| Author: | Mickaël Salaün |
|---|---|
| Date: | October 2022 |
The goal of Landlock is to enable to restrict ambient rights (e.g. global filesystem access) for a set of processes. Because Landlock is a stackable LSM, it makes possible to create safe security sandboxes as new security layers in addition to the existing system-wide access-controls. This kind of sandbox is expected to help mitigate the security impact of bugs or unexpected/malicious behaviors in user space applications. Landlock empowers any process, including unprivileged ones, to securely restrict themselves.
We can quickly make sure that Landlock is enabled in the running system by
looking for "landlock: Up and running" in kernel logs (as root): dmesg | grep
landlock || journalctl -kg landlock . Developers can also easily check for
Landlock support with a :ref:`related system call <landlock_abi_versions>`. If
Landlock is not currently supported, we need to :ref:`configure the kernel
appropriately <kernel_support>`.
A Landlock rule describes an action on an object. An object is currently a file hierarchy, and the related filesystem actions are defined with access rights. A set of rules is aggregated in a ruleset, which can then restrict the thread enforcing it, and its future children.
We first need to define the ruleset that will contain our rules. For this example, the ruleset will contain rules that only allow read actions, but write actions will be denied. The ruleset then needs to handle both of these kind of actions. This is required for backward and forward compatibility (i.e. the kernel and user space may not know each other's supported restrictions), hence the need to be explicit about the denied-by-default access rights.
struct landlock_ruleset_attr ruleset_attr = {
.handled_access_fs =
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_DIR |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REMOVE_FILE |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_CHAR |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_DIR |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_REG |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SOCK |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_FIFO |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_BLOCK |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_MAKE_SYM |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE,
};Because we may not know on which kernel version an application will be
executed, it is safer to follow a best-effort security approach. Indeed, we
should try to protect users as much as possible whatever the kernel they are
using. To avoid binary enforcement (i.e. either all security features or
none), we can leverage a dedicated Landlock command to get the current version
of the Landlock ABI and adapt the handled accesses. Let's check if we should
remove the LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER or LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE
access rights, which are only supported starting with the second and third
version of the ABI.
int abi;
abi = landlock_create_ruleset(NULL, 0, LANDLOCK_CREATE_RULESET_VERSION);
if (abi < 0) {
/* Degrades gracefully if Landlock is not handled. */
perror("The running kernel does not enable to use Landlock");
return 0;
}
switch (abi) {
case 1:
/* Removes LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER for ABI < 2 */
ruleset_attr.handled_access_fs &= ~LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER;
__attribute__((fallthrough));
case 2:
/* Removes LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE for ABI < 3 */
ruleset_attr.handled_access_fs &= ~LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE;
}This enables to create an inclusive ruleset that will contain our rules.
int ruleset_fd;
ruleset_fd = landlock_create_ruleset(&ruleset_attr, sizeof(ruleset_attr), 0);
if (ruleset_fd < 0) {
perror("Failed to create a ruleset");
return 1;
}We can now add a new rule to this ruleset thanks to the returned file
descriptor referring to this ruleset. The rule will only allow reading the
file hierarchy /usr. Without another rule, write actions would then be
denied by the ruleset. To add /usr to the ruleset, we open it with the
O_PATH flag and fill the &struct landlock_path_beneath_attr with this file
descriptor.
int err;
struct landlock_path_beneath_attr path_beneath = {
.allowed_access =
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_EXECUTE |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_FILE |
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_READ_DIR,
};
path_beneath.parent_fd = open("/usr", O_PATH | O_CLOEXEC);
if (path_beneath.parent_fd < 0) {
perror("Failed to open file");
close(ruleset_fd);
return 1;
}
err = landlock_add_rule(ruleset_fd, LANDLOCK_RULE_PATH_BENEATH,
&path_beneath, 0);
close(path_beneath.parent_fd);
if (err) {
perror("Failed to update ruleset");
close(ruleset_fd);
return 1;
}It may also be required to create rules following the same logic as explained
for the ruleset creation, by filtering access rights according to the Landlock
ABI version. In this example, this is not required because all of the requested
allowed_access rights are already available in ABI 1.
We now have a ruleset with one rule allowing read access to /usr while
denying all other handled accesses for the filesystem. The next step is to
restrict the current thread from gaining more privileges (e.g. thanks to a SUID
binary).
if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0)) {
perror("Failed to restrict privileges");
close(ruleset_fd);
return 1;
}The current thread is now ready to sandbox itself with the ruleset.
if (landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, 0)) {
perror("Failed to enforce ruleset");
close(ruleset_fd);
return 1;
}
close(ruleset_fd);If the landlock_restrict_self system call succeeds, the current thread is
now restricted and this policy will be enforced on all its subsequently created
children as well. Once a thread is landlocked, there is no way to remove its
security policy; only adding more restrictions is allowed. These threads are
now in a new Landlock domain, merge of their parent one (if any) with the new
ruleset.
