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                            <b>2.1.1.</b>
                        
                        Escape Sequences
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                        Functions
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                        Exit Status
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                        #!
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                        Interactive vs Non-Interactive Shell
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                        Login vs Non-Login Shell
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                        etc
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                            <b>3.</b>
                        
                        Test
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                            <b>3.1.</b>
                        
                        Operators
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                            <b>4.</b>
                        
                        Subshells
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                            <b>4.1.</b>
                        
                        Process Creation
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                            <b>5.</b>
                        
                        Commands
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                            <b>5.1.</b>
                        
                        Builtin Commands
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                            <b>5.1.1.</b>
                        
                        read
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                            <b>5.1.2.</b>
                        
                        printf
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                            <b>5.1.3.</b>
                        
                        eval
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                            <b>5.1.4.</b>
                        
                        getopts
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                            <b>5.2.</b>
                        
                        Keyword Commands
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                            <b>5.2.1.</b>
                        
                        Compound Commands
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                            <b>5.3.</b>
                        
                        Special Commands
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                            <b>5.4.</b>
                        
                        expr
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                            <b>5.5.</b>
                        
                        grep
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                            <b>5.6.</b>
                        
                        find
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                            <b>5.7.</b>
                        
                        xargs
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                            <b>6.</b>
                        
                        Arrays
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                            <b>7.</b>
                        
                        Shell Metacharacters
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                            <b>7.1.</b>
                        
                        Precedence
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                            <b>8.</b>
                        
                        Expansions and Substitutions
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                            <b>8.1.</b>
                        
                        Brace Expansion
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                            <b>8.2.</b>
                        
                        Tilde Expansion
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                            <b>8.3.</b>
                        
                        Parameter Expansion
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                            <b>8.4.</b>
                        
                        Arithmetic Expansion
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                            <b>8.5.</b>
                        
                        Command Substitution
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                            <b>8.6.</b>
                        
                        Process Substitution
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                            <b>8.7.</b>
                        
                        Word Splitting
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                            <b>8.8.</b>
                        
                        Filename Expansion
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                            <b>9.</b>
                        
                        Job Control
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                            <b>9.1.</b>
                        
                        Session and Process Group
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                            <b>9.2.</b>
                        
                        Process State Codes
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                            <b>9.3.</b>
                        
                        TTY
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                            <b>9.4.</b>
                        
                        Mutual Exclusion
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                            <b>10.</b>
                        
                        Redirections
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                            <b>10.1.</b>
                        
                        File Descriptors
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                            <b>10.2.</b>
                        
                        &lt;&lt; , &lt;&lt;&lt;
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                            <b>10.3.</b>
                        
                        Pipe
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                            <b>10.4.</b>
                        
                        Named Pipe
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                            <b>10.5.</b>
                        
                        Buffering
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                            <b>11.</b>
                        
                        Signals and Traps
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                            <b>11.1.</b>
                        
                        kill
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                            <b>11.2.</b>
                        
                        trap
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                            <b>11.3.</b>
                        
                        Signals Table
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                            <b>12.</b>
                        
                        Command Aliases
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                            <b>13.</b>
                        
                        Command History
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                            <b>14.</b>
                        
                        Command Completion
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                            <b>15.</b>
                        
                        Readline
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="16" data-path="colors_and_prompt.html">
            
                
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                            <b>16.</b>
                        
                        Colors and Prompt
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="17" data-path="shell_variables.html">
            
                
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                            <b>17.</b>
                        
                        Shell Variables
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="17.1" data-path="positional_parameters.html">
            
                
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                            <b>17.1.</b>
                        
                        Positional Parameters
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                            <b>17.2.</b>
                        
                        Special Parameters
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="18" data-path="shell_options.html">
            
                
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                            <b>18.</b>
                        
                        Shell Options
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                            <b>18.1.</b>
                        
                        Command-line options
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="19" data-path="debugging.html">
            
                
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                            <b>19.</b>
                        
