%load_ext d2lbook.tab
tab.interact_select('mxnet', 'pytorch', 'tensorflow')

Multi-Head Attention

🏷️sec_multihead-attention

In practice, given the same set of queries, keys, and values we may want our model to combine knowledge from different behaviors of the same attention mechanism, such as capturing dependencies of various ranges (e.g., shorter-range vs. longer-range) within a sequence. Thus, it may be beneficial to allow our attention mechanism to jointly use different representation subspaces of queries, keys, and values.

To this end, instead of performing a single attention pooling, queries, keys, and values can be transformed with $h$ independently learned linear projections. Then these $h$ projected queries, keys, and values are fed into attention pooling in parallel. In the end, $h$ attention pooling outputs are concatenated and transformed with another learned linear projection to produce the final output. This design is called multi-head attention, where each of the $h$ attention pooling outputs is a head :cite:Vaswani.Shazeer.Parmar.ea.2017. Using fully connected layers to perform learnable linear transformations, :numref:fig_multi-head-attention describes multi-head attention.

🏷️fig_multi-head-attention

Model

Before providing the implementation of multi-head attention, let's formalize this model mathematically. Given a query $\mathbf{q} \in \mathbb{R}^{d_q}$, a key $\mathbf{k} \in \mathbb{R}^{d_k}$, and a value $\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb{R}^{d_v}$, each attention head $\mathbf{h}_i$ ($i = 1, \ldots, h$) is computed as

$$\mathbf{h}_i = f(\mathbf W_i^{(q)}\mathbf q, \mathbf W_i^{(k)}\mathbf k,\mathbf W_i^{(v)}\mathbf v) \in \mathbb R^{p_v},$$

where learnable parameters $\mathbf W_i^{(q)}\in\mathbb R^{p_q\times d_q}$, $\mathbf W_i^{(k)}\in\mathbb R^{p_k\times d_k}$ and $\mathbf W_i^{(v)}\in\mathbb R^{p_v\times d_v}$, and $f$ is attention pooling, such as additive attention and scaled dot-product attention in :numref:sec_attention-scoring-functions. The multi-head attention output is another linear transformation via learnable parameters $\mathbf W_o\in\mathbb R^{p_o\times h p_v}$ of the concatenation of $h$ heads:

$$\mathbf W_o \begin{bmatrix}\mathbf h_1\\vdots\\mathbf h_h\end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{R}^{p_o}.$$

Based on this design, each head may attend to different parts of the input. More sophisticated functions than the simple weighted average can be expressed.

%%tab mxnet
from d2l import mxnet as d2l
import math
from mxnet import autograd, np, npx
from mxnet.gluon import nn
npx.set_np()

%%tab pytorch
from d2l import torch as d2l
import math
import torch
from torch import nn

%%tab tensorflow
from d2l import tensorflow as d2l
import tensorflow as tf

Implementation

In our implementation, we [choose the scaled dot-product attention for each head] of the multi-head attention. To avoid significant growth of computational cost and parameterization cost, we set $p_q = p_k = p_v = p_o / h$. Note that $h$ heads can be computed in parallel if we set the number of outputs of linear transformations for the query, key, and value to $p_q h = p_k h = p_v h = p_o$. In the following implementation, $p_o$ is specified via the argument num_hiddens.

%%tab mxnet
#@save
class MultiHeadAttention(d2l.Module):
    """Multi-head attention."""
    def __init__(self, num_hiddens, num_heads, dropout, use_bias=False,
                 **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.attention = d2l.DotProductAttention(dropout, num_heads)
        self.W_q = nn.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=use_bias, flatten=False)
        self.W_k = nn.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=use_bias, flatten=False)
        self.W_v = nn.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=use_bias, flatten=False)
        self.W_o = nn.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=use_bias, flatten=False)

    def forward(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens, window_mask=None):
        # Shape of queries, keys, or values:
        # (batch_size, no. of queries or key-value pairs, num_hiddens)
        # Shape of valid_lens: (batch_size,) or (batch_size, no. of queries)
        # After transposing, shape of output queries, keys, or values:
        # (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries or key-value pairs,
        # num_hiddens / num_heads)
        queries = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_q(queries))
        keys = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_k(keys))
        values = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_v(values))

        if valid_lens is not None:
            # On axis 0, copy the first item (scalar or vector) for num_heads
            # times, then copy the next item, and so on
            valid_lens = valid_lens.repeat(self.num_heads, axis=0)

        # Shape of output: (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries,
        # num_hiddens / num_heads)
        output = self.attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens,
                                window_mask)
        
