forked from pytorch/pytorch.github.io
-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathautograd.html
1559 lines (1406 loc) · 134 KB
/
autograd.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]-->
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Automatic differentiation package - torch.autograd — PyTorch master documentation</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/autograd.html"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/theme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="_static/css/pytorch_theme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
<link rel="next" title="Probability distributions - torch.distributions" href="distributions.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="torch.optim" href="optim.html" />
<script src="_static/js/modernizr.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body class="wy-body-for-nav">
<div class="wy-grid-for-nav">
<nav data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-side">
<div class="wy-side-scroll">
<div class="wy-side-nav-search">
<a href="index.html">
<img src="_static/pytorch-logo-dark.svg" class="logo" alt="Logo"/>
</a>
<div class="version">
0.4.1 <br/> <a href="https://pytorch.org/docs/versions.html"> version selector ▼</a>
</div>
<div role="search">
<form id="rtd-search-form" class="wy-form" action="search.html" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search docs" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="wy-menu wy-menu-vertical" data-spy="affix" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Notes</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html">Autograd mechanics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html#excluding-subgraphs-from-backward">Excluding subgraphs from backward</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html#requires-grad"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requires_grad</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html#how-autograd-encodes-the-history">How autograd encodes the history</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html#in-place-operations-with-autograd">In-place operations with autograd</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html#in-place-correctness-checks">In-place correctness checks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/broadcasting.html">Broadcasting semantics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/broadcasting.html#general-semantics">General semantics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/broadcasting.html#in-place-semantics">In-place semantics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/broadcasting.html#backwards-compatibility">Backwards compatibility</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html">CUDA semantics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#asynchronous-execution">Asynchronous execution</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#cuda-streams">CUDA streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#memory-management">Memory management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#best-practices">Best practices</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#device-agnostic-code">Device-agnostic code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#use-pinned-memory-buffers">Use pinned memory buffers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/cuda.html#use-nn-dataparallel-instead-of-multiprocessing">Use nn.DataParallel instead of multiprocessing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/extending.html">Extending PyTorch</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/extending.html#extending-torch-autograd">Extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.autograd</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/extending.html#extending-torch-nn">Extending <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.nn</span></code></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/extending.html#adding-a-module">Adding a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Module</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/extending.html#writing-custom-c-extensions">Writing custom C++ extensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/extending.html#id1">Writing custom C extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/faq.html#my-model-reports-cuda-runtime-error-2-out-of-memory">My model reports “cuda runtime error(2): out of memory”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/faq.html#my-gpu-memory-isn-t-freed-properly">My GPU memory isn’t freed properly</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/faq.html#my-data-loader-workers-return-identical-random-numbers">My data loader workers return identical random numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/faq.html#my-recurrent-network-doesn-t-work-with-data-parallelism">My recurrent network doesn’t work with data parallelism</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html">Multiprocessing best practices</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html#sharing-cuda-tensors">Sharing CUDA tensors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html#best-practices-and-tips">Best practices and tips</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html#avoiding-and-fighting-deadlocks">Avoiding and fighting deadlocks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html#reuse-buffers-passed-through-a-queue">Reuse buffers passed through a Queue</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html#asynchronous-multiprocess-training-e-g-hogwild">Asynchronous multiprocess training (e.g. Hogwild)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/multiprocessing.html#hogwild">Hogwild</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/serialization.html">Serialization semantics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/serialization.html#best-practices">Best practices</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/serialization.html#recommended-approach-for-saving-a-model">Recommended approach for saving a model</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html">Windows FAQ</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#building-from-source">Building from source</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#include-optional-components">Include optional components</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#speeding-cuda-build-for-windows">Speeding CUDA build for Windows</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#one-key-install-script">One key install script</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#extension">Extension</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#cffi-extension">CFFI Extension</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#cpp-extension">Cpp Extension</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#installation">Installation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#package-not-found-in-win-32-channel">Package not found in win-32 channel.</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#why-are-there-no-python-2-packages-for-windows">Why are there no Python 2 packages for Windows?