ThreadLocal的作用是，提供线程内的局部变量，不同的线程之间不会相互干扰，这种变量在线程的生命周期内起作用，减少同一个线程内多个函数或组件之间一些公共变量传递的复杂度。
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线程并发：在多线程并发的场景下
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传递数据：我们可以通过ThreadLocal在同一线程，不同组件中传递公共变量
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线程隔离：每个线程的变量都是独立的，不会互相影响
sychronized采用“以时间换空间”的方式，只提供了一份变量，让不同的线程排队访问，其侧重点是多个线程之间访问资源的同步。
ThreadLocal采用“以空间换时间”的方式，为每一个线程都提供了一份变量的副本，从而实现同时访问而互不干扰，其侧重点是在多线程中让每个线程之间的数据相互隔离。
1、首先看一下ThreadLocal的原理图：
Thread、ThreadLocal、ThreadLocalMap、Entry之间的关系：
上图中描述了：一个Thread中只有一个ThreadLocalMap，一个ThreadLocalMap中可以有多个ThreadLocal对象，其中一个ThreadLocal对象对应一个ThreadLocalMap中一个的Entry（也就是说：一个Thread可以依附有多个ThreadLocal对象）。
在ThreadLocal的生命周期中，都存在这些引用。看下图: 实线代表强引用，虚线代表弱引用。
2、ThreadLocal的实现是这样的：每个Thread 维护一个 ThreadLocalMap 映射表，这个映射表的 key 是 ThreadLocal实例本身，value 是真正需要存储的 Object。
3、也就是说 ThreadLocal 本身并不存储值，它只是作为一个 key 来让线程从 ThreadLocalMap 获取 value。值得注意的是图中的虚线，表示 ThreadLocalMap 是使用 ThreadLocal 的弱引用作为 Key 的，弱引用的对象在 GC 时会被回收。
4、ThreadLocalMap使用ThreadLocal的弱引用作为key，如果一个ThreadLocal没有外部强引用来引用它，那么系统 GC 的时候，这个ThreadLocal势必会被回收，这样一来，ThreadLocalMap中就会出现key为null的Entry，就没有办法访问这些key为null的Entry的value，如果当前线程再迟迟不结束的话，这些key为null的Entry的value就会一直存在一条强引用链：Thread Ref -> Thread -> ThreaLocalMap -> Entry -> value永远无法回收，造成内存泄漏。
5、总的来说就是，ThreadLocal里面使用了一个存在弱引用的map, map的类型是ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap. Map中的key为一个threadlocal实例。这个Map的确使用了弱引用，不过弱引用只是针对key。每个key都弱引用指向threadlocal。 当把threadlocal实例置为null以后，没有任何强引用指向threadlocal实例，所以threadlocal将会被gc回收。
但是，我们的value却不能回收，而这块value永远不会被访问到了，所以存在着内存泄露。因为存在一条从current thread连接过来的强引用。只有当前thread结束以后，current thread就不会存在栈中，强引用断开，Current Thread、Map value将全部被GC回收。最好的做法是将调用threadlocal的remove方法，这也是等会后边要说的。
6、其实，ThreadLocalMap的设计中已经考虑到这种情况，也加上了一些防护措施：在ThreadLocal的get(),set(),remove()的时候都会清除线程ThreadLocalMap里所有key为null的value。
7、但是这些被动的预防措施并不能保证不会内存泄漏：
（1）使用static的ThreadLocal，延长了ThreadLocal的生命周期，可能导致内存泄漏。
（2）分配使用了ThreadLocal又不再调用get(),set(),remove()方法，那么就会导致内存泄漏，因为这块内存一直存在。1、从表面上看内存泄漏的根源在于使用了弱引用。网上的文章大多着重分析ThreadLocal使用了弱引用会导致内存泄漏，但是另一个问题也同样值得思考：为什么使用弱引用而不是强引用？
我们先来看看官方文档的说法：
To help deal with very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use WeakReferences for keys.
