Description: A professional organization focused on advancing the science and practice of hepatology. Synonyms: American Liver Association Acronyms: AASLD
Description: A test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to assess lung function. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ABG
Description: A chemotherapy regimen for Hodgkin's lymphoma consisting of Adriamycin® (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ABVD
Description: A chemotherapy regimen for breast cancer consisting of Adriamycin® (doxorubicin) and cyclophosphamide. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AC
Description: A type of receptor that responds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Synonyms: Muscarinic receptor Acronyms: AChm
Description: An organization that conducts clinical trials related to HIV/AIDS treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ACTG
Description: A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands. Synonyms: Corticotropin Acronyms: ACTH
Description: An enzyme involved in purine metabolism and important for the immune system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ADA
Description: A hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. Synonyms: Vasopressin Acronyms: ADH
Description: An irregular and often rapid heart rate that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure, and other heart-related complications. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AF
Description: A protein produced by the liver and yolk sac of a developing fetus; used as a tumor marker in adults. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AFP
Description: A measure of the number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AGC
Description: A chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Synonyms: None Acronyms: AIDS
Description: A pre-cancerous condition in the anal canal. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AIN
Description: An organization that creates guidelines for cancer staging. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AJCC
Description: A gene that can fuse with other genes to create an abnormal protein that contributes to cancer growth. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ALK
Description: A type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ALL
Description: A type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AML
Description: A measure of the number of neutrophil granulocytes present in the blood. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ANC
Description: A surgical procedure to remove lymph nodes from the axilla (underarm) to determine the spread of breast cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AND
Description: A region in the brainstem involved in the vomiting reflex. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AP
Description: A gene that helps regulate cell growth; mutations in this gene are associated with colorectal cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: APC
Description: A subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the accumulation of promyelocytes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: APL
Description: A severe lung condition causing diffuse alveolar damage and respiratory failure. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ARDS
Description: A sudden loss of kidney function. Synonyms: Acute kidney injury Acronyms: ARF
Description: Treatment for HIV/AIDS using medications that inhibit the virus's replication. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ART
Description: A procedure in which a patient's own stem cells are collected, stored, and then reinfused after intensive treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ASCT
Description: A rare type of cancer caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Synonyms: None Acronyms: ATLL
Description: A chemotherapy drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ATO
Description: A drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia by inducing the differentiation of promyelocytes. Synonyms: Tretinoin Acronyms: ATRA
Description: Refers to structures related to both arteries and veins, or the atrium and ventricle of the heart. Synonyms: None Acronyms: AV
Description: The most common type of skin cancer, originating from basal cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BCC
Description: A vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis and also used in bladder cancer treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BCG
Description: A staging system for liver cancer developed at the Barcelona Clinic. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BCLC
Description: A type of leukemia characterized by the accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: B-CLL
Description: An organization that provides guidelines and standards for hematological practices in the UK. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BCSH
Description: A medical prescription notation indicating that a medication should be taken twice a day. Synonyms: None Acronyms: bd
Description: A chemotherapy regimen for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BEACOPP
Description: A chemotherapy regimen for testicular cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BEP
Description: A highly aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BL
Description: A group of growth factors known to play a role in bone formation and repair. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BMP
Description: A procedure to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BMT
Description: The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BP
Description: A professional organization focused on the study and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BSG
Description: A surgical procedure to remove both fallopian tubes and ovaries. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BSO
Description: A professional organization dedicated to respiratory health in the UK. Synonyms: None Acronyms: BTS
Description: An essential ion involved in many bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Ca2+
Description: A tumor marker used primarily in the management of pancreatic cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Ca19.9
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used for various cancers, including lymphoma and breast cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CAV
Description: A chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of brain tumors and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Synonyms: Lomustine Acronyms: CCNU
