Package cgi implements the common gateway interface (CGI) for Caddy, a modern, full-featured, easy-to-use web server.
This plugin lets you generate dynamic content on your website by means of
command line scripts. To collect information about the inbound HTTP request,
your script examines certain environment variables such as
PATH_INFO and QUERY_STRING. Then, to return a dynamically
generated web page to the client, your script simply writes content to standard
output. In the case of POST requests, your script reads additional inbound
content from standard input.
The advantage of CGI is that you do not need to fuss with server startup and persistence, long term memory management, sockets, and crash recovery. Your script is called when a request matches one of the patterns that you specify in your Caddyfile. As soon as your script completes its response, it terminates. This simplicity makes CGI a perfect complement to the straightforward operation and configuration of Caddy. The benefits of Caddy, including HTTPS by default, basic access authentication, and lots of middleware options extend easily to your CGI scripts.
CGI has some disadvantages. For one, Caddy needs to start a new process for each request. This can adversely impact performance and, if resources are shared between CGI applications, may require the use of some interprocess synchronization mechanism such as a file lock. Your server's responsiveness could in some circumstances be affected, such as when your web server is hit with very high demand, when your script's dependencies require a long startup, or when concurrently running scripts take a long time to respond. However, in many cases, such as using a pre-compiled CGI application like fossil or a Lua script, the impact will generally be insignificant. Another restriction of CGI is that scripts will be run with the same permissions as Caddy itself. This can sometimes be less than ideal, for example when your script needs to read or write files associated with a different owner.
Serving dynamic content exposes your server to more potential threats than serving static pages. There are a number of considerations of which you should be aware when using CGI applications.
CGI scripts should be located outside of Caddy's document root. Otherwise, an inadvertent misconfiguration could result in Caddy delivering the script as an ordinary static resource. At best, this could merely confuse the site visitor. At worst, it could expose sensitive internal information that should not leave the server.
Mistrust the contents of PATH_INFO, QUERY_STRING and standard input.
Most of the environment variables available to your CGI program are
inherently safe because they originate with Caddy and cannot be modified by
external users. This is not the case with PATH_INFO, QUERY_STRING and,
in the case of POST actions, the contents of standard input. Be sure to
validate and sanitize all inbound content. If you use a CGI library or
framework to process your scripts, make sure you understand its
limitations.
An error in a CGI application is generally handled within the application
itself and reported in the headers it returns. Additionally, if the Caddy
errors directive is enabled, any content the application writes to its
standard error stream will be written to the error log. This can be useful to
diagnose problems with the execution of the CGI application.
Your CGI application can be executed directly or indirectly. In the direct case, the application can be a compiled native executable or it can be a shell script that contains as its first line a shebang that identifies the interpreter to which the file's name should be passed. Caddy must have permission to execute the application. On Posix systems this will mean making sure the application's ownership and permission bits are set appropriately; on Windows, this may involve properly setting up the filename extension association.
In the indirect case, the name of the CGI script is passed to an interpreter such as lua, perl or python.
The basic cgi directive lets you associate a single pattern with a particular script. The directive can be repeated any reasonable number of times. Here is the basic syntax:
cgi match exec [args...]
For example:
cgi /report /usr/local/cgi-bin/report
When a request such as https://example.com/report or https://example.com/report/weekly arrives, the cgi middleware will detect the match and invoke the script named /usr/local/cgi-bin/report. The current working directory will be the same as Caddy itself. Here, it is assumed that the script is self-contained, for example a pre-compiled CGI application or a shell script. Here is an example of a standalone script, similar to one used in the cgi plugin's test suite:
#!/bin/bash
printf "Content-type: text/plain\n\n"
printf "PATH_INFO [%s]\n" $PATH_INFO
printf "QUERY_STRING [%s]\n" $QUERY_STRING
exit 0
The environment variables PATH_INFO and QUERY_STRING are populated and
passed to the script automatically. There are a number of other standard CGI
variables included that are described below. If you need to pass any special
environment variables or allow any environment variables that are part of
Caddy's process to pass to your script, you will need to use the advanced
directive syntax described below.