                        Debugging
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                            <b>20.</b>
                        
                        Locale
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                            <b>21.</b>
                        
                        sh
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                        <h1 id="xargs">xargs</h1>
<h3 id="&#xBA85;&#xB839;-&#xB77C;&#xC778;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;-&#xC778;&#xC218;-&#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xC758;-&#xC81C;&#xD55C;">&#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xB77C;&#xC778;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC778;&#xC218; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xC758; &#xC81C;&#xD55C;</h3>
<p>shell &#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC744; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xD560; &#xB54C; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB418;&#xB294; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xC758;  &#xAC1C;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB108;&#xBB34; &#xB9CE;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC744;&#xAE4C;? &#xD558;&#xACE0;
&#xC0DD;&#xAC01;&#xD574;&#xBCF8; &#xC801;&#xC740; &#xC5C6;&#xC73C;&#xC2E0;&#xAC00;&#xC694;?
&#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC774; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB420; &#xB54C;&#xB294; &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xB77C;&#xC778;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC791;&#xC131;&#xD55C; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB4E4;&#xACFC; &#xD658;&#xACBD; &#xBCC0;&#xC218;&#xAC12;&#xB4E4;&#xC774; <code>exec</code> &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C;&#xCF5C; &#xD568;&#xC218;&#xC5D0;
&#xD3EC;&#xC778;&#xD130; &#xAC12;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB418;&#xB294;&#xB370; &#xC5EC;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0;&#xB294; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xC81C;&#xD55C;&#xC774; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<p><img src="images/xargs.png" alt=""></p>
<p>&#xB2E4;&#xC74C;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xBA74; &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xCE58;&#xD658;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574; find &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC758; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xADF8;&#xB300;&#xB85C; test.sh &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC758;
&#xC778;&#xC218; &#xAC12;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xACE0; &#xC788;&#xB294;&#xB370;&#xC694;. &#xB514;&#xB809;&#xD1A0;&#xB9AC;&#xB97C; <code>/usr</code> &#xB85C; &#xBCC0;&#xACBD;&#xD55C; &#xD6C4;&#xC5D0;&#xB294; 
<code>Argument list too long</code> &#xC624;&#xB958;&#xAC00; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD;&#xD558;&#xB294; &#xAC83;&#xC744; &#xBCFC; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ cat test.sh
<span class="hljs-shebang">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-variable">${#@}</span>&quot;</span>

$ ./test.sh `find /usr/include -type f`          <span class="hljs-comment"># /usr/include &#xB514;&#xB809;&#xD1A0;&#xB9AC;</span>
number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">6224</span>

$ ./test.sh `find /usr -type f`                  <span class="hljs-comment"># /usr &#xB514;&#xB809;&#xD1A0;&#xB9AC;</span>
bash: ./test.sh: Argument list too long          <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xC624;&#xB958;</span>