Description: A tumor marker used in the management of certain types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CEA
Description: A radiation therapy technique that delivers multiple small doses of radiation per day over a shorter overall period. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CHART
Description: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues. Synonyms: Heart failure Acronyms: CHF
Description: A type of gestational trophoblastic disease that can develop into malignant choriocarcinoma if not treated. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CHM
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CHOP
Description: A precancerous condition in which abnormal cells grow on the surface of the cervix. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CIN
Description: A term used to describe cancer that is confined to the place where it started and has not spread to surrounding tissues. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CIS
Description: An enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, often measured to assess muscle damage. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CK
Description: A protein found on the surface of all white blood cells, used as a marker in immunological studies. Synonyms: CD45 Acronyms: CLA
Description: A type of leukemia characterized by the accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CLL
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of breast cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CMF
Description: A unit of pressure measurement often used in medical contexts to measure blood pressure or respiratory pressure. Synonyms: None Acronyms: cmH2O
Description: A type of cancer that starts in certain blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CML
Description: A type of cancer that starts in blood-forming cells of the bone marrow and invades the blood. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CMML
Description: Refers to both a chemotherapy regimen and a virus that can cause infections in immunocompromised patients. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CMV
Description: Refers to both the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and a specialized nurse role. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CNS
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used for various cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CO
Description: A colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CO2
Description: A chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: COPD
Description: An enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle, often measured to assess muscle damage. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CPK
Description: A chemotherapy drug used to treat cancer by inhibiting DNA replication. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CPT
Description: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CR
Description: Cancer that has spread from the colon or rectum to the liver. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CRLM
Description: A substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation, measured in blood tests to assess inflammation levels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CRP
Description: A technique that shapes radiation beams to closely approximate the shape of a tumor. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CRT
Description: A clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CSF
Description: A radiation therapy technique that treats the entire brain and spinal cord. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CSI
Description: A medical imaging technique used to create detailed images of internal body structures. Synonyms: CT Scan Acronyms: CT
Description: Refers to both cells that have shed from a primary tumor into the bloodstream and criteria used to measure side effects of treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CTC
Description: The volume that contains the tumor and a margin of tissue that may contain microscopic malignant cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CTV
Description: A type of cancer whose primary site of origin cannot be identified. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CUP
Description: Also known as a stroke, it occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced. Synonyms: Stroke Acronyms: CVA
Description: Refers to both a chemotherapy regimen and the pressure in the central veins. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CVP
Description: A radiographic image of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures. Synonyms: None Acronyms: CXR
Description: Refers to processes or models that include three spatial dimensions plus the dimension of time. Synonyms: None Acronyms: 4D
Description: A unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights. Synonyms: Atomic mass unit (amu) Acronyms: Da
Description: A test used to detect antibodies that are stuck to the surface of red blood cells. Synonyms: Direct Coombs test Acronyms: DAT
Description: A surgical procedure involving the dilation of the cervix and scraping of the uterine lining. Synonyms: None Acronyms: D & C
Description: A type of immune cell that helps to initiate the body's immune response. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DC
Description: A non-invasive breast cancer where abnormal cells are contained within the milk ducts. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DCIS
Description: The length of time after treatment during which no sign of cancer is found. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DFS
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat certain types of lymphoma and leukemia. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DHAP
ydrofolate Reductase Description: An enzyme involved in the folate pathway, which is targeted by some chemotherapy drugs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DHFR
Description: A condition affecting the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DIC
Description: A unit of volume measurement equal to one-tenth of a liter. Synonyms: None Acronyms: dL
Description: A type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in B-cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DLBL
Description: The side effect of a drug or treatment that prevents an increase in dose or level. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DLT
Description: The molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living organisms and many viruses. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DNA
Description: A chemotherapy drug used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma and metastatic melanoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DTIC
