02. python essentials/02.01 a tour of python.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python 入门演示"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 简单的数学运算"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "整数相加，得到整数："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 + 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "浮点数相加，得到浮点数："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2.0 + 2.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "整数和浮点数相加，得到浮点数："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 + 2.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 变量赋值"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Python**使用`<变量名>=<表达式>`的方式对变量进行赋值"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 0.2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 字符串 String"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字符串的生成，单引号与双引号是等价的："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"hello world\"\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'hello world'\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "三引号用来输入包含多行文字的字符串："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello\n",
      "world\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"\"\"hello\n",
    "world\"\"\"\n",
    "print s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hello\n",
      "world\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = '''hello\n",
    "world'''\n",
    "print s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字符串的加法："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"hello\" + \" world\"\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字符串索引：\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'h'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'d'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[0:5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字符串的分割："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['hello', 'world']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"hello world\"\n",
    "s.split()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "查看字符串的长度："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 列表 List"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python用`[]`来生成列表"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1, 2.0, 'hello', 5 + 1.0]\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "列表加法："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0, 1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a + a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "列表索引："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "列表长度："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "向列表中添加元素："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0, 'world']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.append(\"world\")\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 集合 Set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python用{}来生成集合，集合中不含有相同元素。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2, 3, 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = {2, 3, 4, 2}\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "集合的长度："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "向集合中添加元素："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3, 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.add(1)\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "集合的交："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2, 3, 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = {1, 2, 3, 4}\n",
    "b = {2, 3, 4, 5}\n",
    "a & b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "并："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a | b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "差："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a - b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "对称差："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a ^ b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 字典 Dictionary "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python用`{key:value}`来生成Dictionary。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = {'dogs':5, 'cats':4}\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字典的大小"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "查看字典某个键对应的值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d[\"dogs\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "修改键值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d[\"dogs\"] = 2\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "插入键值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 2, 'pigs': 7}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d[\"pigs\"] = 7\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "所有的键："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['cats', 'dogs', 'pigs']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.keys()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "所有的值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[4, 2, 7]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "所有的键值对："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('cats', 4), ('dogs', 2), ('pigs', 7)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 数组 Numpy Arrays"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "需要先导入需要的包，Numpy数组可以进行很多列表不能进行的运算。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1, 2, 3, 4])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from numpy import array\n",
    "a = array([1, 2, 3, 4])\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "加法："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([3, 4, 5, 6])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a + 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([2, 4, 6, 8])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a + a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 画图 Plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python提供了一个很像MATLAB的绘图接口。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x9fb6fd0>]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAXMAAAEACAYAAABBDJb9AAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlz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\nSaoBg7kk1YDBXJJqwGAuSTVgMJekGvhf3kAwE/Ra4D0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x40f7cf8>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot\n",
    "plot(a, a**2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 循环 Loop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "line = '1 2 3 4 5'\n",
    "fields = line.split()\n",
    "fields"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "total = 0\n",
    "for field in fields:\n",
    "    total += int(field)\n",
    "total"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python中有一种叫做列表推导式(List comprehension)的用法："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [int(field) for field in fields]\n",
    "numbers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum(numbers)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "写在一行："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum([int(field) for field in line.split()])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 文件操作 File IO"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "d:\\Users\\lijin\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cd ~"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "写文件："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = open('data.txt', 'w')\n",
    "f.write('1 2 3 4\\n')\n",
    "f.write('2 3 4 5\\n')\n",
    "f.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "读文件："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[1, 2, 3, 4], [2, 3, 4, 5]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f = open('data.txt')\n",
    "data = []\n",
    "for line in f:\n",
    "    data.append([int(field) for field in line.split()])\n",
    "f.close()\n",
    "data\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
      "[2, 3, 4, 5]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for row in data:\n",
    "    print row"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "删除文件："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "os.remove('data.txt')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 函数 Function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python用关键词`def`来定义函数。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def poly(x, a, b, c):\n",
    "    y = a * x ** 2 + b * x + c\n",
    "    return y\n",
    "\n",
    "x = 1\n",
    "poly(x, 1, 2, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "用Numpy数组做参数x："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 6, 11, 18])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = array([1, 2, 3])\n",
    "poly(x, 1, 2, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "可以在定义时指定参数的默认值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from numpy import arange\n",
    "\n",
    "def poly(x, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3):\n",
    "    y = a*x**2 + b*x + c\n",
    "    return y\n",
    "\n",
    "x = arange(10)\n",
    "x\n",
    "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([  3,   6,  11,  18,  27,  38,  51,  66,  83, 102])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "poly(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 3,  5,  9, 15, 23, 33, 45, 59, 75, 93])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "poly(x, b = 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 模块 Module"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Python中使用`import`关键词来导入模块。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "当前进程号："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4400"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "os.getpid()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "系统分隔符："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'\\\\'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "os.sep"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## - 类 Class"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "用`class`来定义一个类。\n",
    "`Person(object)`表示继承自`object`类；\n",
    "`__init__`函数用来初始化对象；\n",
    "`self`表示对象自身，类似于`C` `Java`里面`this`。"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Person(object):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, age):\n",
    "        self.first = first\n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.age = age\n",
    "    def full_name(self):\n",
    "        return self.first + ' ' + self.last"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "构建新对象："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person = Person('Mertle', 'Sedgewick', 52)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "调用对象的属性："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Mertle'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "person.first"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "调用对象的方法："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Mertle Sedgewick'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "person.full_name()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "修改对象的属性："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "person.last = 'Smith'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "添加新属性，d是之前定义的字典："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 2, 'pigs': 7}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "person.critters = d\n",
    "person.critters"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 网络数据 Data from Web"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "url = 'http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=GE&d=10&e=5&f=2013&g=d&a=0&b=2&c=1962&ignore=.csv'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "处理后就相当于一个可读文件："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[['Date', 'Open', 'High', 'Low', 'Close', 'Volume', 'Adj Close\\n'],\n",
       " ['2013-11-05', '26.32', '26.52', '26.26', '26.42', '24897500', '24.872115\\n'],\n",
       " ['2013-11-04',\n",
       "  '26.59',\n",
       "  '26.59',\n",
       "  '26.309999',\n",
       "  '26.43',\n",
       "  '28166100',\n",
       "  '24.88153\\n'],\n",
       " ['2013-11-01',\n",
       "  '26.049999',\n",
       "  '26.639999',\n",
       "  '26.030001',\n",
       "  '26.540001',\n",
       "  '55634500',\n",
       "  '24.985086\\n']]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import urllib2\n",
    "ge_csv = urllib2.urlopen(url)\n",
    "data = []\n",
    "for line in ge_csv:\n",
    "    data.append(line.split(','))\n",
    "data[:4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "使用`pandas`处理数据："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0xc2e3198>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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APffrr0PjxvAf/5GONNhDR2OK1ogRmemJV0j8CR1Wr3bL4cNDH0qed17m02QB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\nG8sUQyi3yAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0xc2ceda0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ge_csv = urllib2.urlopen(url)\n",
    "import pandas\n",
    "ge = pandas.read_csv(ge_csv, index_col=0, parse_dates=True)\n",
    "ge.plot(y='Adj Close')"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 2",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python2"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 2
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
   "version": "2.7.6"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 0
}