$ grep <span class="hljs-operator">-l</span> hello /usr/**/*.h                      <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xD655;&#xC7A5; &#xD328;&#xD134; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;</span>
bash: /usr/bin/grep: Argument list too long      <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xC624;&#xB958;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xBB38;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xC758; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xB294; <code>xargs --show-limits</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574; &#xC870;&#xD68C;&#xD574;&#xBCFC; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ xargs --show-limits
Your environment variables take up <span class="hljs-number">5676</span> bytes
POSIX upper <span class="hljs-built_in">limit</span> on argument length (this system): <span class="hljs-number">2089428</span>
POSIX smallest allowable upper <span class="hljs-built_in">limit</span> on argument length (all systems): <span class="hljs-number">4096</span>
Maximum length of <span class="hljs-built_in">command</span> we could actually use: <span class="hljs-number">2083752</span>
Size of <span class="hljs-built_in">command</span> buffer we are actually using: <span class="hljs-number">131072</span>
Maximum parallelism (--max-procs must be no greater): <span class="hljs-number">2147483647</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB97C; &#xD574;&#xBCF4;&#xBA74; &#xC778;&#xC218; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xC758; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xB294; <code>131072</code> &#xB97C; &#xB118;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xC5C6;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
&#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xB77C;&#xC778;&#xC5D0; &#xC774; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xACC4;&#xC18D; &#xB354;&#xD574;&#xBCF4;&#xBA74; <code>2083752</code> &#xC815;&#xB3C4;&#xAE4C;&#xC9C0; &#xCD94;&#xAC00;&#xB418;&#xB294;&#xB370;
&#xC774; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xB97C; &#xB118;&#xC5B4;&#xC11C;&#xBA74; <code>Argument list too long</code> &#xC624;&#xB958;&#xAC00; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
&#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0;&#xB294; <code>/bin/echo</code> &#xC678;&#xBD80; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD588;&#xB294;&#xB370; builtin echo &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC758; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0;
&#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xC2DC; exec &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C;&#xCF5C;&#xC774; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC73C;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; &#xC774;&#xC640; &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xC81C;&#xD55C;&#xC774; &#xC5C6;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ /bin/<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> /usr/**/*.h                        <span class="hljs-comment"># /bin/echo &#xC678;&#xBD80; &#xBA85;&#xB839;</span>
bash: /bin/<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span>: Argument list too long

$ ls /usr/**/*.h                               <span class="hljs-comment"># ls &#xC678;&#xBD80; &#xBA85;&#xB839; </span>
bash: /usr/bin/ls: Argument list too long

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> /usr/**/*.h                             <span class="hljs-comment"># builtin echo &#xBA85;&#xB839;</span>
/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/include/a.out.h /usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/include/aio.h .....

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;%s\n&apos;</span> /usr/**/*.h                    <span class="hljs-comment"># builtin printf &#xBA85;&#xB839;</span>
/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/include/a.out.h
/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/include/aio.h
/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/include/aliases.h
. . .
</code></pre>
<p>&#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C; &#xC704;&#xC640; &#xAC19;&#xC774; &#xC624;&#xB958;&#xAC00; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD;&#xD558;&#xB294; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0;&#xC5D0;&#xB294;  &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xC758; &#xAC1C;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xBD84;&#xB9AC;&#xD574;&#xC11C; test.sh &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC744; 
&#xC5EC;&#xB7EC;&#xBC88; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xD574; &#xC918;&#xC57C; &#xD558;&#xB294;&#xB370; xargs &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xBA74; &#xC774;&#xAC83;&#xC744; &#xC790;&#xB3D9;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xD574; &#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
xargs &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC740; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB41C; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xC758; &#xC804;&#xCCB4; &#xD06C;&#xAE30;&#xAC00; <code>131072</code> &#xB97C; &#xB118;&#xC744; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC0DD;&#xC131;&#xD574;&#xC11C;
&#xB2E4;&#xC74C; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB4E4;&#xC744; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ cat test.sh
<span class="hljs-shebang">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;chars of ARGS: `echo -n &quot;</span>$*<span class="hljs-string">&quot; | wc -c`, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-variable">${#@}</span>&quot;</span>

$ find /usr -type f -print0 | xargs -<span class="hljs-number">0</span> ./test.sh 
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">131016</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">3999</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">131023</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">1953</span>       <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xC0C8;&#xB85C; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC0DD;&#xC131;&#xD558;&#xC5EC; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xD55C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">131031</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">1962</span>
. . .

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;%s\0&quot;</span> /usr/**/*.h | xargs -<span class="hljs-number">0</span> grep <span class="hljs-operator">-l</span> hello
/usr/include/bash/builtins/common.h
/usr/include/linux/<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>_bridge.h
/usr/include/linux/netfilter_bridge/ebt_stp.h
. . .