Description: A nucleotide used in the synthesis of DNA. Synonyms: None Acronyms: dTTP
Description: A nucleotide used in DNA synthesis and repair. Synonyms: None Acronyms: dUMP
Description: A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: DVT
Description: An organization focused on promoting liver research and improving the treatment of liver diseases in Europe. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EASL
Description: An organization that promotes all aspects of blood and marrow transplantation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EBMT
Description: A method for delivering a beam or several beams of high-energy X-rays to a patient's tumor. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EBRT
Description: A technique used to obtain images and biopsy samples from the lungs and surrounding areas. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EBUS
Description: A virus that causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with certain cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EBV
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used for various cancers, including lung cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ECarb
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat gastric and esophageal cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ECF
Description: A test that records the electrical activity of the heart. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ECG
Description: An organization that conducts clinical trials in oncology. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ECOG
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat gastric and esophageal cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ECX
Description: A molecule used as a chelating agent and anticoagulant in blood sample collection. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EDTA
Description: The length of time after treatment during which a patient remains free of certain complications or events. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EFS
Description: A protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EGF
Description: A protein on the cell surface that binds epidermal growth factor and is involved in signaling pathways regulating cell growth and survival. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EGFR
Description: Refers to both a chemotherapy regimen and a regulatory agency for pharmaceuticals in the European Union. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EMA
Description: A diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EMG
Description: A medical specialty dealing with disorders and conditions of the ear, nose, and throat. Synonyms: Otolaryngology Acronyms: ENT
Description: An independent research organization that designs, conducts, and analyzes clinical trials to improve cancer treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EORTC
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used for various cancers, including lung cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EP
Description: An omega-3 fatty acid that has various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory properties. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EPA
Description: A device used in radiation therapy to verify the positioning of the patient and the treatment area. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EPID
Description: A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. Synonyms: EPO Acronyms: EPO
Description: A protein that binds estrogen and is involved in the regulation of gene expression and cell growth. Synonyms: ER Acronyms: ER
Description: A procedure used to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ERCP
Description: A blood test that can reveal inflammatory activity in the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ESR
Description: A procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain images and information about the digestive tract and surrounding tissues and organs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: EUS
Description: A medication used to reduce the toxic effects of certain chemotherapy drugs and to treat certain types of anemia. Synonyms: Leucovorin Acronyms: FA
Description: A genetic condition characterized by an increased risk of developing melanoma and multiple atypical moles. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FAMM
Description: An inherited condition that causes cancer of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FAP
Description: A test that measures the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. Synonyms: Complete blood count (CBC) Acronyms: FBC
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FC
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphomas. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FCR
Description: A radiopharmaceutical used in PET imaging. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FDG
Description: An imaging technique that uses FDG to detect metabolic activity and abnormalities. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FDG-PET
Description: A metabolite of the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FdUMP
Description: The length of time during and after treatment in which a patient lives without a recurrence of the disease or need for salvage therapy. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FFS
Description: An organization that promotes the health and well-being of women, especially in the field of gynecology and obstetrics. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FIGO
Description: A molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FISH
ular Lymphoma Description: A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from B-cells and typically has a slow growth rate. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FL
Description: The remaining functional liver tissue after a portion of the liver has been surgically removed. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FLR
Description: A diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses by extracting cells for examination. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FNA
Description: A test that checks for hidden (occult) blood in the stool, which can be an indication of colon cancer or polyps. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FOB
Description: A hormone involved in the regulation of the reproductive processes of the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FSH
Description: A type of radiation therapy that delivers precise doses of radiation to a tumor in several small fractions. Synonyms: None Acronyms: FSRT
