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<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">Quantitative Methods and Statistics</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#liever-nederlands"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Liever Nederlands?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#notation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Notation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#license"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>License</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#citation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Citation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#technical-details"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Technical details</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#about-the-authors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About the authors</a></li>
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<li class="part"><span><b>Part I: Methodology</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:scientific-research"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Scientific research</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1.1" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:theory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1.1</b> Theory</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:paradigms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Paradigms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:instrument-validation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Instrument validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:descriptive-research"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Descriptive research</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:experimental-research"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Experimental research</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6" data-path="ch-introduction.html"><a href="ch-introduction.html#sec:intro-outline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6</b> Outline of this textbook</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Hypothesis testing research</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#sec:variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#sec:independendependentvariables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Independent and dependent variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#sec:falsification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Falsification and null hypothesis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#sec:empiricalcycle"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> The empirical cycle</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#observation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> observation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.2" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#induction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.2</b> induction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.3" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#deduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.3</b> deduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.4" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.4</b> testing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.5" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#evaluation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.5</b> evaluation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="ch-research.html"><a href="ch-research.html#sec:makingchoices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> Making choices</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="ch-integrity.html"><a href="ch-integrity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Integrity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="ch-integrity.html"><a href="ch-integrity.html#sec:integrity-introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="ch-integrity.html"><a href="ch-integrity.html#sec:design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="ch-integrity.html"><a href="ch-integrity.html#participants-and-informants"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Participants and informants</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="ch-integrity.html"><a href="ch-integrity.html#data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="ch-integrity.html"><a href="ch-integrity.html#writing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Writing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Levels of measurement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html#introduction-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html#sec:nominal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Nominal</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html#sec:ordinal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Ordinal</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html#sec:interval"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Interval</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html#sec:ratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Ratio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html"><a href="ch-levelsofmeasurement.html#sec:orderinglevelsofmeasurement"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Ordering of levels of measurement</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Validity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html#introduction-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html#sec:causality"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Causality</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html#sec:validity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Validity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html#sec:internalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Internal validity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html#sec:constructvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> Construct validity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="ch-validity.html"><a href="ch-validity.html#sec:externalvalidity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> External validity</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Design</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:design-introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:betweenwithinparticipants"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Between or within ?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:one-shot-single-case-design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> The one-shot single-case design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:one-group-pretest-posttest-design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> The one-group pretest-posttest design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:pretest-posttest-control-group-design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> The pretest-posttest-control group design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.6" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:solomon-four-groups-design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.6</b> The Solomon-four-groups design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.7" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#the-posttest-only-control-group-design"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.7</b> The posttest-only control group design</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:factorial-designs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8</b> Factorial designs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.9" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#sec:within-subject-designs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.9</b> Within-subject designs</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.10" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#designing-a-study"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.10</b> Designing a study</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.11" data-path="ch-design.html"><a href="ch-design.html#in-conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.11</b> In conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Samples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#sec:convenience-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Convenience samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#sec:systematic-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Systematic samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#sec:random-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Random samples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#spss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#jasp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.3" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.3</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="ch-samples.html"><a