</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#import-error">Import error</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#usage-multiprocessing">Usage (multiprocessing)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#multiprocessing-error-without-if-clause-protection">Multiprocessing error without if-clause protection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#multiprocessing-error-broken-pipe">Multiprocessing error “Broken pipe”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#multiprocessing-error-driver-shut-down">Multiprocessing error “driver shut down”</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/windows.html#cuda-ipc-operations">CUDA IPC operations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Package Reference</span></p>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html">torch</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#tensors">Tensors</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#creation-ops">Creation Ops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#indexing-slicing-joining-mutating-ops">Indexing, Slicing, Joining, Mutating Ops</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#random-sampling">Random sampling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#in-place-random-sampling">In-place random sampling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#serialization">Serialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#parallelism">Parallelism</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#locally-disabling-gradient-computation">Locally disabling gradient computation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#math-operations">Math operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#pointwise-ops">Pointwise Ops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#reduction-ops">Reduction Ops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#comparison-ops">Comparison Ops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#spectral-ops">Spectral Ops</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#other-operations">Other Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#blas-and-lapack-operations">BLAS and LAPACK Operations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tensors.html">torch.Tensor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tensor_attributes.html">Tensor Attributes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tensor_attributes.html#torch-dtype">torch.dtype</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tensor_attributes.html#torch-device">torch.device</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tensor_attributes.html#torch-layout">torch.layout</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sparse.html">torch.sparse</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html">torch.cuda</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html#random-number-generator">Random Number Generator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html#communication-collectives">Communication collectives</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html#streams-and-events">Streams and events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html#memory-management">Memory management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cuda.html#nvidia-tools-extension-nvtx">NVIDIA Tools Extension (NVTX)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="storage.html">torch.Storage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html">torch.nn</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#parameters">Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#containers">Containers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#module"><span class="hidden-section">Module</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#sequential"><span class="hidden-section">Sequential</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#modulelist"><span class="hidden-section">ModuleList</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#moduledict"><span class="hidden-section">ModuleDict</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#parameterlist"><span class="hidden-section">ParameterList</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#parameterdict"><span class="hidden-section">ParameterDict</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#convolution-layers">Convolution layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#conv1d"><span class="hidden-section">Conv1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#conv2d"><span class="hidden-section">Conv2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#conv3d"><span class="hidden-section">Conv3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#convtranspose1d"><span class="hidden-section">ConvTranspose1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#convtranspose2d"><span class="hidden-section">ConvTranspose2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#convtranspose3d"><span class="hidden-section">ConvTranspose3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#unfold"><span class="hidden-section">Unfold</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#fold"><span class="hidden-section">Fold</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pooling-layers">Pooling layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#maxpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#maxpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#maxpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxPool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#maxunpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxUnpool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#maxunpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxUnpool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#maxunpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">MaxUnpool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#avgpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">AvgPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#avgpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">AvgPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#avgpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">AvgPool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#fractionalmaxpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">FractionalMaxPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#lppool1d"><span class="hidden-section">LPPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#lppool2d"><span class="hidden-section">LPPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptivemaxpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveMaxPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptivemaxpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveMaxPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptivemaxpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveMaxPool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptiveavgpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveAvgPool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptiveavgpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveAvgPool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptiveavgpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveAvgPool3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#padding-layers">Padding layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#reflectionpad1d"><span class="hidden-section">ReflectionPad1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#reflectionpad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ReflectionPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#replicationpad1d"><span class="hidden-section">ReplicationPad1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#replicationpad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ReplicationPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#replicationpad3d"><span class="hidden-section">ReplicationPad3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#zeropad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ZeroPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#constantpad1d"><span class="hidden-section">ConstantPad1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#constantpad2d"><span class="hidden-section">ConstantPad2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#constantpad3d"><span class="hidden-section">ConstantPad3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#non-linear-activations-weighted-sum-nonlinearity">Non-linear activations (weighted sum, nonlinearity)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#elu"><span class="hidden-section">ELU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#hardshrink"><span class="hidden-section">Hardshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#hardtanh"><span class="hidden-section">Hardtanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#leakyrelu"><span class="hidden-section">LeakyReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#logsigmoid"><span