Description: A neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that inhibits nerve transmission, leading to calming effects. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GABA
Description: A fast-growing and aggressive type of central nervous system tumor that forms from glial cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GBM
Description: A protein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream. Synonyms: None Acronyms: G-CSF
Description: A French organization focused on the study and treatment of adult lymphomas. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GELA
Description: A test used to check how well the kidneys are working by estimating the volume of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GFR
Description: An enzyme found in many tissues, including the liver, used to detect liver disease. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GGT
Description: A peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration. Synonyms: Somatotropin Acronyms: GH
Description: Relating to the stomach and intestines. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GI
Description: A type of tumor that occurs in the digestive tract, most commonly in the stomach or small intestine. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GIST
Description: A hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. Synonyms: Gonadoliberin Acronyms: GnRH
Description: The area where the esophagus meets the stomach. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GOJ
Description: A medical doctor who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients. Synonyms: Family doctor Acronyms: GP
Description: A type of targeted cancer therapy that involves modifying a patient's genes to activate a pro-drug into its active form within the tumor. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GPAT
Description: A group of rare tumors that involve abnormal growth of cells inside a woman's uterus. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GTD
Description: A molecule that acts as an energy source in metabolic processes and is involved in protein synthesis and signal transduction. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GTP
Description: The total volume of tumor tissue as determined by imaging and clinical examination. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GTV
Description: A condition that occurs when donor bone marrow or stem cells attack the recipient. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GVHD
Description: The beneficial effect of transplanted donor immune cells recognizing and attacking leukemia cells in the recipient. Synonyms: None Acronyms: GVL
Description: A unit of absorbed radiation dose. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Gy
Description: A unit of time equal to 60 minutes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: h
Description: A treatment regimen for HIV/AIDS that uses a combination of several antiretroviral drugs to reduce the viral load. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HAART
Description: A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Hb
Description: A virus that causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to liver disease and cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HBV
Description: The most common type of primary liver cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HCC
Description: A hormone produced during pregnancy that is also used as a tumor marker for certain cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HCG
Description: A virus that causes liver inflammation and can lead to chronic liver disease. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HCV
Description: A chemotherapy regimen that uses higher doses of drugs to increase the chance of eliminating cancer cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HDC
Description: A type of immunotherapy used to treat certain cancers and viral infections. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HDI
Description: Refers to the rate at which radiation is delivered during brachytherapy. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HDR
Description: An enzyme involved in the purine salvage pathway. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HGPRT
Description: A group of viruses that can cause various diseases in humans, including herpes simplex and Epstein–Barr virus. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HHV
Description: A breakdown product of serotonin that is measured in the urine to diagnose certain types of tumors. Synonyms: None Acronyms: 5-HIAA
Description: The virus that causes AIDS. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HIV
Description: A type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Synonyms: Hodgkin's disease Acronyms: HL
Description: Molecules found on the surface of cells that are responsible for the regulation of the immune system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HLA
Description: An inherited disorder that increases the risk of many types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. Synonyms: Lynch syndrome Acronyms: HNPCC
Description: Referring to the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HPB
Description: A hormone produced by the placenta that promotes mammary gland growth and modulates metabolic functions. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HPL
Description: A virus that can cause genital warts and is associated with several types of cancer, including cervical cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HPV
Description: A treatment used to relieve symptoms of menopause by replenishing estrogen and progesterone. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HRT
Description: A virus that causes infections in the mouth, genitals, and other parts of the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HSV
Description: A neurotransmitter also known as serotonin, involved
in mood regulation and other functions. Synonyms: Serotonin Acronyms: 5-HT3
Description: A condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure, and low platelet count. Synonyms: None Acronyms: HUS
Description: A radioactive isotope of iodine used in the treatment and diagnosis of thyroid cancer and other thyroid conditions. Synonyms: None Acronyms: 131I
Description: A dye used in medical diagnostics, particularly for measuring cardiac output, liver function, and ophthalmic angiography. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ICG
Description: The pressure within the skull, which affects the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ICP