href="ch-samples.html#sec:sample-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Sample size</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part II: Descriptive statistics</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Frequencies</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#introduction-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#sec:frequencies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Frequencies</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#sec:intervals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> Intervals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#spss-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#jasp-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.4" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#r-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.4</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#sec:barcharts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Bar charts</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#sec:histograms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Histograms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#spss-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#jasp-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.3" data-path="ch-frequencies.html"><a href="ch-frequencies.html#r-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.3</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Centre and dispersion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#introduction-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#symbols"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Symbols</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#central-tendencies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Central tendencies</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> mean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:median"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> median</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#mode"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> mode</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.4" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:harmonicmean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.4</b> Harmonic mean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.5" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#winsorized-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.5</b> winsorized mean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.6" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#trimmed-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.6</b> trimmed mean</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.7" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#comparison-of-central-tendencies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.7</b> comparison of central tendencies</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:quartiles-and-boxplots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Quartiles and boxplots</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#quartiles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> Quartiles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:outliers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> Outliers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.3" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:boxplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.3</b> Boxplots</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:measures-of-dispersion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Measures of dispersion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> Variance</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:standarddeviation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> standard deviation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#mad"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> MAD</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:significantfigures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6</b> On significant figures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.1" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:significantfigures-means"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.1</b> Mean and standard deviation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.6.2" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#percentages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.6.2</b> Percentages</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.7" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:robustefficient"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.7</b> Making choices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.8" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#sec:standardscores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.8</b> Standard scores</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.9" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#spss-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.9</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.10" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#jasp-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.10</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.11" data-path="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html"><a href="ch-centre-and-dispersion.html#r-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.11</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Probability distributions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:probabilities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Probabilities</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:binomial-distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Binomial probability distribution</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#formulas"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#jasp-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#r-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:normaldistribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Normal probability distribution</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#formulas-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#jasp-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.3" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#r-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.3</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:isvarnormaldistributed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Does my variable have a normal probability distribution?</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.1" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#spss-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.1</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4.2" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#r-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4.2</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:whatifnotnormal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> What if my variable is not normally distributed?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:CentralLimitTheorem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> Probability distribution of average</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#sec:confidenceinterval-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7</b> Confidence interval of the mean</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7.1" data-path="ch-probability-distributions.html"><a href="ch-probability-distributions.html#formulas-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7.1</b> formulas</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Correlation and regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#introduction-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#sec:Pearson"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Pearson product-moment correlation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#formulas-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> Formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#spss-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.3" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#jasp-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.4" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#r-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.4</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#sec:regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.1" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#sec:regression-formulas"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.1</b> Formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.2" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#spss-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.3" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#jasp-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.4" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#r-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.4</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#influential-observations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> Influential