The values used for the script name and its arguments are subject to
placeholder replacement. In addition to the standard Caddy placeholders such as
{method} and {host}, the following placeholder substitutions are made:
- {.} is replaced with Caddy's current working directory
- {match} is replaced with the portion of the request that satisfies the match directive
- {root} is replaced with Caddy's specified root directory
You can include glob wildcards in your matches. Basically, an asterisk represents a sequence of zero or more non-slash characters and a question mark represents a single non-slash character. These wildcards can be used multiple times in a match expression. See the documentation for path/Match in the Go standard library for more details about glob matching. Here is an example directive:
cgi /report/*.lua /usr/bin/lua /usr/local/cgi-bin/{match}
In this case, the cgi middleware will match requests such as https://example.com/report/weekly.lua and https://example.com/report/report.lua/weekly but not https://example.com/report.lua. The use of the asterisk expands to any character sequence within a directory. For example, if the request
https://report/weekly.lua/summary
is made, the following command is executed:
/usr/bin/lua /usr/local/cgi-bin/report/weeky.lua
Note that the portion of the request that follows the match is not included. That information is conveyed to the script by means of environment variables. In this example, the Lua interpreter is invoked directly from Caddy, so the Lua script does not need the shebang that would be needed in a standalone script. This method facilitates the use of CGI on the Windows platform.
In order to specify custom environment variables, pass along one or more environment variables known to Caddy, or specify more than one match pattern for a given rule, you will need to use the advanced directive syntax. That looks like this:
cgi {
match match [match2...]
except match [match2...]
exec script [args...]
dir directory
env key1=val1 [key2=val2...]
pass_env key1 [key2...]
empty_env key1 [key2...]
pass_all_env
inspect
}
For example,
cgi {
match /sample/*.php /sample/app/*.php
except /sample/init.php
exec /usr/local/cgi-bin/phpwrap /usr/local/cgi-bin{match}
env DB=/usr/local/share/app/app.db SECRET=/usr/local/share/app/secret
pass_env HOME UID
empty_env CGI_LOCAL
}
With the advanced syntax, the exec subdirective must appear exactly once. The
match subdirective must appear at least once. The env, pass_env,
empty_env, and except subdirectives can appear any reasonable number of
times. pass_all_env, dir may appear once.
The dir subdirective specifies the CGI executable's working directory. If it
is not specified, Caddy's current working directory is used.
The except subdirective uses the same pattern matching logic that is used
with the match subdirective except that the request must match a rule fully;
no request path prefix matching is performed. Any request that matches a
match pattern is then checked with the patterns in except, if any. If any
matches are made with the except pattern, the request is rejected and passed
along to subsequent handlers. This is a convenient way to have static file
resources served properly rather than being confused as CGI applications.
The empty_env subdirective is used to pass one or more empty environment
variables. Some CGI scripts may expect the server to pass certain empty
variables rather than leaving them unset. This subdirective allows you to deal
with those situations.
The values associated with environment variable keys are all subject to placeholder substitution, just as with the script name and arguments.
If your CGI application runs properly at the command line but fails to run from
Caddy it is possible that certain environment variables may be missing. For
example, the ruby gem loader evidently requires the HOME environment variable
to be set; you can do this with the subdirective pass_env HOME. Another class
of problematic applications require the COMPUTERNAME variable.
The pass_all_env subdirective instructs Caddy to pass each environment
variable it knows about to the CGI excutable. This addresses a common
frustration that is caused when an executable requires an environment variable
and fails without a descriptive error message when the variable cannot be
found. These applications often run fine from the command prompt but fail when
invoked with CGI. The risk with this subdirective is that a lot of server
information is shared with the CGI executable. Use this subdirective only with
CGI applications that you trust not to leak this information.