Description: A procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg to achieve fertilization during in vitro fertilization (IVF). Synonyms: None Acronyms: ICSI
Description: A form of internal radiation treatment where a radioactive source is placed inside a body cavity close to the tumor. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ICT
Description: A special department of a hospital that provides intensive treatment and monitoring for critically ill patients. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ICU
Description: A protein released by host cells, usually in response to the presence of pathogens, that inhibits virus replication. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IFN
Description: A type of radiation therapy that targets only the areas known to be affected by cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IFR
Description: A class of proteins that function as antibodies, playing a crucial role in the immune response. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Ig
Description: A classification system used for staging and prognosis of germ cell tumors. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IGCCC
Description: A hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin, playing an important role in growth and development. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IGF
Description: The use of imaging during radiation therapy to improve the precision and accuracy of treatment delivery. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IGRT
Description: A laboratory method used to detect specific antigens in cells or tissue sections by using antibodies tagged with fluorescent or chromogenic markers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IHC
Description: A group of cytokines that play an important role in the immune system, including the regulation of immune cell growth and activity. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IL
Description: An advanced type of radiation therapy used to treat cancer and noncancerous tumors by modulating the radiation dose. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IMRT
Description: A standardized number that's calculated based on the results of a prothrombin time (PT) test to measure blood clotting. Synonyms: None Acronyms: INR
Description: The application of therapeutic levels of radiation to a target area during surgery. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IORT
Description: The use of ultrasound during surgery to guide the surgical procedure. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IOUS
Description: A clinical tool used to predict the prognosis of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IPI
Description: A type of tumor that grows within the pancreatic ducts and has the potential to become malignant. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IPMN
Description: A scoring system used to determine the prognosis of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IPSS
Description: A type of genetic mutation where a segment of DNA is duplicated and inserted next to the original sequence. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ITD
Description: A unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on its biological activity or effect. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IU
Description: A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the heart. Synonyms: None Acronyms: IVC
Description: A radiographic technique for visualizing the urinary system by injecting a contrast dye into a vein. Synonyms: Intravenous pyelography Acronyms: IVU
Description: An essential mineral and electrolyte necessary for many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function. Synonyms: None Acronyms: K+
Description: A unit of molecular mass equal to 1,000 daltons, often used to describe the size of proteins and other biomolecules. Synonyms: None Acronyms: kDa
Description: A unit of energy equal to one thousand electron volts, often used in the context of radiation and particle physics. Synonyms: None Acronyms: keV
Description: A unit of pressure equal to one thousand pascals. Synonyms: None Acronyms: kPa
Description: A type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels, often associated with AIDS. Synonyms: None Acronyms: KS
Description: A unit of electrical potential equal to one thousand volts. Synonyms: None Acronyms: kV
Description: A unit of volume measurement in the metric system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: L
Description: A type of immune cell that has been stimulated by cytokines to kill tumor cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LAK
Description: A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast, which can increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LCIS
Description: An enzyme involved in energy production, often measured to assess tissue damage or disease. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LDH
Description: A rare autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LEMS
Description: A group of blood tests that measure various enzymes, proteins, and substances produced by the liver to assess its function. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LFT
Description: A hormone that plays a role in regulating the function of the testes in men and ovaries in women. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LH
Description: A hormone that stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. Synonyms: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Acronyms: LHRH
Description: The lowest value that is considered normal for a given laboratory test. Synonyms: None Acronyms: LLN
Description: An antibody produced by a single clone of cells, which is specific to a single antigen site. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mAb
Description: A type of protein involved in signaling pathways that control various cellular activities, including growth and differentiation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MAP
Description: A unit of radioactivity equal to one million becquerels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MBq
Description: The resistance of cancer cells to multiple chemotherapy drugs, often caused by the expression of efflux pumps. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MDR
Description: A group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MDS
Description: A team of healthcare professionals from different specialties who work together to manage a patient's care. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MDT
Description: A group of disorders that cause tumors in multiple endocrine glands.