observations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#sec:Spearman"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5</b> Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.1" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#formulas-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.1</b> Formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.2" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#spss-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.3" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#jasp-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.5.4" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#r-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.5.4</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#sec:Phi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6</b> Phi</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.1" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#formulas-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.1</b> Formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.2" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#spss-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.3" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#jasp-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.6.4" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#r-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.6.4</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.7" data-path="ch-correlation-regression.html"><a href="ch-correlation-regression.html#sec:correlationcausation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.7</b> Last but not least</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Reliability</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#introduction-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#what-is-reliability"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> What is reliability?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#test-theory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Test theory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#interpretations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Interpretations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#methods-for-estimating-reliability"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> Methods for estimating reliability</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#reliability-between-assessors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.6</b> Reliability between assessors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.7" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#reliability-and-construct-validity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.7</b> Reliability and construct validity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.8" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#spss-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.8</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.9" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#jasp-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.9</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.10" data-path="ch-reliability.html"><a href="ch-reliability.html#r-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.10</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>Part III: Inferential statistics</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Testing hypotheses</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:testing-introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-onesample"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> One-sample <span class="math inline">\(t\)</span>-test</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.1" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-freedomdegrees"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.1</b> Degrees of freedom</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.2" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:formulas13-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.2</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.3" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.3</b> assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.4" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#spss-10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.4</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.5" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:jaspttestonesample"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.5</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.6" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#r-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.6</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:plargerthannull"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> <span class="math inline">\(p\)</span>-value is always larger than zero</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.4" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-onesidedtwosided"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.4</b> One-sided and two-sided tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:t-confidenceinterval-mean"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5</b> Confidence interval of the mean</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5.1" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:formulas13-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5.1</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5.2" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#spss-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5.3" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#jasp-11"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.5.4" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#r-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.5.4</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-indep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6</b> Independent samples <span class="math inline">\(t\)</span>-tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.1" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-unpaired-assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.1</b> assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.2" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-formulas"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.2</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.3" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:SPSS-ttest-unpaired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.3</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.4" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:JASP-ttest-unpaired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.4</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.6.5" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:R-ttest-unpaired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.6.5</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-paired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7</b> <span class="math inline">\(t\)</span>-test for paired observations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.1" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#assumptions-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.1</b> assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.2" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:formulas13-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.2</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.3" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:SPSS-ttest-paired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.3</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.4" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:JASP-ttest-paired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.4</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.7.5" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:R-ttest-paired"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.7.5</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:ttest-effectsize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8</b> Effect size</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8.1" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:formulas13-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8.1</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8.2" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#spss-13-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8.2</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8.3" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#jasp-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8.3</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8.4" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#r-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8.4</b> R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.8.5" data-path="ch-testing.html"><a href="ch-testing.html#sec:confint-effectsize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.8.5</b> Confidence interval of the effect size</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="ch-power.html"><a href="ch-power.