class="hidden-section">LogSigmoid</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#prelu"><span class="hidden-section">PReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#relu"><span class="hidden-section">ReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#relu6"><span class="hidden-section">ReLU6</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#rrelu"><span class="hidden-section">RReLU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#selu"><span class="hidden-section">SELU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#sigmoid"><span class="hidden-section">Sigmoid</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softplus"><span class="hidden-section">Softplus</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softshrink"><span class="hidden-section">Softshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softsign"><span class="hidden-section">Softsign</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#tanh"><span class="hidden-section">Tanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#tanhshrink"><span class="hidden-section">Tanhshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#threshold"><span class="hidden-section">Threshold</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#non-linear-activations-other">Non-linear activations (other)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softmin"><span class="hidden-section">Softmin</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softmax"><span class="hidden-section">Softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softmax2d"><span class="hidden-section">Softmax2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#logsoftmax"><span class="hidden-section">LogSoftmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptivelogsoftmaxwithloss"><span class="hidden-section">AdaptiveLogSoftmaxWithLoss</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#normalization-layers">Normalization layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#batchnorm1d"><span class="hidden-section">BatchNorm1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#batchnorm2d"><span class="hidden-section">BatchNorm2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#batchnorm3d"><span class="hidden-section">BatchNorm3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#groupnorm"><span class="hidden-section">GroupNorm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#instancenorm1d"><span class="hidden-section">InstanceNorm1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#instancenorm2d"><span class="hidden-section">InstanceNorm2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#instancenorm3d"><span class="hidden-section">InstanceNorm3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#layernorm"><span class="hidden-section">LayerNorm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#localresponsenorm"><span class="hidden-section">LocalResponseNorm</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#recurrent-layers">Recurrent layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#rnn"><span class="hidden-section">RNN</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#lstm"><span class="hidden-section">LSTM</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#gru"><span class="hidden-section">GRU</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#rnncell"><span class="hidden-section">RNNCell</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#lstmcell"><span class="hidden-section">LSTMCell</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#grucell"><span class="hidden-section">GRUCell</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#linear-layers">Linear layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#linear"><span class="hidden-section">Linear</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#bilinear"><span class="hidden-section">Bilinear</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dropout-layers">Dropout layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dropout"><span class="hidden-section">Dropout</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dropout2d"><span class="hidden-section">Dropout2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dropout3d"><span class="hidden-section">Dropout3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#alphadropout"><span class="hidden-section">AlphaDropout</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#sparse-layers">Sparse layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#embedding"><span class="hidden-section">Embedding</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#embeddingbag"><span class="hidden-section">EmbeddingBag</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#distance-functions">Distance functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#cosinesimilarity"><span class="hidden-section">CosineSimilarity</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pairwisedistance"><span class="hidden-section">PairwiseDistance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#loss-functions">Loss functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#l1loss"><span class="hidden-section">L1Loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#mseloss"><span class="hidden-section">MSELoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#crossentropyloss"><span class="hidden-section">CrossEntropyLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#nllloss"><span class="hidden-section">NLLLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#poissonnllloss"><span class="hidden-section">PoissonNLLLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#kldivloss"><span class="hidden-section">KLDivLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#bceloss"><span class="hidden-section">BCELoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#bcewithlogitsloss"><span class="hidden-section">BCEWithLogitsLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#marginrankingloss"><span class="hidden-section">MarginRankingLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#hingeembeddingloss"><span class="hidden-section">HingeEmbeddingLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#multilabelmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">MultiLabelMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#smoothl1loss"><span class="hidden-section">SmoothL1Loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#softmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">SoftMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#multilabelsoftmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">MultiLabelSoftMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#cosineembeddingloss"><span class="hidden-section">CosineEmbeddingLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#multimarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">MultiMarginLoss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#tripletmarginloss"><span class="hidden-section">TripletMarginLoss</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#vision-layers">Vision layers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pixelshuffle"><span class="hidden-section">PixelShuffle</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#upsample"><span class="hidden-section">Upsample</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#upsamplingnearest2d"><span class="hidden-section">UpsamplingNearest2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#upsamplingbilinear2d"><span class="hidden-section">UpsamplingBilinear2d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dataparallel-layers-multi-gpu-distributed">DataParallel layers (multi-GPU, distributed)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dataparallel"><span class="hidden-section">DataParallel</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#distributeddataparallel"><span class="hidden-section">DistributedDataParallel</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#utilities">Utilities</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#clip-grad-norm"><span class="hidden-section">clip_grad_norm_</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#clip-grad-value"><span