为了应对非常大和长时间的用途，哈希表使用弱引用的 key。
下面我们分两种情况讨论：
（1）key 使用强引用：引用的ThreadLocal的对象被回收了，但是ThreadLocalMap还持有ThreadLocal的强引用，如果没有手动删除，ThreadLocal不会被回收，导致Entry内存泄漏。
（2）key 使用弱引用：引用的ThreadLocal的对象被回收了，由于ThreadLocalMap持有ThreadLocal的弱引用，即使没有手动删除，ThreadLocal也会被回收。value在下一次ThreadLocalMap调用set、get、remove的时候会被清除。
比较两种情况，我们可以发现：由于ThreadLocalMap的生命周期跟Thread一样长，如果都没有手动删除对应key，都会导致内存泄漏，但是使用弱引用可以多一层保障：弱引用ThreadLocal不会内存泄漏，对应的value在下一次ThreadLocalMap调用set、get、remove的时候会被清除。
因此，ThreadLocal内存泄漏的根源是：由于ThreadLocalMap的生命周期跟Thread一样长，如果没有手动删除对应key就会导致内存泄漏，而不是因为弱引用。
1、综合上面的分析，我们可以理解ThreadLocal内存泄漏的前因后果，那么怎么避免内存泄漏呢？
答案就是：每次使用完ThreadLocal，都调用它的remove()方法，清除数据。
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
/**
* ThreadLocals rely on per-thread linear-probe hash maps attached
* to each thread (Thread.threadLocals and
* inheritableThreadLocals). The ThreadLocal objects act as keys,
* searched via threadLocalHashCode. This is a custom hash code
* (useful only within ThreadLocalMaps) that eliminates collisions
* in the common case where consecutively constructed ThreadLocals
* are used by the same threads, while remaining well-behaved in
* less common cases.
*/
private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();
/**
* The next hash code to be given out. Updated atomically. Starts at
* zero.
*/
private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =
new AtomicInteger();
/**
* The difference between successively generated hash codes - turns
* implicit sequential thread-local IDs into near-optimally spread
* multiplicative hash values for power-of-two-sized tables.
*
* HASH_INCREMENT=1640531527
*/
private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
/**
* Returns the next hash code.
*/
private static int nextHashCode() {
return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
}
/**
* Returns the current thread's "initial value" for this
* thread-local variable. This method will be invoked the first
* time a thread accesses the variable with the {@link #get}
* method, unless the thread previously invoked the {@link #set}
* method, in which case the {@code initialValue} method will not
* be invoked for the thread. Normally, this method is invoked at
* most once per thread, but it may be invoked again in case of
* subsequent invocations of {@link #remove} followed by {@link #get}.
*
* <p>This implementation simply returns {@code null}; if the
* programmer desires thread-local variables to have an initial
* value other than {@code null}, {@code ThreadLocal} must be
* subclassed, and this method overridden. Typically, an
* anonymous inner class will be used.
*
* @return the initial value for this thread-local
*/
protected T initialValue() {
return null;
}
/**
* Creates a thread local variable. The initial value of the variable is
* determined by invoking the {@code get} method on the {@code Supplier}.
*
* @param <S> the type of the thread local's value
* @param supplier the supplier to be used to determine the initial value
* @return a new thread local variable
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified supplier is null
* @since 1.8
*/
public static <S> ThreadLocal<S> withInitial(Supplier<? extends S> supplier) {
return new SuppliedThreadLocal<>(supplier);
}
/**
* Creates a thread local variable.
* @see #withInitial(java.util.function.Supplier)
*/
public ThreadLocal() {
}
/**
* Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
* thread-local variable. If the variable has no value for the
* current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
* by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
*
* @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
*/
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
/**
* Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
* of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
*
* @return the initial value
*/
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
/**
* Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
* to the specified value. Most subclasses will have no need to
* override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
* method to set the values of thread-locals.
*
* @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
* this thread-local.
*/
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
/**
* Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
* variable. If this thread-local variable is subsequently
* {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
* reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
* unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
* in the interim. This may result in multiple invocations of the
* {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public void remove() {
ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
if (m != null)
m.remove(this);
}
/**
* Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @return the map
*/
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
/**
* Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
* InheritableThreadLocal.
*
* @param t the current thread
* @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
*/
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
/**
* Factory method to create map of inherited thread locals.