$ find /usr -type f -exec ./test.sh {} +          <span class="hljs-comment"># find &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC758; -exec &#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">131016</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">3999</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">131023</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">1953</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">131031</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">1962</span>
. . .
</code></pre>
<h3 id="&#xD30C;&#xC77C;&#xBA85;&#xC5D0;-&#xACF5;&#xBC31;&#xC774;-&#xD3EC;&#xD568;&#xB420;-&#xACBD;&#xC6B0;">&#xD30C;&#xC77C;&#xBA85;&#xC5D0; &#xACF5;&#xBC31;&#xC774; &#xD3EC;&#xD568;&#xB420; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0;</h3>
<p>&#xD30C;&#xC77C; &#xC774;&#xB984;&#xC5D0; &#xACF5;&#xBC31;&#xC774; &#xD3EC;&#xD568;&#xB418;&#xBA74; &#xBCF5;&#xC218;&#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB85C; &#xC778;&#xC2DD;&#xC774; &#xB418;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; <code>xargs -0</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574;
&#xACF5;&#xBC31;&#xBB38;&#xC790; &#xB300;&#xC2E0; <code>NUL</code> &#xBB38;&#xC790;&#xB97C; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xAD6C;&#xBD84;&#xD558;&#xB294;&#xB370; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD574;&#xC57C; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
&#xC774;&#xB54C; find &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xB294; <code>-print0</code> &#xB97C; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xD574;&#xC57C; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ find /usr -type f  | wc <span class="hljs-operator">-l</span>
<span class="hljs-number">252939</span>    <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xC804;&#xCCB4; &#xD30C;&#xC77C;&#xAC1C;&#xC218;</span>

<span class="hljs-comment"># xargs -0 &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC744; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; &#xC804;&#xCCB4; &#xD30C;&#xC77C; &#xAC1C;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB2E4;&#xB974;&#xAC8C; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># (sum += $NF &#xB294; &#xC704;&#xC758; test.sh &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB9C8;&#xC9C0;&#xB9C9; &#xC704;&#xCE58;&#xC758; &#xAC12;&#xC744; sum &#xBCC0;&#xC218;&#xC5D0; &#xCD94;&#xAC00;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.)</span>
$ find /usr -type f | xargs ./test.sh | awk <span class="hljs-string">&apos;{ sum += $NF } END{ print sum }&apos;</span> 
<span class="hljs-number">253106</span>

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

<span class="hljs-comment"># xargs -0 &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xBA74; &#xC62C;&#xBC14;&#xB85C; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ find /usr -type f -print0 | xargs -<span class="hljs-number">0</span> ./test.sh | awk <span class="hljs-string">&apos;{ sum += $NF } END{ print sum }&apos;</span> 
<span class="hljs-number">252939</span>

