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.. index::
   single: Routing
   single: Components; Routing

The Routing Component

The Routing Component maps an HTTP request to a set of configuration variables.

Installation

You can install the component in many different ways:

Usage

In order to set up a basic routing system you need three parts:

Let's see a quick example. Notice that this assumes that you've already configured your autoloader to load the Routing component:

use Symfony\Component\Routing\Matcher\UrlMatcher;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RequestContext;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;

$route = new Route('/foo', array('controller' => 'MyController'));
$routes = new RouteCollection();
$routes->add('route_name', $route);

$context = new RequestContext($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);

$matcher = new UrlMatcher($routes, $context);

$parameters = $matcher->match('/foo');
// array('controller' => 'MyController', '_route' => 'route_name')

Note

Be careful when using $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], as it may include any query parameters on the URL, which will cause problems with route matching. An easy way to solve this is to use the HttpFoundation component as explained :ref:`below<components-routing-http-foundation>`.

You can add as many routes as you like to a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection`.

The :method:`RouteCollection::add()<Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection::add>` method takes two arguments. The first is the name of the route. The second is a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Route` object, which expects a URL path and some array of custom variables in its constructor. This array of custom variables can be anything that's significant to your application, and is returned when that route is matched.

If no matching route can be found a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Exception\\ResourceNotFoundException` will be thrown.

In addition to your array of custom variables, a _route key is added, which holds the name of the matched route.

Defining routes

A full route definition can contain up to seven parts:

1. The URL path route. This is matched against the URL passed to the RequestContext, and can contain named wildcard placeholders (e.g. {placeholders}) to match dynamic parts in the URL.

2. An array of default values. This contains an array of arbitrary values that will be returned when the request matches the route.

3. An array of requirements. These define constraints for the values of the placeholders as regular expressions.

4. An array of options. These contain internal settings for the route and are the least commonly needed.

  1. A host. This is matched against the host of the request. See :doc:`/components/routing/hostname_pattern` for more details.
  2. An array of schemes. These enforce a certain HTTP scheme (http, https).
  3. An array of methods. These enforce a certain HTTP request method (HEAD, GET, POST, ...).
.. versionadded:: 2.2
    Host matching support was added in Symfony 2.2

Take the following route, which combines several of these ideas:

$route = new Route(
    '/archive/{month}', // path
    array('controller' => 'showArchive'), // default values
    array('month' => '[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}', 'subdomain' => 'www|m'), // requirements
    array(), // options
    '{subdomain}.example.com', // host
    array(), // schemes
    array() // methods
);

// ...

$parameters = $matcher->match('/archive/2012-01');
// array(
//     'controller' => 'showArchive',
//     'month' => '2012-01',
//     'subdomain' => 'www',
//     '_route' => ...
//  )

$parameters = $matcher->match('/archive/foo');
// throws ResourceNotFoundException

In this case, the route is matched by /archive/2012-01, because the {month} wildcard matches the regular expression wildcard given. However, /archive/foo does not match, because "foo" fails the month wildcard.

Tip

If you want to match all urls which start with a certain path and end in an arbitrary suffix you can use the following route definition:

$route = new Route(
    '/start/{suffix}',
    array('suffix' => ''),
    array('suffix' => '.*')
);

Using Prefixes

You can add routes or other instances of :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection` to another collection. This way you can build a tree of routes. Additionally you can define a prefix, default requirements, default options and host to all routes of a subtree with the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection::addPrefix` method:

$rootCollection = new RouteCollection();

$subCollection = new RouteCollection();
$subCollection->add(...);
$subCollection->add(...);
$subCollection->addPrefix(
    '/prefix', // prefix
    array(), // requirements
    array(), // options
    'admin.example.com', // host
    array('https') // schemes
);

$rootCollection->addCollection($subCollection);

.. versionadded:: 2.2
    The ``addPrefix`` method is added in Symfony2.2. This was part of the
    ``addCollection`` method in older versions.