        # Shape of output_concat: (batch_size, no. of queries, num_hiddens)
        output_concat = self.transpose_output(output)
        return self.W_o(output_concat)

%%tab pytorch
#@save
class MultiHeadAttention(d2l.Module):
    """Multi-head attention."""
    def __init__(self, num_hiddens, num_heads, dropout, bias=False, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.attention = d2l.DotProductAttention(dropout, num_heads)
        self.W_q = nn.LazyLinear(num_hiddens, bias=bias)
        self.W_k = nn.LazyLinear(num_hiddens, bias=bias)
        self.W_v = nn.LazyLinear(num_hiddens, bias=bias)
        self.W_o = nn.LazyLinear(num_hiddens, bias=bias)

    def forward(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens, window_mask=None):
        # Shape of queries, keys, or values:
        # (batch_size, no. of queries or key-value pairs, num_hiddens)
        # Shape of valid_lens: (batch_size,) or (batch_size, no. of queries)
        # After transposing, shape of output queries, keys, or values:
        # (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries or key-value pairs,
        # num_hiddens / num_heads)
        queries = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_q(queries))
        keys = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_k(keys))
        values = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_v(values))

        if valid_lens is not None:
            # On axis 0, copy the first item (scalar or vector) for num_heads
            # times, then copy the next item, and so on
            valid_lens = torch.repeat_interleave(
                valid_lens, repeats=self.num_heads, dim=0)

        # Shape of output: (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries,
        # num_hiddens / num_heads)
        output = self.attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens,
                                window_mask)
        # Shape of output_concat: (batch_size, no. of queries, num_hiddens)
        output_concat = self.transpose_output(output)
        return self.W_o(output_concat)

%%tab tensorflow
#@save
class MultiHeadAttention(d2l.Module):
    """Multi-head attention."""
    def __init__(self, key_size, query_size, value_size, num_hiddens,
                 num_heads, dropout, bias=False, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.attention = d2l.DotProductAttention(dropout, num_heads)
        self.W_q = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=bias)
        self.W_k = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=bias)
        self.W_v = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=bias)
        self.W_o = tf.keras.layers.Dense(num_hiddens, use_bias=bias)
    
    def call(self, queries, keys, values, valid_lens, window_mask=None,
             **kwargs):
        # Shape of queries, keys, or values:
        # (batch_size, no. of queries or key-value pairs, num_hiddens)
        # Shape of valid_lens: (batch_size,) or (batch_size, no. of queries)
        # After transposing, shape of output queries, keys, or values:
        # (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries or key-value pairs,
        # num_hiddens / num_heads)
        queries = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_q(queries))
        keys = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_k(keys))
        values = self.transpose_qkv(self.W_v(values))
        
        if valid_lens is not None:
            # On axis 0, copy the first item (scalar or vector) for num_heads
            # times, then copy the next item, and so on
            valid_lens = tf.repeat(valid_lens, repeats=self.num_heads, axis=0)
            
        # Shape of output: (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries,
        # num_hiddens / num_heads)
        output = self.attention(queries, keys, values, valid_lens,
                                window_mask, **kwargs)
        
        # Shape of output_concat: (batch_size, no. of queries, num_hiddens)
        output_concat = self.transpose_output(output)
        return self.W_o(output_concat)

To allow for [parallel computation of multiple heads], the above MultiHeadAttention class uses two transposition methods as defined below. Specifically, the transpose_output method reverses the operation of the transpose_qkv method.

%%tab mxnet
@d2l.add_to_class(MultiHeadAttention)  #@save
def transpose_qkv(self, X):
    """Transposition for parallel computation of multiple attention heads."""
    # Shape of input X: (batch_size, no. of queries or key-value pairs,
    # num_hiddens). Shape of output X: (batch_size, no. of queries or
    # key-value pairs, num_heads, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    X = X.reshape(X.shape[0], X.shape[1], self.num_heads, -1)
    # Shape of output X: (batch_size, num_heads, no. of queries or key-value
    # pairs, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    X = X.transpose(0, 2, 1, 3)
    # Shape of output: (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries or key-value
    # pairs, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    return X.reshape(-1, X.shape[2], X.shape[3])

@d2l.add_to_class(MultiHeadAttention)  #@save
def transpose_output(self, X):
    """Reverse the operation of transpose_qkv."""
    X = X.reshape(-1, self.num_heads, X.shape[1], X.shape[2])
    X = X.transpose(0, 2, 1, 3)
    return X.reshape(X.shape[0], X.shape[1], -1)