class="hidden-section">clip_grad_value_</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#parameters-to-vector"><span class="hidden-section">parameters_to_vector</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#vector-to-parameters"><span class="hidden-section">vector_to_parameters</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#weight-norm"><span class="hidden-section">weight_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#remove-weight-norm"><span class="hidden-section">remove_weight_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#spectral-norm"><span class="hidden-section">spectral_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#remove-spectral-norm"><span class="hidden-section">remove_spectral_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#packedsequence"><span class="hidden-section">PackedSequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pack-padded-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pack_padded_sequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pad-packed-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pad_packed_sequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pad-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pad_sequence</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pack-sequence"><span class="hidden-section">pack_sequence</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#torch-nn-functional">torch.nn.functional</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#convolution-functions">Convolution functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id20"><span class="hidden-section">conv1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id21"><span class="hidden-section">conv2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id22"><span class="hidden-section">conv3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#conv-transpose1d"><span class="hidden-section">conv_transpose1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#conv-transpose2d"><span class="hidden-section">conv_transpose2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#conv-transpose3d"><span class="hidden-section">conv_transpose3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id23"><span class="hidden-section">unfold</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id24"><span class="hidden-section">fold</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pooling-functions">Pooling functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#avg-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">avg_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#avg-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">avg_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#avg-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">avg_pool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#max-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">max_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#max-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">max_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#max-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">max_pool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#max-unpool1d"><span class="hidden-section">max_unpool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#max-unpool2d"><span class="hidden-section">max_unpool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#max-unpool3d"><span class="hidden-section">max_unpool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#lp-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">lp_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#lp-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">lp_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptive-max-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_max_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptive-max-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_max_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptive-max-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_max_pool3d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptive-avg-pool1d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_avg_pool1d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptive-avg-pool2d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_avg_pool2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#adaptive-avg-pool3d"><span class="hidden-section">adaptive_avg_pool3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#non-linear-activation-functions">Non-linear activation functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id25"><span class="hidden-section">threshold</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id26"><span class="hidden-section">relu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id27"><span class="hidden-section">hardtanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id28"><span class="hidden-section">relu6</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id29"><span class="hidden-section">elu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id30"><span class="hidden-section">selu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#leaky-relu"><span class="hidden-section">leaky_relu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id31"><span class="hidden-section">prelu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id32"><span class="hidden-section">rrelu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#glu"><span class="hidden-section">glu</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id33"><span class="hidden-section">logsigmoid</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id34"><span class="hidden-section">hardshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id35"><span class="hidden-section">tanhshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id36"><span class="hidden-section">softsign</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id37"><span class="hidden-section">softplus</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id38"><span class="hidden-section">softmin</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id39"><span class="hidden-section">softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id40"><span class="hidden-section">softshrink</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#gumbel-softmax"><span class="hidden-section">gumbel_softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#log-softmax"><span class="hidden-section">log_softmax</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id41"><span class="hidden-section">tanh</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id42"><span class="hidden-section">sigmoid</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#normalization-functions">Normalization functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#batch-norm"><span class="hidden-section">batch_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#instance-norm"><span class="hidden-section">instance_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#layer-norm"><span class="hidden-section">layer_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#local-response-norm"><span class="hidden-section">local_response_norm</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#normalize"><span class="hidden-section">normalize</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#linear-functions">Linear functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id43"><span class="hidden-section">linear</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id44"><span class="hidden-section">bilinear</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dropout-functions">Dropout functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id45"><span class="hidden-section">dropout</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#alpha-dropout"><span class="hidden-section">alpha_dropout</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id46"><span class="hidden-section">dropout2d</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id47"><span