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<!DOCTYPE html>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pooling-layers">Pooling layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#maxpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#maxpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#maxpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxPool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#maxunpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxUnpool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#maxunpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxUnpool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#maxunpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxUnpool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#avgpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">AvgPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#avgpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">AvgPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#avgpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">AvgPool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#fractionalmaxpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">FractionalMaxPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#lppool1d"><span class="hidden-section">LPPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#lppool2d"><span class="hidden-section">LPPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptivemaxpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveMaxPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptivemaxpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveMaxPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptivemaxpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveMaxPool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptiveavgpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveAvgPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptiveavgpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveAvgPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptiveavgpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveAvgPool3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#padding-layers">Padding layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#reflectionpad1d"><span class="hidden-section">ReflectionPad1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#reflectionpad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ReflectionPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#replicationpad1d"><span class="hidden-section">ReplicationPad1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#replicationpad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ReplicationPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#replicationpad3d"><span class="hidden-section">ReplicationPad3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#zeropad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ZeroPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#constantpad1d"><span class="hidden-section">ConstantPad1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#constantpad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ConstantPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#constantpad3d"><span class="hidden-section">ConstantPad3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#non-linear-activations-weighted-sum-nonlinearity">Non-linear activations (weighted sum, nonlinearity)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#elu"><span class="hidden-section">ELU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#hardshrink"><span class="hidden-section">Hardshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#hardtanh"><span class="hidden-section">Hardtanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#leakyrelu"><span class="hidden-section">LeakyReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#logsigmoid"><span class="hidden-section">LogSigmoid</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#prelu"><span class="hidden-section">PReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#relu"><span class="hidden-section">ReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#relu6"><span class="hidden-section">ReLU6</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#rrelu"><span class="hidden-section">RReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#selu"><span class="hidden-section">SELU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#sigmoid"><span class="hidden-section">Sigmoid</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softplus"><span class="hidden-section">Softplus</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softshrink"><span class="hidden-section">Softshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softsign"><span class="hidden-section">Softsign</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#tanh"><span class="hidden-section">Tanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#tanhshrink"><span class="hidden-section">Tanhshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#threshold"><span class="hidden-section">Threshold</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#non-linear-activations-other">Non-linear activations (other)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softmin"><span class="hidden-section">Softmin</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softmax"><span class="hidden-section">Softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softmax2d"><span class="hidden-section">Softmax2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#logsoftmax"><span class="hidden-section">LogSoftmax</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#normalization-layers">Normalization layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#batchnorm1d"><span class="hidden-section">BatchNorm1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#batchnorm2d"><span class="hidden-section">BatchNorm2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#batchnorm3d"><span class="hidden-section">BatchNorm3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#instancenorm1d"><span class="hidden-section">InstanceNorm1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#instancenorm2d"><span class="hidden-section">InstanceNorm2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#instancenorm3d"><span class="hidden-section">InstanceNorm3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#layernorm"><span class="hidden-section">LayerNorm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#localresponsenorm"><span class="hidden-section">LocalResponseNorm</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#recurrent-layers">Recurrent layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#rnn"><span class="hidden-section">RNN</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#lstm"><span class="hidden-section">LSTM</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#gru"><span class="hidden-section">GRU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#rnncell"><span class="hidden-section">RNNCell</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#lstmcell"><span class="hidden-section">LSTMCell</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#grucell"><span class="hidden-section">GRUCell</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#linear-layers">Linear layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#linear"><span class="hidden-section">Linear</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#bilinear"><span class="hidden-section">Bilinear</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#dropout-layers">Dropout layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#dropout"><span class="hidden-section">Dropout</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#dropout2d"><span class="hidden-section">Dropout2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#dropout3d"><span class="hidden-section">Dropout3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#alphadropout"><span class="hidden-section">AlphaDropout</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#sparse-layers">Sparse layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#embedding"><span class="hidden-section">Embedding</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#embeddingbag"><span class="hidden-section">EmbeddingBag</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#distance-functions">Distance functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#cosinesimilarity"><span class="hidden-section">CosineSimilarity</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pairwisedistance"><span class="hidden-section">PairwiseDistance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#loss-functions">Loss functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#l1loss"><span class="hidden-section">L1Loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#mseloss"><span class="hidden-section">MSELoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#crossentropyloss"><span class="hidden-section">CrossEntropyLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#nllloss"><span class="hidden-section">NLLLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#poissonnllloss"><span class="hidden-section">PoissonNLLLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#kldivloss"><span class="hidden-section">KLDivLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#bceloss"><span class="hidden-section">BCELoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#bcewithlogitsloss"><span class="hidden-section">BCEWithLogitsLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#marginrankingloss"><span class="hidden-section">MarginRankingLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#hingeembeddingloss"><span class="hidden-section">HingeEmbeddingLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#multilabelmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">MultiLabelMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#smoothl1loss"><span class="hidden-section">SmoothL1Loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#softmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">SoftMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#multilabelsoftmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">MultiLabelSoftMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#cosineembeddingloss"><span