%%tab pytorch
@d2l.add_to_class(MultiHeadAttention)  #@save
def transpose_qkv(self, X):
    """Transposition for parallel computation of multiple attention heads."""
    # Shape of input X: (batch_size, no. of queries or key-value pairs,
    # num_hiddens). Shape of output X: (batch_size, no. of queries or
    # key-value pairs, num_heads, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    X = X.reshape(X.shape[0], X.shape[1], self.num_heads, -1)
    # Shape of output X: (batch_size, num_heads, no. of queries or key-value
    # pairs, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    X = X.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
    # Shape of output: (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries or key-value
    # pairs, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    return X.reshape(-1, X.shape[2], X.shape[3])

@d2l.add_to_class(MultiHeadAttention)  #@save
def transpose_output(self, X):
    """Reverse the operation of transpose_qkv."""
    X = X.reshape(-1, self.num_heads, X.shape[1], X.shape[2])
    X = X.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)
    return X.reshape(X.shape[0], X.shape[1], -1)

%%tab tensorflow
@d2l.add_to_class(MultiHeadAttention)  #@save
def transpose_qkv(self, X):
    """Transposition for parallel computation of multiple attention heads."""
    # Shape of input X: (batch_size, no. of queries or key-value pairs,
    # num_hiddens). Shape of output X: (batch_size, no. of queries or
    # key-value pairs, num_heads, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    X = tf.reshape(X, shape=(X.shape[0], X.shape[1], self.num_heads, -1))
    # Shape of output X: (batch_size, num_heads, no. of queries or key-value
    # pairs, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    X = tf.transpose(X, perm=(0, 2, 1, 3))
    # Shape of output: (batch_size * num_heads, no. of queries or key-value
    # pairs, num_hiddens / num_heads)
    return tf.reshape(X, shape=(-1, X.shape[2], X.shape[3]))

@d2l.add_to_class(MultiHeadAttention)  #@save
def transpose_output(self, X):
    """Reverse the operation of transpose_qkv."""
    X = tf.reshape(X, shape=(-1, self.num_heads, X.shape[1], X.shape[2]))
    X = tf.transpose(X, perm=(0, 2, 1, 3))
    return tf.reshape(X, shape=(X.shape[0], X.shape[1], -1))

Let's [test our implemented] MultiHeadAttention class using a toy example where keys and values are the same. As a result, the shape of the multi-head attention output is (batch_size, num_queries, num_hiddens).

%%tab mxnet
num_hiddens, num_heads = 100, 5
attention = MultiHeadAttention(num_hiddens, num_heads, 0.5)
attention.initialize()

%%tab pytorch
num_hiddens, num_heads = 100, 5
attention = MultiHeadAttention(num_hiddens, num_heads, 0.5)

%%tab tensorflow
num_hiddens, num_heads = 100, 5
attention = MultiHeadAttention(num_hiddens, num_hiddens, num_hiddens,
                               num_hiddens, num_heads, 0.5)

%%tab mxnet, pytorch
batch_size, num_queries, num_kvpairs, valid_lens = 2, 4, 6, d2l.tensor([3, 2])
X = d2l.ones((batch_size, num_queries, num_hiddens))
Y = d2l.ones((batch_size, num_kvpairs, num_hiddens))
d2l.check_shape(attention(X, Y, Y, valid_lens),
                (batch_size, num_queries, num_hiddens))

%%tab tensorflow
batch_size, num_queries, num_kvpairs, valid_lens = 2, 4, 6, d2l.tensor([3, 2])
X = tf.ones((batch_size, num_queries, num_hiddens))
Y = tf.ones((batch_size, num_kvpairs, num_hiddens))
d2l.check_shape(attention(X, Y, Y, valid_lens, training=False),
                (batch_size, num_queries, num_hiddens))

Summary

Multi-head attention combines knowledge of the same attention pooling via different representation subspaces of queries, keys, and values.
To compute multiple heads of multi-head attention in parallel, proper tensor manipulation is needed.

Exercises

Visualize attention weights of multiple heads in this experiment.
Suppose that we have a trained model based on multi-head attention and we want to prune least important attention heads to increase the prediction speed. How can we design experiments to measure the importance of an attention head?

:begin_tab:mxnet Discussions :end_tab:

:begin_tab:pytorch Discussions :end_tab:

:begin_tab:tensorflow Discussions :end_tab:

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Multi-Head Attention

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Exercises

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Multi-Head Attention

Model

Implementation

Summary

Exercises