Synonyms: None Acronyms: MEN
Description: A unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on its chemical activity or effect. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mEq
Description: A unit of energy equal to one million electron volts, often used in the context of radiation and particle physics. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MeV
Description: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that occurs in connective tissue. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MFH
Description: An essential mineral involved in many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Mg2+
Description: An enzyme involved in DNA repair, often associated with resistance to certain chemotherapy drugs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MGMT
Description: A condition in which an abnormal protein (monoclonal protein) is found in the blood. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MGUS
Description: A set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MHC
Description: Also known as a heart attack, it occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. Synonyms: Heart attack Acronyms: MI
Description: A radiopharmaceutical used in the imaging and treatment of certain types of neuroendocrine tumors. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MIBG
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat various types of cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MIC
Description: A unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on its biological activity, equal to one million international units. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MIU
Description: A unit of volume measurement in the metric system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mL
Description: A device used in radiation therapy to shape the radiation beam to match the shape of the tumor. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MLC
Description: A chemotherapy drug used to treat various cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MMC
Description: A unit of amount of substance in the metric system, equal to one thousandth of a mole. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mmol
Description: A unit of time measurement. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mo
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MOPP
Description: A chemotherapy drug used to treat leukemia and other cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: 6-MP
Description: A rare and aggressive form of cancer that develops in the lining of the lungs, known as the pleura. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MPM
Description: A technique used in imaging to visualize internal structures of the body, often used interchangeably with MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Synonyms: None Acronyms: MR
Description: A national organization in the UK that funds and promotes medical research. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MRC
Description: A special type of MRI scan that produces detailed images of the bile ducts, pancreatic duct, and gallbladder. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MRCP
Description: The small number of cancer cells that may remain in a patient's body after treatment and may lead to relapse. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MRD
Description: A medical imaging technique used to visualize detailed internal structures of the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MRI
Description: A single-stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery of the cell. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mRNA
Description: A term used to describe males who engage in sexual activity with other males, regardless of their sexual orientation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MSM
Description: A unit of ionizing radiation dose, representing one thousandth of a sievert. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mSv
Description: The highest dose of a drug or treatment that does not cause unacceptable side effects. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MTD
Description: A protein that regulates cell growth, proliferation, motility, and survival. Synonyms: None Acronyms: mTOR
Description: A chemotherapy agent and immune system suppressant used to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MTX
Description: A nuclear medicine imaging technique used to evaluate cardiac function. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MUGA
Description: A unit of electrical potential equal to one million volts. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MV
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat bladder cancer. Synonyms: Acronyms: MVAC
Description: A chemotherapy regimen used to treat various cancers. Synonyms: n Acronyms: MVP
Description: A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the marginal zone of lymphoid tissues. Synonyms: None Acronyms: MZL
Description: An essential electrolyte involved in many bodily functions, including nerve function and fluid balance. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Na+
Description: A part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, it leads the national effort to eliminate cancer as a major health problem. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NCI
Description: An organization in the UK that coordinates cancer research and funding. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NCRI
Description: An organization that supports cancer research and clinical trials in the UK. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NCRN
Description: Referring to the nose and stomach, typically describing a tube passed from the nose to the stomach. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NG
Description: A diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NHL
Description: A type of lymphocyte that plays a major role in the host-rejection of both tumors and virally infected cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NK
Description: A receptor that binds substance P and is involved in processes like pain, stress, and inflammation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NK1
Description: A rare type of Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells called "popcorn cells." Synonyms: None Acronyms: NLPHL
Description: A class of drugs that provides anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and fever-reducing effects. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NSAID
Description: The most common type of lung cancer, which grows and spreads more slowly than small-cell lung cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NSCLC
Description: An enzyme found in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, often used as a tumor marker. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NSE
Description: A type of testicular cancer that includes several subtypes such as embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and choriocarcinoma. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NSGCT
Description: An organization that conducts research and clinical trials related to Wilms' tumor, a type of kidney cancer in children. Synonyms: None Acronyms: NWTS
Description: A colorless, odorless reactive gas that is essential for respiration in living organisms. Synonyms: None Acronyms: O2
Description: Organs that may be affected by radiation therapy and need to be protected to minimize side effects. Synonyms: None Acronyms: OAR
Description: A medical prescription notation indicating that a medication should be taken once a day. Synonyms: None Acronyms: od
Description: A severe bone disease that affects the jaw and can result from certain medications, like bisphosphonates. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ONJ
Description: The proportion of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ORR
Description: The length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. Synonyms: None Acronyms: OS
Description: Preventive radiation therapy to the brain to reduce the risk of metastasis in patients with certain types of cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PCI