<span class="hljs-comment"># &quot;./test.sh {} +&quot; &#xB294; find &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xB418;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; &#xC62C;&#xBC14;&#xB85C; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ find /usr -type f -exec ./test.sh {} + | awk <span class="hljs-string">&apos;{ sum += $NF } END{ print sum }&apos;</span> 
<span class="hljs-number">252939</span>
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;aaa bbb\nccc&quot;</span> | xargs ./test.sh         <span class="hljs-comment"># aaa bbb &#xAC00; 2 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB85C; &#xC778;&#xC2DD;&#xB418;&#xC5B4;</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">11</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">3</span>              <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xCD1D; 3 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;aaa bbb\0ccc&quot;</span> | xargs -<span class="hljs-number">0</span> ./test.sh      <span class="hljs-comment"># NUL &#xBB38;&#xC790;&#xB97C; &#xC778;&#xC218; &#xAD6C;&#xBD84;&#xC790;&#xB85C; &#xD558;&#xBA74; aaa bbb &#xAC00;</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">11</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">2</span>              <span class="hljs-comment"># 1 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xCD1D; 2 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;aaa bbb\nccc&quot;</span> | xargs -i ./test.sh {}   <span class="hljs-comment"># xargs -i &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xACFC; {} &#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0;&#xB294;</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">7</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">1</span>               <span class="hljs-comment"># find &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xCC98;&#xB7FC; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB77C;&#xC778; &#xB2E8;&#xC704;&#xB85C;</span>
chars of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, number of ARGS: <span class="hljs-number">1</span>               <span class="hljs-comment"># {} &#xC5D0; &#xD560;&#xB2F9;&#xB418;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; &#xCD1D; 2 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="i-&#xC635;&#xC158;"><code>-I</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;</h3>
<p>xargs &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC758; <code>-i</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xACFC; <code>{}</code> &#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC740;
find &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC758; <code>{}</code> &#xC640; <code>\;</code> &#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xACFC; &#xB3D9;&#xC77C;&#xD558;&#xAC8C; &#xB3D9;&#xC791;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
&#xB2E4;&#xC2DC; &#xB9D0;&#xD574;&#xC11C; &#xCD5C;&#xB300;&#xD55C; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB4E4;&#xC744; &#xD55C;&#xBC88;&#xC5D0; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC5D0; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xD574;&#xC11C; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xC2DC;&#xD0A4;&#xB294; &#xAC83;&#xC774; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C;
&#xC778;&#xC218; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xB2F9; &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xD55C;&#xBC88;&#xC744; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xC2DC;&#xD0B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash"><span class="hljs-comment"># &#xC778;&#xC218; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xB2F9; grep &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xD55C;&#xBC88;&#xC744; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;. {} &#xAC00; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB41C; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xC640; &#xB9E4;&#xCE6D;&#xC774; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;%s\n&quot;</span> /usr/**/*.h | xargs -i grep <span class="hljs-operator">-l</span> hello {}
/usr/include/bash/builtins/common.h
/usr/include/linux/<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>_bridge.h
/usr/include/linux/netfilter_bridge/ebt_stp.h
. . .

<span class="hljs-comment"># grep &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xD55C;&#xBC88;&#xC744; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xD560;&#xB54C; &#xC5EC;&#xB7EC;&#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xD574;&#xC11C; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xD558;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; &#xC0DD;&#xC131;&#xD574;&#xC57C;&#xB420;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xAC00; &#xC801;&#xC5B4; &#xACB0;&#xACFC;&#xB294; &#xC704;&#xC758; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xACFC; &#xAC19;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; &#xC2E4;&#xD589; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xCC28;&#xC774;&#xAC00; &#xB9CE;&#xC774; &#xB09C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;%s\0&quot;</span> /usr/**/*.h | xargs -<span class="hljs-number">0</span> grep <span class="hljs-operator">-l</span> hello
. . .
</code></pre>
<p>&#xADF8;&#xB7F0;&#xB370; &#xB9CC;&#xC57D;&#xC5D0; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB420; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xBB38;&#xC5D0; <code>{}</code> &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB9C1;&#xC774; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC6A9;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xB418;&#xACE0; &#xC788;&#xB2E4;&#xBA74;
&#xC774;&#xB54C;&#xB294; <code>-I</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574; <code>{}</code> &#xB300;&#xC2E0;&#xC5D0; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB9C1;&#xC744; &#xC9C0;&#xC815;&#xD574; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash"><span class="hljs-comment"># &quot;{} value is: ...&quot; &#xB85C; &#xC2DC;&#xC791;&#xD558;&#xB294; &#xCD9C;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xAE30;&#xB300;&#xD588;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; {} &#xB3C4; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xCE58;&#xD658;&#xC774; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;aaa bbb\nccc&quot;</span> | xargs -i sh -c <span class="hljs-string">&apos;echo &quot;{} value is: {}&quot;&apos;</span>
aaa bbb value is: aaa bbb
ccc value is: ccc