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Power</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="ch-power.html"><a href="ch-power.html#sec:power-introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="ch-power.html"><a href="ch-power.html#sec:effectsize-power"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Relation between effect size and power</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3" data-path="ch-power.html"><a href="ch-power.html#sec:samplesize-power"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3</b> Relation between sample size and power</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4" data-path="ch-power.html"><a href="ch-power.html#sec:significancelevel-power"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4</b> Relation between significance level and power</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.5" data-path="ch-power.html"><a href="ch-power.html#disadvantages-of-insufficient-power"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.5</b> Disadvantages of insufficient power</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Analysis of variance</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-examples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Some examples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> assumptions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#one-way-analysis-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> One-way analysis of variance</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.1" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-oneway-explanation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.1</b> An intuitive explanation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.2" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-oneway-formal"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.2</b> A formal explanation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.3" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-oneway-effectsize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.3</b> Effect size</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.4" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-oneway-planned"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.4</b> Planned comparisons</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.5" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-oneway-posthoc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.5</b> Post hoc comparisons</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.6" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#spss-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.6</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.7" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#jasp-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.7</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.8" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#r-15"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.8</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#two-way-analysis-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Two-way analysis of variance</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.1" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#an-intuitive-explanation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.1</b> An intuitive explanation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.2" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#a-formal-explanation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.2</b> A formal explanation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.3" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#sec:anova-twoway-posthoc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.3</b> Post hoc comparisons</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.4" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#spss-13"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.4</b> SPSS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.5" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#jasp-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.5</b> JASP</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.6" data-path="ch-anova.html"><a href="ch-anova.html#r-16"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.6</b> R</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Chi-square-tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#sec:ch16introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#sec:chi2gof"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> <span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span> test for “goodness of fit” in single sample</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#chi2-test-for-homogeneity-of-a-variable-in-multiple-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3</b> <span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span> test for homogeneity of a variable in multiple samples</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.4" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#chi2-test-for-association-between-two-variables-in-single-sample"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.4</b> <span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span> test for association between two variables in single sample</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.5" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#sec:chi2test-assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.5</b> assumptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.6" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#formulas-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.6</b> formulas</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.7" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#spss-14"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.7</b> SPSS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.7.1" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#goodness-of-fit-preparation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.7.1</b> goodness of fit: preparation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.7.2" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#goodness-of-fit-testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.7.2</b> goodness of fit: testing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.7.3" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#contingency-tables-preparation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.7.3</b> contingency tables: preparation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.7.4" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#contingency-tables-testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.7.4</b> contingency tables: testing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.8" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#jasp-15"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.8</b> JASP</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.8.1" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#goodness-of-fit-preparation-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.8.1</b> goodness of fit: preparation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.8.2" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#goodness-of-fit-testing-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.8.2</b> goodness of fit: testing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.8.3" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#contingency-tables-preparation-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.8.3</b> contingency tables: preparation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.8.4" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#contingency-tables-testing-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.8.4</b> contingency tables: testing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.9" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#r-17"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.9</b> R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.9.1" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#goodness-of-fit-testing-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.9.1</b> goodness of fit: testing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.9.2" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#contingency-table-preparation-and-testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.9.2</b> contingency table: preparation and testing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.10" data-path="ch-chi-square-tests.html"><a href="ch-chi-square-tests.html#effect-size-odds-ratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.10</b> Effect size: odds ratio</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Other nonparametric tests</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#sec:h17introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#paired-observations-single-sample"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2</b> Paired observations, single