If you protect your CGI application with the Caddy JWT middleware, your program will have access to the token's payload claims by means of environment variables. For example, the following token claims
{
"sub": "1234567890",
"user": "quixote",
"admin": true,
}
will be available with the following environment variables
HTTP_TOKEN_CLAIM_SUB=1234567890
HTTP_TOKEN_CLAIM_USER=quixote
HTTP_TOKEN_CLAIM_ADMIN=true
All values are conveyed as strings, so some conversion may be necessary in your program. No placeholder substitutions are made on these values.
If you run into unexpected results with the CGI plugin, you are able to examine
the environment in which your CGI application runs. To enter inspection mode,
add the subdirective inspect to your CGI configuration block. This is a
development option that should not be used in production. When in inspection
mode, the plugin will respond to matching requests with a page that displays
variables of interest. In particular, it will show the replacement value of
{match} and the environment variables to which your CGI application has
access.
For example, consider this example CGI block:
cgi {
match /wapp/*
exec /usr/local/bin/wapptclsh /home/quixote/projects{match}.tcl
pass_env HOME LANG
env DB=/usr/local/share/app/app.db SECRET=/usr/local/share/app/secret
inspect
}
When you request a matching URL, for example,
https://example.com/wapp/hello.tcl
the Caddy server will deliver a text page similar to the following. The CGI application (in this case, wapptclsh) will not be called.
CGI for Caddy inspection page
Executable .................... /usr/local/bin/wapptclsh
Arg 1 ....................... /home/quixote/projects/wapp/hello.tcl
Root .......................... /
Dir ........................... /home/quixote/www
Environment
DB .......................... /usr/local/share/app/app.db
PATH_INFO ...................
REMOTE_USER .................
SCRIPT_EXEC ................. /usr/local/bin/wapptclsh /home/quixote/projects/wapp/hello.tcl
SCRIPT_FILENAME ............. /usr/local/bin/wapptclsh
SCRIPT_NAME ................. /wapp/hello
SECRET ...................... /usr/local/share/app/secret
Inherited environment
HOME ........................ /home/quixote
LANG ........................ en_US.UTF-8
Placeholders
{.} ......................... /home/quixote/go/src/github.com/mholt/caddy/caddy
{host} ...................... example.com
{match} ..................... /wapp/hello
{method} .................... GET
{root} ...................... /home/quixote/www
{when} ...................... 23/May/2018:14:49:55 -0400
This information can be used to diagnose problems with how a CGI application is called.
To return to operation mode, remove or comment out the inspect subdirective.
In this example, the Caddyfile looks like this:
192.168.1.2:8080
root /usr/local/www
cgi /show /usr/local/cgi-bin/report/gen
Note that a request for /show gets mapped to a script named /usr/local/cgi-bin/report/gen. There is no need for any element of the script name to match any element of the match pattern.
The contents of /usr/local/cgi-bin/report/gen are:
#!/bin/bash
printf "Content-type: text/plain\n\n"
printf "example error message\n" > /dev/stderr
if [ "POST" = "$REQUEST_METHOD" -a -n "$CONTENT_LENGTH" ]; then
read -n "$CONTENT_LENGTH" POST_DATA
fi
printf "AUTH_TYPE [%s]\n" $AUTH_TYPE
printf "CONTENT_LENGTH [%s]\n" $CONTENT_LENGTH
printf "CONTENT_TYPE [%s]\n" $CONTENT_TYPE
printf "GATEWAY_INTERFACE [%s]\n" $GATEWAY_INTERFACE
printf "PATH_INFO [%s]\n" $PATH_INFO
printf "PATH_TRANSLATED [%s]\n" $PATH_TRANSLATED
printf "POST_DATA [%s]\n" $POST_DATA
printf "QUERY_STRING [%s]\n" $QUERY_STRING
printf "REMOTE_ADDR [%s]\n" $REMOTE_ADDR
printf "REMOTE_HOST [%s]\n" $REMOTE_HOST
printf "REMOTE_IDENT [%s]\n" $REMOTE_IDENT
printf "REMOTE_USER [%s]\n" $REMOTE_USER
printf "REQUEST_METHOD [%s]\n" $REQUEST_METHOD
printf "SCRIPT_EXEC [%s]\n" $SCRIPT_EXEC
printf "SCRIPT_NAME [%s]\n" $SCRIPT_NAME
printf "SERVER_NAME [%s]\n" $SERVER_NAME
printf "SERVER_PORT [%s]\n" $SERVER_PORT
printf "SERVER_PROTOCOL [%s]\n" $SERVER_PROTOCOL
printf "SERVER_SOFTWARE [%s]\n" $SERVER_SOFTWARE
exit 0
The purpose of this script is to show how request information gets communicated
to a CGI script. Note that POST data must be read from standard input. In this
particular case, posted data gets stored in the variable POST_DATA. Your
script may use a different method to read POST content. Secondly, the
SCRIPT_EXEC variable is not a CGI standard. It is provided by this middleware
and contains the entire command line, including all arguments, with which the
CGI script was executed.