Full working code can be found in samples/landlock/sandboxer.c.
It is recommended setting access rights to file hierarchy leaves as much as
possible. For instance, it is better to be able to have ~/doc/ as a
read-only hierarchy and ~/tmp/ as a read-write hierarchy, compared to
~/ as a read-only hierarchy and ~/tmp/ as a read-write hierarchy.
Following this good practice leads to self-sufficient hierarchies that do not
depend on their location (i.e. parent directories). This is particularly
relevant when we want to allow linking or renaming. Indeed, having consistent
access rights per directory enables to change the location of such directory
without relying on the destination directory access rights (except those that
are required for this operation, see LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER
documentation).
Having self-sufficient hierarchies also helps to tighten the required access
rights to the minimal set of data. This also helps avoid sinkhole directories,
i.e. directories where data can be linked to but not linked from. However,
this depends on data organization, which might not be controlled by developers.
In this case, granting read-write access to ~/tmp/, instead of write-only
access, would potentially allow to move ~/tmp/ to a non-readable directory
and still keep the ability to list the content of ~/tmp/.
Each time a thread enforces a ruleset on itself, it updates its Landlock domain with a new layer of policy. Indeed, this complementary policy is stacked with the potentially other rulesets already restricting this thread. A sandboxed thread can then safely add more constraints to itself with a new enforced ruleset.
One policy layer grants access to a file path if at least one of its rules encountered on the path grants the access. A sandboxed thread can only access a file path if all its enforced policy layers grant the access as well as all the other system access controls (e.g. filesystem DAC, other LSM policies, etc.).
Landlock enables to restrict access to file hierarchies, which means that these access rights can be propagated with bind mounts (cf. Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.rst) but not with Documentation/filesystems/overlayfs.rst.
A bind mount mirrors a source file hierarchy to a destination. The destination hierarchy is then composed of the exact same files, on which Landlock rules can be tied, either via the source or the destination path. These rules restrict access when they are encountered on a path, which means that they can restrict access to multiple file hierarchies at the same time, whether these hierarchies are the result of bind mounts or not.
An OverlayFS mount point consists of upper and lower layers. These layers are combined in a merge directory, result of the mount point. This merge hierarchy may include files from the upper and lower layers, but modifications performed on the merge hierarchy only reflects on the upper layer. From a Landlock policy point of view, each OverlayFS layers and merge hierarchies are standalone and contains their own set of files and directories, which is different from bind mounts. A policy restricting an OverlayFS layer will not restrict the resulted merged hierarchy, and vice versa. Landlock users should then only think about file hierarchies they want to allow access to, regardless of the underlying filesystem.
Every new thread resulting from a :manpage:`clone(2)` inherits Landlock domain restrictions from its parent. This is similar to the seccomp inheritance (cf. Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst) or any other LSM dealing with task's :manpage:`credentials(7)`. For instance, one process's thread may apply Landlock rules to itself, but they will not be automatically applied to other sibling threads (unlike POSIX thread credential changes, cf. :manpage:`nptl(7)`).
When a thread sandboxes itself, we have the guarantee that the related security policy will stay enforced on all this thread's descendants. This allows creating standalone and modular security policies per application, which will automatically be composed between themselves according to their runtime parent policies.
A sandboxed process has less privileges than a non-sandboxed process and must then be subject to additional restrictions when manipulating another process. To be allowed to use :manpage:`ptrace(2)` and related syscalls on a target process, a sandboxed process should have a subset of the target process rules, which means the tracee must be in a sub-domain of the tracer.
The operations covered by LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE and
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE both change the contents of a file and sometimes
overlap in non-intuitive ways. It is recommended to always specify both of
these together.
A particularly surprising example is :manpage:`creat(2)`. The name suggests that this system call requires the rights to create and write files. However, it also requires the truncate right if an existing file under the same name is already present.
It should also be noted that truncating files does not require the
LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_WRITE_FILE right. Apart from the :manpage:`truncate(2)`
system call, this can also be done through :manpage:`open(2)` with the flags
O_RDONLY | O_TRUNC.
When opening a file, the availability of the LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE
right is associated with the newly created file descriptor and will be used for
subsequent truncation attempts using :manpage:`ftruncate(2)`. The behavior is
similar to opening a file for reading or writing, where permissions are checked
during :manpage:`open(2)`, but not during the subsequent :manpage:`read(2)` and
:manpage:`write(2)` calls.
As a consequence, it is possible to have multiple open file descriptors for the same file, where one grants the right to truncate the file and the other does not. It is also possible to pass such file descriptors between processes, keeping their Landlock properties, even when these processes do not have an enforced Landlock ruleset.
Landlock is designed to be compatible with past and future versions of the
kernel. This is achieved thanks to the system call attributes and the
associated bitflags, particularly the ruleset's handled_access_fs. Making
handled access right explicit enables the kernel and user space to have a clear
contract with each other. This is required to make sure sandboxing will not
get stricter with a system update, which could break applications.