* Designed to be called only from Thread constructor.
*
* @param parentMap the map associated with parent thread
* @return a map containing the parent's inheritable bindings
*/
static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
}
/**
* Method childValue is visibly defined in subclass
* InheritableThreadLocal, but is internally defined here for the
* sake of providing createInheritedMap factory method without
* needing to subclass the map class in InheritableThreadLocal.
* This technique is preferable to the alternative of embedding
* instanceof tests in methods.
*/
T childValue(T parentValue) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* An extension of ThreadLocal that obtains its initial value from
* the specified {@code Supplier}.
*/
static final class SuppliedThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {
private final Supplier<? extends T> supplier;
SuppliedThreadLocal(Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
this.supplier = Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
}
@Override
protected T initialValue() {
return supplier.get();
}
}
/**
* ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
* maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
* outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
* allow declaration of fields in class Thread. To help deal with
* very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
* WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
* used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
* the table starts running out of space.
*/
static class ThreadLocalMap {
/**
* The entries in this hash map extend WeakReference, using
* its main ref field as the key (which is always a
* ThreadLocal object). Note that null keys (i.e. entry.get()
* == null) mean that the key is no longer referenced, so the
* entry can be expunged from table. Such entries are referred to
* as "stale entries" in the code that follows.
*/
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
/**
* 初始容量，必须为 2 的幂
*/
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* 存储 ThreadLocal 的键值对实体数组，长度必须为 2 的幂
*/
private Entry[] table;
/**
* ThreadLocalMap 元素数量
*/
private int size = 0;
/**
* 扩容的阈值，默认是数组大小的三分之二
*/
private int threshold; // Default to 0
/**
* 设置扩容阈值为数组大小的三分之二
*/
private void setThreshold(int len) {
threshold = len * 2 / 3;
}
/**
* 哈希值发生冲突时，计算下一个哈希值，此处使用线性探测寻址，只是简单地将索引加 1
*/
private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0);
}
/**
* 线性探测，向前遍历
*/
private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1);
}
/**
* 初始化 ThreadLocalMap，并存储键值对 <firstKey, firstValue>
*
* @param firstKey
* @param firstValue
*/
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
size = 1;
setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Construct a new map including all Inheritable ThreadLocals
* from given parent map. Called only by createInheritedMap.
*
* @param parentMap the map associated with parent thread.
*/
private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;
int len = parentTable.length;
setThreshold(len);
table = new Entry[len];
for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
Entry e = parentTable[j];
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();
if (key != null) {
Object value = key.childValue(e.value);
Entry c = new Entry(key, value);
int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
// table[h]!=null说明发生冲突，线性探测，寻找下一个位置
while (table[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
table[h] = c;
size++;
}
}
}
}
/**
* Get the entry associated with key. This method
* itself handles only the fast path: a direct hit of existing
* key. It otherwise relays to getEntryAfterMiss. This is
* designed to maximize performance for direct hits, in part
* by making this method readily inlinable.
*
* @param key the thread local object
* @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
*/
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
// 走到这，说明之前有冲突，key存储在别的位置了，往后寻找
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
/**
* 从 i 开始向后遍历找到键值对实体
*
* @param key the thread local object
* @param i the table index for key's hash code
* @param e the entry at table[i]
* @return the entry associated with key, or null if no such
*/
private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
while (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key)
return e;
if (k == null)
expungeStaleEntry(i);
else
i = nextIndex(i, len);
e = tab[i];
}
return null;
}
/**
* Set the value associated with key.
*
* @param key the thread local object
* @param value the value to be set
*/
private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
// We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
// least as common to use set() to create new entries as
// it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
// path would fail more often than not.