Set the Request Parameters

The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RequestContext` provides information about the current request. You can define all parameters of an HTTP request with this class via its constructor:

public function __construct(
    $baseUrl = '',
    $method = 'GET',
    $host = 'localhost',
    $scheme = 'http',
    $httpPort = 80,
    $httpsPort = 443
)

Normally you can pass the values from the $_SERVER variable to populate the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RequestContext`. But If you use the :doc:`HttpFoundation</components/http_foundation/index>` component, you can use its :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Request` class to feed the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RequestContext` in a shortcut:

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;

$context = new RequestContext();
$context->fromRequest(Request::createFromGlobals());

Generate a URL

While the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Matcher\\UrlMatcher` tries to find a route that fits the given request you can also build a URL from a certain route:

use Symfony\Component\Routing\Generator\UrlGenerator;

$routes = new RouteCollection();
$routes->add('show_post', new Route('/show/{slug}'));

$context = new RequestContext($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);

$generator = new UrlGenerator($routes, $context);

$url = $generator->generate('show_post', array(
    'slug' => 'my-blog-post',
));
// /show/my-blog-post

Note

If you have defined a scheme, an absolute URL is generated if the scheme of the current :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RequestContext` does not match the requirement.

Load Routes from a File

You've already seen how you can easily add routes to a collection right inside PHP. But you can also load routes from a number of different files.

The Routing component comes with a number of loader classes, each giving you the ability to load a collection of route definitions from an external file of some format. Each loader expects a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Config\\FileLocator` instance as the constructor argument. You can use the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Config\\FileLocator` to define an array of paths in which the loader will look for the requested files. If the file is found, the loader returns a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection`.

If you're using the YamlFileLoader, then route definitions look like this:

# routes.yml
route1:
    path:     /foo
    defaults: { _controller: 'MyController::fooAction' }

route2:
    path:     /foo/bar
    defaults: { _controller: 'MyController::foobarAction' }

To load this file, you can use the following code. This assumes that your routes.yml file is in the same directory as the below code:

use Symfony\Component\Config\FileLocator;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Loader\YamlFileLoader;

// look inside *this* directory
$locator = new FileLocator(array(__DIR__));
$loader = new YamlFileLoader($locator);
$collection = $loader->load('routes.yml');

Besides :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Loader\\YamlFileLoader` there are two other loaders that work the same way:

If you use the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Loader\\PhpFileLoader` you have to provide the name of a php file which returns a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection`:

// RouteProvider.php
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;

$collection = new RouteCollection();
$collection->add(
    'route_name',
    new Route('/foo', array('controller' => 'ExampleController'))
);
// ...

return $collection;
Routes as Closures

There is also the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Loader\\ClosureLoader`, which calls a closure and uses the result as a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\RouteCollection`:

use Symfony\Component\Routing\Loader\ClosureLoader;

$closure = function() {
    return new RouteCollection();
};

$loader = new ClosureLoader();
$collection = $loader->load($closure);
Routes as Annotations

Last but not least there are :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Loader\\AnnotationDirectoryLoader` and :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Loader\\AnnotationFileLoader` to load route definitions from class annotations. The specific details are left out here.

The all-in-one Router

The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Router` class is a all-in-one package to quickly use the Routing component. The constructor expects a loader instance, a path to the main route definition and some other settings:

public function __construct(
    LoaderInterface $loader,
    $resource,
    array $options = array(),
    RequestContext $context = null,
    array $defaults = array()
);

With the cache_dir option you can enable route caching (if you provide a path) or disable caching (if it's set to null). The caching is done automatically in the background if you want to use it. A basic example of the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Routing\\Router` class would look like:

$locator = new FileLocator(array(__DIR__));
$requestContext = new RequestContext($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);

$router = new Router(
    new YamlFileLoader($locator),
    'routes.yml',
    array('cache_dir' => __DIR__.'/cache'),
    $requestContext
);
$router->match('/foo/bar');

Note

If you use caching, the Routing component will compile new classes which are saved in the cache_dir. This means your script must have write permissions for that location.