<span class="hljs-comment"># -I &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xBA74; {} &#xB300;&#xC2E0;&#xC5D0; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xB9C1;&#xC744; &#xC9C0;&#xC815;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;aaa bbb\nccc&quot;</span> | xargs -I ARG sh -c <span class="hljs-string">&apos;echo &quot;{} value is: ARG&quot;&apos;</span>
{} value is: aaa bbb
{} value is: ccc
</code></pre>
<h3 id="d--t--n-&#xC635;&#xC158;"><code>-d</code> , <code>-t</code> , <code>-n</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;</h3>
<p>&#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB4E4;&#xC740; &#xAE30;&#xBCF8;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xACF5;&#xBC31;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xBD84;&#xB9AC;&#xB418;&#xB294;&#xB370; <code>-d (delimiter)</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574;
&#xBCC0;&#xACBD;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> -n  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;foo;bar;zoo&quot;</span> | xargs <span class="hljs-operator">-d</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;;&apos;</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span>
foo bar zoo
</code></pre>
<p><code>-t</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC740; &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xBA3C;&#xC800; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB420; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xBB38;&#xC744; <code>stderr</code> &#xB97C; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
xargs &#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xB4E4;&#xC774; &#xC5B4;&#xB5BB;&#xAC8C; &#xBD84;&#xB9AC;&#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB418;&#xB294;&#xC9C0; &#xBCFC; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
<code>-n</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;&#xB294; &#xC778;&#xC218; &#xAC1C;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xC9C0;&#xC815;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> -n  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;foo;bar;zoo&quot;</span> | xargs <span class="hljs-operator">-d</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;;&apos;</span> -t <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> foo bar zoo
foo bar zoo         <span class="hljs-comment"># &#xD55C;&#xBC88;&#xC758; echo &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC5D0; foo bar zoo &#xC138; &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> -en  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;foo;bar;zoo\naaa;bbb;ccc&quot;</span> | xargs <span class="hljs-operator">-d</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;;&apos;</span> -t <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> foo bar <span class="hljs-string">&apos;zoo&apos;</span>$<span class="hljs-string">&apos;\n&apos;</span><span class="hljs-string">&apos;aaa&apos;</span> bbb ccc
foo bar zoo         <span class="hljs-comment"># newline &#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBD84;&#xB9AC;&#xB418;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xACE0; &#xD55C;&#xBC88;&#xC758; echo &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC774; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
aaa bbb ccc         <span class="hljs-comment"># &apos;zoo&apos;$&apos;\n&apos;&apos;aaa&apos; &#xAC00; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> -n  <span class="hljs-string">&quot;foo;bar;zoo&quot;</span> | xargs <span class="hljs-operator">-d</span> <span class="hljs-string">&apos;;&apos;</span> -t -n1 <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> foo
foo
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> bar            <span class="hljs-comment"># -n1 &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; echo &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC5D0; 1 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
bar
<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> zoo
zoo
</code></pre>
<h3 id="&#xBA40;&#xD2F0;-&#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;-&#xC2E4;&#xD589;">&#xBA40;&#xD2F0; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;</h3>
<p>shell &#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBA40;&#xD2F0; &#xCF54;&#xC5B4; CPU &#xB97C; &#xD65C;&#xC6A9;&#xD574; &#xBE60;&#xB974;&#xAC8C; &#xC791;&#xC5C5;&#xC744; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xD558;&#xACE0;&#xC790; &#xD560;&#xB54C;&#xB294; 
xargs &#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC81C;&#xACF5;&#xD558;&#xB294; <code>-P, --max-procs=MAX-PROCS</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xBA74; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
xargs &#xB294; <code>-P</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC124;&#xC815;&#xD55C; &#xAC12;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC0DD;&#xC131;&#xD574;&#xC11C; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC744; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.
&#xAC00;&#xB839; <code>-P 8</code> &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD558;&#xBA74; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;&#xB418;&#xB294; &#xC778;&#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xBAA8;&#xB450; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xB420; &#xB54C;&#xAE4C;&#xC9C0; 8 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C;
&#xC720;&#xC9C0;&#xD558;&#xBA74;&#xC11C; &#xC791;&#xC5C5;&#xC744; &#xCC98;&#xB9AC;&#xD574; &#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-bash">$ ls split-*
split-<span class="hljs-number">001</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">002</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">003</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">004</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">005</span>  ...