When a browser requests
http://192.168.1.2:8080/show/weekly?mode=summary
the response looks like
AUTH_TYPE []
CONTENT_LENGTH []
CONTENT_TYPE []
GATEWAY_INTERFACE [CGI/1.1]
PATH_INFO [/weekly]
PATH_TRANSLATED []
POST_DATA []
QUERY_STRING [mode=summary]
REMOTE_ADDR [192.168.1.35]
REMOTE_HOST [192.168.1.35]
REMOTE_IDENT []
REMOTE_USER []
REQUEST_METHOD [GET]
SCRIPT_EXEC [/usr/local/cgi-bin/report/gen]
SCRIPT_NAME [/show]
SERVER_NAME [192.168.1.2:8080]
SERVER_PORT [8080]
SERVER_PROTOCOL [HTTP/1.1]
SERVER_SOFTWARE [go]
When a client makes a POST request, such as with the following command
wget -O - -q --post-data="city=San%20Francisco" http://192.168.1.2:8080/show/weekly?mode=summary
the response looks the same except for the following lines:
CONTENT_LENGTH [20]
CONTENT_TYPE [application/x-www-form-urlencoded]
POST_DATA [city=San%20Francisco]
REQUEST_METHOD [POST]
The fossil distributed software management tool is a native executable that supports interaction as a CGI application. In this example, /usr/bin/fossil is the executable and /home/quixote/projects.fossil is the fossil repository. To configure Caddy to serve it, use a cgi directive something like this in your Caddyfile:
cgi /projects /usr/bin/fossil /usr/local/cgi-bin/projects
In your /usr/local/cgi-bin directory, make a file named projects with the following single line:
repository: /home/quixote/projects.fossil
The fossil documentation calls this a command file. When fossil is invoked after a request to /projects, it examines the relevant environment variables and responds as a CGI application. If you protect /projects with basic HTTP authentication, you may wish to enable the Allow REMOTE_USER authentication option when setting up fossil. This lets fossil dispense with its own authentication, assuming it has an account for the user.
The agedu utility can be used to identify unused files that are taking up space on your storage media. Like fossil, it can be used in different modes including CGI. First, use it from the command line to generate an index of a directory, for example
agedu --file /home/quixote/agedu.dat --scan /home/quixote
In your Caddyfile, include a directive that references the generated index:
cgi /agedu /usr/local/bin/agedu --cgi --file /home/quixote/agedu.dat
You will want to protect the /agedu resource with some sort of access control, for example HTTP Basic Authentication.
This small example demonstrates how to write a CGI program in Go. The use of a bytes.Buffer makes it easy to report the content length in the CGI header.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"os"
"time"
)
func main() {
var buf bytes.Buffer
fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "Server time at %s is %s\n",
os.Getenv("SERVER_NAME"), time.Now().Format(time.RFC1123))
fmt.Println("Content-type: text/plain")
fmt.Printf("Content-Length: %d\n\n", buf.Len())
buf.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
}
When this program is compiled and installed as /usr/local/bin/servertime, the following directive in your Caddy file will make it available:
cgi /servertime /usr/local/bin/servertime
The cgit application provides an attractive and useful web interface to git repositories. Here is how to run it with Caddy. After compiling cgit, you can place the executable somewhere out of Caddy's document root. In this example, it is located in /usr/local/cgi-bin.