Description: A rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that starts in the central nervous system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PCNSL
Description: A laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PCR
Description: A protein on the surface of cells that helps keep the body's immune responses in check. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PD-1
Description: A growth factor involved in wound healing and the development of blood vessels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PDGF
Description: A cell surface receptor for PDGF, involved in various cellular processes including growth and development. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PDGFR
Description: A protein that binds to PD-1, playing a role in suppressing the immune system and promoting self-tolerance. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PD-L1
Description: A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the legs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PE
Description: An imaging test that helps reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning by using a radioactive drug (tracer). Synonyms: None Acronyms: PET
Description: The length of time during and after treatment that a patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PFS
Description: A protein associated with multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: Pgp
Description: A long, thin tube that's inserted through a vein in the arm and passed through to the larger veins near the heart. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PICC
Description: A result of damage to the peripheral nerves, causing weakness, numbness, and pain, usually in the hands and feet. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PN
Description: A group of cancers that occur primarily in children and young adults, arising from primitive nerve cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PNET
Description: A medical instruction indicating that a medication is to be taken by mouth. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PO
Description: An inorganic chemical and a salt of phosphoric acid. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PO43–
Description: A type of medication that reduces stomach acid production. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PPI
Description: A protein found inside cells that binds to the hormone progesterone, often measured in breast cancer cells to guide treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PR
Description: Red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusion purposes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: pRBC
Description: A medical instruction that means to take a medication as required. Synonyms: None Acronyms: prn
Description: Refers to both a measure of a patient's general well-being and ability to perform activities and a group of rare disorders triggered by an abnormal immune response to a cancerous tumor. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PS
Description: A protein produced by cells of the prostate gland, elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PSA
Description: A disease of the bile ducts that causes inflammation and subsequent obstruction of bile flow. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PSC
Description: A rare form of gestational trophoblastic disease that arises from placental implantation site. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PSTT
Description: A diagnostic procedure to visualize the bile ducts by injecting a contrast dye directly into the liver. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PTC
Description: A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in
the blood. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PTH
Description: A protein involved in the regulation of calcium ion concentration in the blood. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PTHrP
Description: The volume of tissue that is planned to receive a specified dose of radiation during treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PTV
Description: A procedure to block the blood flow to part of the liver to increase the growth of liver tissue before surgery. Synonyms: None Acronyms: PVE
Description: A medical instruction indicating that a medication should be taken at regular intervals. Synonyms: None Acronyms: q
Description: A medical instruction indicating that a medication should be taken four times a day. Synonyms: None Acronyms: qds
Description: A measure of a person's comfort, health, and happiness. Synonyms: None Acronyms: QoL
Description: A type of blood cell that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RBC
Description: The most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RCC
Description: A study in which people are allocated at random to receive one of several clinical interventions. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RCT
Description: A set of standardized criteria for assessing the response of tumors to treatment. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RECIST
Description: A medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, a tumor, or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from high-frequency alternating current. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RFA
Description: A type of conditioning regimen that uses lower doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation before a stem cell transplant. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RIC
Description: A molecule essential in various biological roles, including coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RNA
Description: A family of cell surface receptors that are key regulators of cellular processes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RTK
Description: An organization that conducts clinical trials to improve the outcomes of patients treated with radiation therapy. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RTOG
Description: A laboratory technique used to detect and quantify RNA by converting it into DNA. Synonyms: None Acronyms: RT-PCR
Description: The area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SAS
Description: A type of plasma cell tumor that starts in the bone. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SBP
Description: Situated or applied under the skin. Synonyms: None Acronyms: s/c
Description: A type of cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SCC
Description: An anatomical area above the clavicle (collarbone) that contains lymph nodes. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SCF
Description: A fast-growing type of lung cancer that is usually associated with smoking. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SCLC
Description: A type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SCLL
Description: A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SD
Description: A test that measures the amount of free light chains in the blood, which can be indicative of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SFLCR
Description: An enzyme found in the liver and heart, used as a marker for liver health. Synonyms: Alanine transaminase (ALT) Acronyms: SGPT
Description: A condition in which excessive levels of antidiuretic hormone are released, causing water retention and hyponatremia. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SIADH
Description: An organization dedicated to improving the lives of children with cancer worldwide. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SIOP
Description: An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SLE
Description: A surgical procedure used to determine if cancer has spread beyond a primary tumor into the lymphatic system. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SLNB
Description: An organization that provides advice to NHS Scotland about the value of new medicines. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SMC
Description: A variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SNP
Description: A feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. Synonyms: Dyspnea Acronyms: SOB
Description: A nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SPECT
Description: A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. Synonyms: None Acronyms: spp.