$ <span class="hljs-built_in">printf</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;%s\n&quot;</span> split-* |
xargs -P `nproc` -i sh -c <span class="hljs-string">&apos;file=&quot;{}&quot;; some-command &quot;$file&quot; &gt; &quot;result-${file#split-}&quot;&apos;</span>

$ ls
split-<span class="hljs-number">001</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">002</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">003</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">004</span>  split-<span class="hljs-number">005</span>  ...
result-<span class="hljs-number">001</span>  result-<span class="hljs-number">002</span>  result-<span class="hljs-number">003</span>  result-<span class="hljs-number">004</span>  result-<span class="hljs-number">005</span>  ...

$ cat result-*  &gt; result-done
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="lang-bash"><span class="hljs-comment"># &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xAD6C;&#xBD84; &#xB77C;&#xC778;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &quot;#############&quot; &#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; (shell, awk, perl, python &#xCD1D; 4 &#xAC1C; &#xBA85;&#xB839;)</span>
$ cat commands.txt

<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;shell BASHPID : <span class="hljs-variable">$BASHPID</span>&quot;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> ((i=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i&lt;<span class="hljs-number">5</span>; ++i)) {
    <span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;this is shell&quot;</span>
    sleep <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">#####################################</span>

<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;awk BASHPID : <span class="hljs-variable">$BASHPID</span>&quot;</span>
awk <span class="hljs-string">&apos;@load &quot;time&quot;; BEGIN {
    for (i=0; i&lt;5; ++i) {
        print &quot;this is awk&quot;
        sleep(1)
    }
}&apos;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">#####################################</span>

<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;perl BASHPID : <span class="hljs-variable">$BASHPID</span>&quot;</span>
perl <span class="hljs-operator">-l</span> &lt;&lt;\@
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-number">1</span>..<span class="hljs-number">5</span>) {
    <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;this is perl&quot;</span>;
    sleep <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
}
@
<span class="hljs-comment">######################################</span>

<span class="hljs-built_in">echo</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;python3 BASHPID : <span class="hljs-variable">$BASHPID</span>&quot;</span>
python3 &lt;&lt;\@
import time
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> range(<span class="hljs-number">5</span>):
    <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;this is python&quot;</span>)
    time.sleep(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
@

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<span class="hljs-comment"># &#xBA85;&#xB839; &#xAD6C;&#xBD84; &#xB77C;&#xC778; ########### &#xC744; sed &#xB97C; &#xC774;&#xC6A9;&#xD574; NUL &#xBB38;&#xC790;&#xB85C; &#xBCC0;&#xD658;&#xD558;&#xC5EC; xargs &#xC5D0; &#xC804;&#xB2EC;.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># -P4 &#xC635;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xC124;&#xC815;&#xD558;&#xC600;&#xC73C;&#xBBC0;&#xB85C; 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC774; &#xB3D9;&#xC2DC;&#xC5D0; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.</span>
$ cat commands.txt | sed -E <span class="hljs-string">&apos;s/^#{10,}$/\x0/&apos;</span> | xargs -P4 -<span class="hljs-number">0</span> -i bash -c {}

shell BASHPID : <span class="hljs-number">3231305</span>
this is shell
awk BASHPID : <span class="hljs-number">3231306</span>
perl BASHPID : <span class="hljs-number">3231307</span>
python3 BASHPID : <span class="hljs-number">3231308</span>
this is awk
this is perl
this is python
this is shell
this is awk
this is perl
this is python
this is awk          <span class="hljs-comment"># 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xBA85;&#xB839;&#xC774; &#xB3D9;&#xC2DC;&#xC5D0; &#xC2E4;&#xD589;&#xB41C;&#xB2E4;.</span>
this is perl
this is shell
this is python
this is awk
this is perl
this is shell
this is python
this is awk
this is perl
this is shell
this is python
</code></pre>

                    
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