Developers can subscribe to the Landlock mailing list to knowingly update and test their applications with the latest available features. In the interest of users, and because they may use different kernel versions, it is strongly encouraged to follow a best-effort security approach by checking the Landlock ABI version at runtime and only enforcing the supported features.
The Landlock ABI version can be read with the sys_landlock_create_ruleset() system call:
int abi;
abi = landlock_create_ruleset(NULL, 0, LANDLOCK_CREATE_RULESET_VERSION);
if (abi < 0) {
switch (errno) {
case ENOSYS:
printf("Landlock is not supported by the current kernel.\n");
break;
case EOPNOTSUPP:
printf("Landlock is currently disabled.\n");
break;
}
return 0;
}
if (abi >= 2) {
printf("Landlock supports LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER.\n");
}The following kernel interfaces are implicitly supported by the first ABI version. Features only supported from a specific version are explicitly marked as such.
.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/landlock.h
:identifiers: fs_access
.. kernel-doc:: security/landlock/syscalls.c
:identifiers: sys_landlock_create_ruleset
.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/landlock.h
:identifiers: landlock_ruleset_attr
.. kernel-doc:: security/landlock/syscalls.c
:identifiers: sys_landlock_add_rule
.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/landlock.h
:identifiers: landlock_rule_type landlock_path_beneath_attr
.. kernel-doc:: security/landlock/syscalls.c
:identifiers: sys_landlock_restrict_self
As for file renaming and linking, a sandboxed thread cannot modify its filesystem topology, whether via :manpage:`mount(2)` or :manpage:`pivot_root(2)`. However, :manpage:`chroot(2)` calls are not denied.
Access to regular files and directories can be restricted by Landlock,
according to the handled accesses of a ruleset. However, files that do not
come from a user-visible filesystem (e.g. pipe, socket), but can still be
accessed through /proc/<pid>/fd/*, cannot currently be explicitly
restricted. Likewise, some special kernel filesystems such as nsfs, which can
be accessed through /proc/<pid>/ns/*, cannot currently be explicitly
restricted. However, thanks to the ptrace restrictions, access to such
sensitive /proc files are automatically restricted according to domain
hierarchies. Future Landlock evolutions could still enable to explicitly
restrict such paths with dedicated ruleset flags.
There is a limit of 16 layers of stacked rulesets. This can be an issue for a task willing to enforce a new ruleset in complement to its 16 inherited rulesets. Once this limit is reached, sys_landlock_restrict_self() returns E2BIG. It is then strongly suggested to carefully build rulesets once in the life of a thread, especially for applications able to launch other applications that may also want to sandbox themselves (e.g. shells, container managers, etc.).
Kernel memory allocated to create rulesets is accounted and can be restricted by the Documentation/admin-guide/cgroup-v1/memory.rst.
Because Landlock targets unprivileged access controls, it needs to properly
handle composition of rules. Such property also implies rules nesting.
Properly handling multiple layers of rulesets, each one of them able to
restrict access to files, also implies inheritance of the ruleset restrictions
from a parent to its hierarchy. Because files are identified and restricted by
their hierarchy, moving or linking a file from one directory to another implies
propagation of the hierarchy constraints, or restriction of these actions
according to the potentially lost constraints. To protect against privilege
escalations through renaming or linking, and for the sake of simplicity,
Landlock previously limited linking and renaming to the same directory.
Starting with the Landlock ABI version 2, it is now possible to securely
control renaming and linking thanks to the new LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_REFER
access right.
File truncation could not be denied before the third Landlock ABI, so it is always allowed when using a kernel that only supports the first or second ABI.
Starting with the Landlock ABI version 3, it is now possible to securely control
truncation thanks to the new LANDLOCK_ACCESS_FS_TRUNCATE access right.
Landlock was first introduced in Linux 5.13 but it must be configured at build
time with CONFIG_SECURITY_LANDLOCK=y. Landlock must also be enabled at boot
time as the other security modules. The list of security modules enabled by
default is set with CONFIG_LSM. The kernel configuration should then
contains CONFIG_LSM=landlock,[...] with [...] as the list of other
potentially useful security modules for the running system (see the
CONFIG_LSM help).
If the running kernel does not have landlock in CONFIG_LSM, then we can
still enable it by adding lsm=landlock,[...] to
Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst thanks to the bootloader
configuration.
Using user space process to enforce restrictions on kernel resources can lead to race conditions or inconsistent evaluations (i.e. Incorrect mirroring of the OS code and state).
Namespaces can help create sandboxes but they are not designed for access-control and then miss useful features for such use case (e.g. no fine-grained restrictions). Moreover, their complexity can lead to security issues, especially when untrusted processes can manipulate them (cf. Controlling access to user namespaces).
- Documentation/security/landlock.rst
- https://landlock.io