Description: A non-surgical radiation therapy used to treat functional abnormalities and small tumors of the brain. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SRS
Description: A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SVC
Description: A condition in which the superior vena cava is partially or completely blocked. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SVCO
Description: An abnormally fast heart rhythm arising from improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart. Synonyms: None Acronyms: SVT
Description: A procedure that delivers chemotherapy directly to a liver tumor through the blood vessels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TACE
Description: A form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for a bone marrow or stem cell transplant. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TBI
Description: A procedure to obtain tissue or fluid samples from the lungs and surrounding lymph nodes using a bronchoscope. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TBNA
Description: A unit of radioactivity equal to one trillion becquerels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TBq
Description: A class of medications used to treat depression and other mood disorders. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TCA
Description: A type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system: the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TCC
Description: A medical instruction indicating that a medication should be taken three times a day. Synonyms: None Acronyms: tds
Description: A group of tests used to evaluate how well the thyroid gland is working. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TFT
Description: A protein produced by the thyroid gland, used as a tumor marker for certain types of thyroid cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TG
Description: A chemotherapy drug used to treat leukemia. Synonyms: None Acronyms: 6-TG
Description: A protein involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TGFA
Description: A protein that controls proliferation, cellular differentiation, and other functions in most cells. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TGFB
Description: The application of radiation therapy to the chest area. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TI
Description: An enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell, which can signal the cell to grow and divide. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TK
Description: A pharmaceutical drug that inhibits tyrosine kinases, used to treat various cancers. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TKI
Description: A surgical procedure to remove the mesorectum, the fatty tissue surrounding the rectum, usually performed for rectal cancer. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TME
Description: A cytokine involved in systemic inflammation, and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TNF
Description: An enzyme that alleviates torsional strain in DNA by inducing single-strand breaks. Synonyms: None Acronyms: topo I
Description: An enzyme that alleviates torsional strain in DNA by inducing double-strand breaks. Synonyms: None Acronyms: topo II
Description: The percentage of patients who die as a result of complications related to a transplant procedure. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TRM
Description: An enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and repair. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TS
Description: A hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TSH
Description: A rare blood disorder characterized by clotting in small blood vessels, leading to a low platelet count; also used to describe the duration until a disease worsens. **
Synonyms:** None Acronyms: TTP
Description: A surgical procedure to remove tumors from the bladder using a resectoscope inserted through the urethra. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TURBT
Description: A surgical procedure to remove parts of the prostate gland through the urethra. Synonyms: None Acronyms: TURP
Description: A group of blood tests that measure kidney function, hydration status, and electrolyte levels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: U & Es
Description: The highest value that is considered normal for a given laboratory test. Synonyms: None Acronyms: ULN
Description: An imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures within the body. Synonyms: None Acronyms: USS
Description: A minimally invasive surgical technique used to diagnose and treat problems in the chest. Synonyms: None Acronyms: VATS
Description: An area in the brain that coordinates the act of vomiting. Synonyms: None Acronyms: VC
Description: A signal protein that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. Synonyms: None Acronyms: VEGF
Description: A genetic disorder characterized by the formation of tumors and fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in multiple organs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: vHL
Description: A neuropeptide that has several physiological effects, including vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: VIP
Description: A condition in which some of the small veins in the liver are obstructed. Synonyms: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) Acronyms: VOD
Description: A condition in which a blood clot forms in a vein and may travel to the lungs. Synonyms: None Acronyms: VTE
Description: The number of white blood cells in a volume of blood, used as an indicator of infection or inflammation. Synonyms: None Acronyms: WCC
Description: A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Synonyms: None Acronyms: WHO
Description: A unit of time equal to seven days. Synonyms: None Acronyms: wk
Description: A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. Synonyms: None Acronyms: WT