000564d0
NSLog(@"model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:%@", @([model.name isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:0
}
- strong方式:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
NSMutableString *stringM = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"daisuke"];
model.name = stringM;
// strong
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke--0x604000445880
[stringM appendString:@"追加"];
NSLog(@"%@--%p--%@--%p", model.name, model.name, stringM, stringM);
// daisuke--0xa656b75736961647--daisuke追加--0x604000445880
NSLog(@"model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:%@", @([model.name isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// model.name是否是NSMutableString类型:0
}
显然,重写了setName:方法并对name进行了copy操作,无论是copy还是strong声明,赋值的是NSString还是NSMutableString类型,都不会受到外界影响,所以应该养成这个习惯,这样就万无一失了。
CopyOrStrongModel声明两个属性:
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableString *mutableString1;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSMutableString *mutableString2;
测试:
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
CopyOrStrongModel *model = [[CopyOrStrongModel alloc] init];
NSMutableString *string = @"daisuke".mutableCopy;
model.mutableString1 = string;
model.mutableString2 = string;
NSLog(@"strong声明的model.mutableString1的类型是否是NSMutableString: %@", @([model.mutableString1 isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// strong声明的model.mutableString1的类型是否是NSMutableString: 1
NSLog(@"copy声明的model.mutableString1的类型是否是NSMutableString: %@", @([model.mutableString2 isKindOfClass:[NSMutableString class]]));
// copy声明的model.mutableString1的类型是否是NSMutableString: 0
}
注意:使用copy声明NSMutableString类型的属性,实际得到的是NSString类型