A sample configuration file is included in the project's cgitrc.5.txt file. You can use it as a starting point for your configuration. The default location for this file is /etc/cgitrc but in this example the location /home/quixote/caddy/cgitrc. Note that changing the location of this file from its default will necessitate the inclusion of the environment variable CGIT_CONFIG in the Caddyfile cgi directive.
When you edit the repository stanzas in this file, be sure each repo.path item refers to the .git directory within a working checkout. Here is an example stanza:
repo.url=caddy-cgi
repo.path=/home/quixote/go/src/github.com/jung-kurt/caddy-cgi/.git
repo.desc=CGI for Caddy
repo.owner=jung-kurt
repo.readme=/home/quixote/go/src/github.com/jung-kurt/caddy-cgi/README.md
Also, you will likely want to change cgit's cache directory from its default in /var/cache (generally accessible only to root) to a location writeable by Caddy. In this example, cgitrc contains the line
cache-root=/home/quixote/.cache/cgit
You may need to create the cgit subdirectory.
There are some static cgit resources (namely, cgit.css, favicon.ico, and cgit.png) that will be accessed from Caddy's document tree. For this example, these files are placed in a directory named cgit-resource. The following lines are part of the cgitrc file:
css=/cgit-resource/cgit.css
favicon=/cgit-resource/favicon.ico
logo=/cgit-resource/cgit.png
Additionally, you will likely need to tweak the various file viewer filters such source-filter and about-filter based on your system.
The following Caddyfile directive will allow you to access the cgit application at /cgit:
cgi {
match /cgit
exec /usr/local/cgi-bin/cgit
env CGIT_CONFIG=/home/quixote/caddy/cgitrc
}
Feeling reckless? You can run PHP in CGI mode. In general, FastCGI is the preferred method to run PHP if your application has many pages or a fair amount of database activity. But for small PHP programs that are seldom used, CGI can work fine. You'll need the php-cgi interpreter for your platform. This may involve downloading the executable or downloading and then compiling the source code. For this example, assume the interpreter is installed as /usr/local/bin/php-cgi. Additionally, because of the way PHP operates in CGI mode, you will need an intermediate script. This one works in Posix environments:
#!/bin/bash
REDIRECT_STATUS=1 SCRIPT_FILENAME="${1}" /usr/local/bin/php-cgi -c /home/quixote/.config/php/php-cgi.ini
This script can be reused for multiple cgi directives. In this example, it is installed as /usr/local/cgi-bin/phpwrap. The argument following -c is your initialization file for PHP. In this example, it is named /home/quixote/.config/php/php-cgi.ini.
Two PHP files will be used for this example. The first, /usr/local/cgi-bin/sample/min.php, looks like this:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Sample</title>
<style>
form span {
font: 15px sans-serif;
display: inline-block;
width: 8em;
text-align: right;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form action="action.php" method="post">
<p><span>Name</span> <input type="text" name="name" /></p>
<p><span>Number</span> <input type="text" name="number" /></p>
<p><span>Day</span> <input type="text" name="day"
value="<?php echo(date("l", time())); ?>" /></p>
<p><span> </span> <input type="submit" /></p>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The second, /usr/local/cgi-bin/sample/action.php, follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Sample</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Name is <strong><?php echo htmlspecialchars($_POST['name']); ?></strong>.</p>
<p>Number is <strong><?php echo (int)$_POST['number']; ?></strong>.</p>
<p>Day is <strong><?php echo htmlspecialchars($_POST['day']); ?></strong>.</p>
</body>
</html>
The following directive in your Caddyfile will make the application available at sample/min.php:
cgi /sample/*.php /usr/local/cgi-bin/phpwrap /usr/local/cgi-bin{match}