class="hidden-section">CosineEmbeddingLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#multimarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">MultiMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#tripletmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">TripletMarginLoss</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#vision-layers">Vision layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pixelshuffle"><span class="hidden-section">PixelShuffle</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#upsample"><span class="hidden-section">Upsample</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#upsamplingnearest2d"><span class="hidden-section">UpsamplingNearest2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#upsamplingbilinear2d"><span class="hidden-section">UpsamplingBilinear2d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#dataparallel-layers-multi-gpu-distributed">DataParallel layers (multi-GPU, distributed)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#dataparallel"><span class="hidden-section">DataParallel</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#distributeddataparallel"><span class="hidden-section">DistributedDataParallel</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#utilities">Utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#clip-grad-norm"><span class="hidden-section">clip_grad_norm_</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#clip-grad-value"><span class="hidden-section">clip_grad_value_</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#weight-norm"><span class="hidden-section">weight_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#remove-weight-norm"><span class="hidden-section">remove_weight_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#packedsequence"><span class="hidden-section">PackedSequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pack-padded-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pack_padded_sequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pad-packed-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pad_packed_sequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pad-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pad_sequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pack-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pack_sequence</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#torch-nn-functional">torch.nn.functional</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#convolution-functions">Convolution functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id20"><span class="hidden-section">conv1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id21"><span class="hidden-section">conv2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id22"><span class="hidden-section">conv3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#conv-transpose1d"><span class="hidden-section">conv_transpose1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#conv-transpose2d"><span class="hidden-section">conv_transpose2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#conv-transpose3d"><span class="hidden-section">conv_transpose3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#pooling-functions">Pooling functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#avg-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">avg_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#avg-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">avg_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#avg-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">avg_pool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#max-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">max_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#max-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">max_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#max-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">max_pool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#max-unpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">max_unpool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#max-unpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">max_unpool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#max-unpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">max_unpool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#lp-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">lp_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#lp-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">lp_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptive-max-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_max_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptive-max-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_max_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptive-max-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_max_pool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptive-avg-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_avg_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptive-avg-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_avg_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#adaptive-avg-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_avg_pool3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#non-linear-activation-functions">Non-linear activation functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id23"><span class="hidden-section">threshold</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id24"><span class="hidden-section">relu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id25"><span class="hidden-section">hardtanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id26"><span class="hidden-section">relu6</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id27"><span class="hidden-section">elu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id28"><span class="hidden-section">selu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#leaky-relu"><span class="hidden-section">leaky_relu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id29"><span class="hidden-section">prelu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id30"><span class="hidden-section">rrelu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#glu"><span class="hidden-section">glu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id31"><span class="hidden-section">logsigmoid</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id32"><span class="hidden-section">hardshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id33"><span class="hidden-section">tanhshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id34"><span class="hidden-section">softsign</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id35"><span class="hidden-section">softplus</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id36"><span class="hidden-section">softmin</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id37"><span class="hidden-section">softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id38"><span class="hidden-section">softshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#log-softmax"><span class="hidden-section">log_softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id39"><span class="hidden-section">tanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#id40"><span class="hidden-section">sigmoid</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#normalization-functions">Normalization functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#batch-norm"><span class="hidden-section">batch_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#instance-norm"><span class="hidden-section">instance_norm</span></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../distributions.html#module-torch.distributions.kl"><cite>KL Divergence</cite></a></li>
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<div class="section" id="multiprocessing-best-practices">
<h1>Multiprocessing best practices<a class="headerlink" href="#multiprocessing-best-practices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../multiprocessing.html#module-torch.multiprocessing" title="torch.multiprocessing"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">torch.multiprocessing</span></code></a> is a drop in replacement for Python’s
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code></a> module. It supports the exact same operations,
but extends it, so that all tensors sent through a
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.Queue" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.Queue</span></code></a>, will have their data moved into shared
memory and will only send a handle to another process.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">When a <a class="reference internal" href="../tensors.html#torch.Tensor" title="torch.Tensor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tensor</span></code></a> is sent to another process, both
the <a class="reference internal" href="../tensors.html#torch.Tensor" title="torch.Tensor"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tensor</span></code></a> data and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">torch.Tensor.grad</span></code> are going to be
shared.</p>
</div>
<p>This allows to implement various training methods, like Hogwild, A3C, or any
others that require asynchronous operation.</p>
<div class="section" id="sharing-cuda-tensors">
<h2>Sharing CUDA tensors<a class="headerlink" href="#sharing-cuda-tensors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Sharing CUDA tensors between processes is supported only in Python 3, using
a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spawn</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">forkserver</span></code> start methods. <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code></a> in
Python 2 can only create subprocesses using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fork</span></code>, and it’s not supported
by the CUDA runtime.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">CUDA API requires that the allocation exported to other processes remains
valid as long as it’s used by them. You should be careful and ensure that
CUDA tensors you shared don’t go out of scope as long as it’s necessary.