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
// 更新值
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
// 若 key 是 null，说明 ThreadLocal 被清理了，直接替换掉
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
// 直到遇见了空槽也没找到匹配的ThreadLocal对象，那么在此空槽处安排ThreadLocal对象和缓存的value
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
// 如果没有元素被清理，那么就要检查当前元素数量是否超过了容量阙值(数组大小的三分之二)，以便决定是否扩容
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
// 扩容的过程也是对所有的 key 重新哈希的过程
rehash();
}
/**
* 从 map 中清理 key 关联的键值对
*/
private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
if (e.get() == key) {
e.clear();
// 从索引 i 开始，遍历一段连续的元素，清理其中的垃圾值，并使各元素排序更紧凑
expungeStaleEntry(i);
return;
}
}
}
/**
* 替换掉过期的entry
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to be associated with key
* @param staleSlot index of the first stale entry encountered while
* searching for key.
*/
private void replaceStaleEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value,
int staleSlot) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
Entry e;
// Back up to check for prior stale entry in current run.
// We clean out whole runs at a time to avoid continual
// incremental rehashing due to garbage collector freeing
// up refs in bunches (i.e., whenever the collector runs).
int slotToExpunge = staleSlot;
for (int i = prevIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = prevIndex(i, len))
if (e.get() == null)
slotToExpunge = i;
// Find either the key or trailing null slot of run, whichever
// occurs first
for (int i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
// If we find key, then we need to swap it
// with the stale entry to maintain hash table order.
// The newly stale slot, or any other stale slot
// encountered above it, can then be sent to expungeStaleEntry
// to remove or rehash all of the other entries in run.
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
tab[i] = tab[staleSlot];
tab[staleSlot] = e;
// Start expunge at preceding stale entry if it exists
if (slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
slotToExpunge = i;
cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
return;
}
// If we didn't find stale entry on backward scan, the
// first stale entry seen while scanning for key is the
// first still present in the run.
if (k == null && slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
slotToExpunge = i;
}
// If key not found, put new entry in stale slot
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = new Entry(key, value);
// If there are any other stale entries in run, expunge them
if (slotToExpunge != staleSlot)
cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
}
/**
* Expunge a stale entry by rehashing any possibly colliding entries
* lying between staleSlot and the next null slot. This also expunges
* any other stale entries encountered before the trailing null. See
* Knuth, Section 6.4
* 清除过期的entry，重哈希在staleSlot索引到下一个null值索引之间可能存在hash冲突的entry
* @param staleSlot index of slot known to have null key
* @return the index of the next null slot after staleSlot
* (all between staleSlot and this slot will have been checked
* for expunging).
*/
private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
// expunge entry at staleSlot
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = null;
size--;
// Rehash until we encounter null
Entry e;
int i;
for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
// k=null说明这个entry失效了，清除掉
if (k == null) {
e.value = null;
tab[i] = null;
size--;
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
// h != i说明这个key是由于存在hash冲突才存储到i位置的，现在尝试把他归位
if (h != i) {
tab[i] = null;
// Unlike Knuth 6.4 Algorithm R, we must scan until
// null because multiple entries could have been stale.
while (tab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
tab[h] = e;
}
}
}
return i;
}
/**
* 从i的下一个索引开始扫描，key=null就清除掉，扫描logn次
* @return true if any stale entries have been removed.
*/
private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) {
boolean removed = false;
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
do {
i = nextIndex(i, len);
Entry e = tab[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == null) {
n = len;
removed = true;
i = expungeStaleEntry(i);
}
} while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0);
return removed;
}
/**
* Re-pack and/or re-size the table. First scan the entire
* table removing stale entries. If this doesn't sufficiently
* shrink the size of the table, double the table size.
*/
private void rehash() {
// 先清除一波，再扩容
expungeStaleEntries();
// Use lower threshold for doubling to avoid hysteresis
if (size >= threshold - threshold / 4)
resize();
}
/**
* 扩容扩大为原来的2倍
*/
private void resize() {
Entry[] oldTab = table;
int oldLen = oldTab.length;
int newLen = oldLen * 2;
Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];
int count = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) {
Entry e = oldTab[j];
if (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == null) {
e.value = null; // Help the GC
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);
while (newTab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, newLen);
newTab[h] = e;
count++;
}
}
}
setThreshold(newLen);
size = count;
table = newTab;
}
/**
* 清除数组中所有过时的entry
*
*/
private void expungeStaleEntries() {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
Entry e = tab[j];
if (e != null && e.get() == null)
expungeStaleEntry(j);
}
}
}
}