sample</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.1" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#sec:signtest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.1</b> Sign test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.2" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#sec:Wilcoxon-signed-rank"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.2</b> Wilcoxon signed-ranks test</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#independent-observations-multiple-samples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3</b> Independent observations, multiple samples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.1" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#median-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.1</b> Median test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.2" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#sec:wilcoxon-rank-sum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.2</b> Wilcoxon rank sum test, or Mann-Whitney U test</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3.3" data-path="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html"><a href="ch-other-nonpar-tests.html#kruskall-wallis-h-test"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3.3</b> Kruskall-Wallis H test</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="appendix"><span><b>Appendices</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="A" data-path="app-randomnumbers.html"><a href="app-randomnumbers.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>A</b> Random numbers</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="B" data-path="app-criticalZvalues.html"><a href="app-criticalZvalues.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>B</b> Standard normal probability distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="C" data-path="app-criticaltvalues.html"><a href="app-criticaltvalues.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>C</b> Critical values for <span class="math inline">\(t\)</span>-distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="D" data-path="app-criticalchi2values.html"><a href="app-criticalchi2values.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>D</b> Critical values for <span class="math inline">\(\chi^2\)</span>-distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="references.html"><a href="references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>References</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/rstudio/bookdown" target="blank">Created with bookdown</a></li>
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<h1><span class="header-section-number">A</span> Random numbers<a href="app-randomnumbers.html#app-randomnumbers" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<table>
<caption><span id="tab:A1">Table A.1: </span>The table below contains 200 random numbers between 0 and 9999.</caption>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">2836</td>
<td align="right">264</td>
<td align="right">6789</td>
<td align="right">1483</td>
<td align="right">3459</td>
<td align="right">9200</td>
<td align="right">4996</td>
<td align="right">3761</td>
<td align="right">699</td>
<td align="right">5622</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">1943</td>
<td align="right">6034</td>
<td align="right">8838</td>
<td align="right">1349</td>
<td align="right">8750</td>
<td align="right">3181</td>
<td align="right">8799</td>
<td align="right">4525</td>
<td align="right">6536</td>
<td align="right">5111</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">7259</td>
<td align="right">8030</td>
<td align="right">5709</td>
<td align="right">8334</td>
<td align="right">3526</td>
<td align="right">2768</td>
<td align="right">6296</td>
<td align="right">8335</td>
<td align="right">6350</td>
<td align="right">6192</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">570</td>
<td align="right">8266</td>
<td align="right">9050</td>
<td align="right">7771</td>
<td align="right">3</td>
<td align="right">7983</td>
<td align="right">1871</td>
<td align="right">3927</td>
<td align="right">5549</td>
<td align="right">1487</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">1241</td>
<td align="right">2273</td>
<td align="right">505</td>
<td align="right">8816</td>
<td align="right">4786</td>
<td align="right">533</td>
<td align="right">9347</td>
<td align="right">888</td>
<td align="right">3728</td>
<td align="right">4135</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">6688</td>
<td align="right">9456</td>
<td align="right">2880</td>
<td align="right">4616</td>
<td align="right">7698</td>
<td align="right">2955</td>
<td align="right">9597</td>
<td align="right">9188</td>
<td align="right">8932</td>
<td align="right">5605</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">1325</td>
<td align="right">1294</td>
<td align="right">8001</td>
<td align="right">1814</td>
<td align="right">5020</td>
<td align="right">9470</td>
<td align="right">8702</td>
<td align="right">4083</td>
<td align="right">6452</td>
<td align="right">2863</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">6196</td>
<td align="right">5085</td>
<td align="right">9961</td>
<td align="right">5306</td>
<td align="right">1660</td>
<td align="right">1809</td>
<td align="right">8405</td>
<td align="right">2019</td>
<td align="right">2710</td>
<td align="right">1368</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">1577</td>
<td align="right">5112</td>
<td align="right">874</td>
<td align="right">6909</td>
<td align="right">4126</td>
<td align="right">8473</td>
<td align="right">2065</td>
<td align="right">1511</td>
<td align="right">4778</td>
<td align="right">4440</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">5778</td>
<td align="right">1207</td>
<td align="right">3337</td>
<td align="right">1888</td>
<td align="right">1420</td>
<td align="right">6917</td>
<td align="right">4160</td>
<td align="right">2682</td>
<td align="right">5263</td>
<td align="right">5926</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">6635</td>
<td align="right">1887</td>
<td align="right">8836</td>
<td align="right">2940</td>
<td align="right">2404</td>
<td align="right">7017</td>
<td align="right">3119</td>
<td align="right">3699</td>
<td align="right">2529</td>
<td align="right">8663</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">6813</td>
<td align="right">5759</td>
<td align="right">3314</td>
<td align="right">6929</td>
<td align="right">5238</td>
<td align="right">6008</td>
<td align="right">5900</td>
<td align="right">8485</td>
<td align="right">5938</td>
<td align="right">5642</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">5208</td>
<td align="right">2391</td>
<td align="right">8324</td>
<td align="right">6888</td>
<td align="right">9449</td>
<td align="right">2577</td>
<td align="right">7859</td>
<td align="right">176</td>
<td align="right">1650</td>
<td align="right">8389</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">5446</td>
<td align="right">4412</td>
<td align="right">9857</td>
<td align="right">9535</td>
<td align="right">2794</td>
<td align="right">7883</td>
<td align="right">4119</td>
<td align="right">6439</td>
<td align="right">8082</td>
<td align="right">7918</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">2984</td>
<td align="right">2126</td>
<td align="right">9506</td>
<td align="right">2188</td>
<td align="right">9762</td>
<td align="right">9775</td>
<td align="right">4213</td>
<td align="right">7624</td>
<td align="right">4520</td>
<td align="right">1086</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">371</td>
<td align="right">4559</td>
<td align="right">12</td>
<td align="right">718</td>
<td align="right">8403</td>
<td align="right">8150</td>
<td align="right">6533</td>
<td align="right">3741</td>
<td align="right">6279</td>
<td align="right">8546</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">4669</td>
<td align="right">1053</td>
<td align="right">3343</td>
<td align="right">4889</td>
<td align="right">9088</td>
<td align="right">9188</td>
<td align="right">8093</td>
<td align="right">9496</td>
<td align="right">8806</td>
<td align="right">923</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">4070</td>
<td align="right">3408</td>
<td align="right">8102</td>
<td align="right">3012</td>
<td align="right">9706</td>
<td align="right">771</td>
<td align="right">8296</td>
<td align="right">3094</td>
<td align="right">148</td>
<td align="right">7244</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">4867</td>
<td align="right">6267</td>
<td align="right">1225</td>
<td align="right">6539</td>
<td align="right">7958</td>
<td align="right">7217</td>
<td align="right">7833</td>
<td align="right">728</td>
<td align="right">1610</td>
<td align="right">5284</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">4665</td>
<td align="right">1912</td>
<td align="right">5320</td>
<td align="right">8563</td>
<td align="right">1365</td>
<td align="right">3834</td>
<td align="right">1818</td>
<td align="right">7791</td>
<td align="right">7704</td>
<td align="right">2460</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
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