This shouldn’t be a problem for sharing model parameters, but passing other
kinds of data should be done with care. Note that this restriction doesn’t
apply to shared CPU memory.</p>
</div>
<p>See also: <a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html#cuda-nn-dataparallel-instead"><span class="std std-ref">Use nn.DataParallel instead of multiprocessing</span></a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="best-practices-and-tips">
<h2>Best practices and tips<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices-and-tips" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="avoiding-and-fighting-deadlocks">
<h3>Avoiding and fighting deadlocks<a class="headerlink" href="#avoiding-and-fighting-deadlocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>There are a lot of things that can go wrong when a new process is spawned, with
the most common cause of deadlocks being background threads. If there’s any
thread that holds a lock or imports a module, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fork</span></code> is called, it’s very
likely that the subprocess will be in a corrupted state and will deadlock or
fail in a different way. Note that even if you don’t, Python built in
libraries do - no need to look further than <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code></a>.
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.Queue" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.Queue</span></code></a> is actually a very complex class, that
spawns multiple threads used to serialize, send and receive objects, and they
can cause aforementioned problems too. If you find yourself in such situation
try using a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.queues.SimpleQueue</span></code>, that doesn’t
use any additional threads.</p>
<p>We’re trying our best to make it easy for you and ensure these deadlocks don’t
happen but some things are out of our control. If you have any issues you can’t
cope with for a while, try reaching out on forums, and we’ll see if it’s an
issue we can fix.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reuse-buffers-passed-through-a-queue">
<h3>Reuse buffers passed through a Queue<a class="headerlink" href="#reuse-buffers-passed-through-a-queue" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Remember that each time you put a <a class="reference internal" href="../tensors.html#torch.Tensor" title="torch.Tensor"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Tensor</span></code></a> into a
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.Queue" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.Queue</span></code></a>, it has to be moved into shared memory.
If it’s already shared, it is a no-op, otherwise it will incur an additional
memory copy that can slow down the whole process. Even if you have a pool of
processes sending data to a single one, make it send the buffers back - this
is nearly free and will let you avoid a copy when sending next batch.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="asynchronous-multiprocess-training-e-g-hogwild">
<h3>Asynchronous multiprocess training (e.g. Hogwild)<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronous-multiprocess-training-e-g-hogwild" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Using <a class="reference internal" href="../multiprocessing.html#module-torch.multiprocessing" title="torch.multiprocessing"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">torch.multiprocessing</span></code></a>, it is possible to train a model
asynchronously, with parameters either shared all the time, or being
periodically synchronized. In the first case, we recommend sending over the whole
model object, while in the latter, we advise to only send the
<a class="reference internal" href="../nn.html#torch.nn.Module.state_dict" title="torch.nn.Module.state_dict"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">state_dict()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>We recommend using <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.Queue" title="(in Python v3.6)"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.Queue</span></code></a> for passing all kinds
of PyTorch objects between processes. It is possible to e.g. inherit the tensors
and storages already in shared memory, when using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fork</span></code> start method,
however it is very bug prone and should be used with care, and only by advanced
users. Queues, even though they’re sometimes a less elegant solution, will work
properly in all cases.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">You should be careful about having global statements, that are not guarded
with an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></code>. If a different start method than
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fork</span></code> is used, they will be executed in all subprocesses.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hogwild">
<h4>Hogwild<a class="headerlink" href="#hogwild" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
<p>A concrete Hogwild implementation can be found in the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytorch/examples/tree/master/mnist_hogwild">examples repository</a>,
but to showcase the overall structure of the code, there’s also a minimal
example below as well:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch.multiprocessing</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">mp</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">model</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">train</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># Construct data_loader, optimizer, etc.</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labels</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_loader</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">zero_grad</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">loss_fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backward</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># This will update the shared parameters</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">num_processes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyModel</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># NOTE: this is required for the ``fork`` method to work</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">share_memory</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">processes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">rank</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">num_processes</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">processes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">p</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">processes</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
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