class="hidden-section">dropout3d</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#sparse-functions">Sparse functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id48"><span class="hidden-section">embedding</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#embedding-bag"><span class="hidden-section">embedding_bag</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id49">Distance functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pairwise-distance"><span class="hidden-section">pairwise_distance</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#cosine-similarity"><span class="hidden-section">cosine_similarity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id50">Loss functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#binary-cross-entropy"><span class="hidden-section">binary_cross_entropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#poisson-nll-loss"><span class="hidden-section">poisson_nll_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#cosine-embedding-loss"><span class="hidden-section">cosine_embedding_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#cross-entropy"><span class="hidden-section">cross_entropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#hinge-embedding-loss"><span class="hidden-section">hinge_embedding_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#kl-div"><span class="hidden-section">kl_div</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#l1-loss"><span class="hidden-section">l1_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#mse-loss"><span class="hidden-section">mse_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#margin-ranking-loss"><span class="hidden-section">margin_ranking_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#multilabel-margin-loss"><span class="hidden-section">multilabel_margin_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#multilabel-soft-margin-loss"><span class="hidden-section">multilabel_soft_margin_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#multi-margin-loss"><span class="hidden-section">multi_margin_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#nll-loss"><span class="hidden-section">nll_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#binary-cross-entropy-with-logits"><span class="hidden-section">binary_cross_entropy_with_logits</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#smooth-l1-loss"><span class="hidden-section">smooth_l1_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#soft-margin-loss"><span class="hidden-section">soft_margin_loss</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#triplet-margin-loss"><span class="hidden-section">triplet_margin_loss</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#vision-functions">Vision functions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pixel-shuffle"><span class="hidden-section">pixel_shuffle</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#pad"><span class="hidden-section">pad</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#interpolate"><span class="hidden-section">interpolate</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#id51"><span class="hidden-section">upsample</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#upsample-nearest"><span class="hidden-section">upsample_nearest</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#upsample-bilinear"><span class="hidden-section">upsample_bilinear</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#grid-sample"><span class="hidden-section">grid_sample</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#affine-grid"><span class="hidden-section">affine_grid</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#dataparallel-functions-multi-gpu-distributed">DataParallel functions (multi-GPU, distributed)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#data-parallel"><span class="hidden-section">data_parallel</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="nn.html#torch-nn-init">torch.nn.init</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html">torch.optim</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#how-to-use-an-optimizer">How to use an optimizer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#constructing-it">Constructing it</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#per-parameter-options">Per-parameter options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#taking-an-optimization-step">Taking an optimization step</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#optimizer-step"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optimizer.step()</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#optimizer-step-closure"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optimizer.step(closure)</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#algorithms">Algorithms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optim.html#how-to-adjust-learning-rate">How to adjust Learning Rate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">torch.autograd</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#locally-disabling-gradient-computation">Locally disabling gradient computation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#in-place-operations-on-tensors">In-place operations on Tensors</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#in-place-correctness-checks">In-place correctness checks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#variable-deprecated">Variable (deprecated)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#tensor-autograd-functions">Tensor autograd functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#function"><span class="hidden-section">Function</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#numerical-gradient-checking">Numerical gradient checking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#profiler">Profiler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#anomaly-detection">Anomaly detection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html">torch.distributions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#score-function">Score function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#pathwise-derivative">Pathwise derivative</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#distribution"><span class="hidden-section">Distribution</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#exponentialfamily"><span class="hidden-section">ExponentialFamily</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#bernoulli"><span class="hidden-section">Bernoulli</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#beta"><span class="hidden-section">Beta</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#binomial"><span class="hidden-section">Binomial</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#categorical"><span class="hidden-section">Categorical</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#cauchy"><span class="hidden-section">Cauchy</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#chi2"><span class="hidden-section">Chi2</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#dirichlet"><span class="hidden-section">Dirichlet</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#exponential"><span class="hidden-section">Exponential</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#fishersnedecor"><span class="hidden-section">FisherSnedecor</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#gamma"><span class="hidden-section">Gamma</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#geometric"><span class="hidden-section">Geometric</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#gumbel"><span class="hidden-section">Gumbel</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#halfcauchy"><span class="hidden-section">HalfCauchy</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#halfnormal"><span class="hidden-section">HalfNormal</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#independent"><span class="hidden-section">Independent</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#laplace"><span class="hidden-section">Laplace</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#lognormal"><span class="hidden-section">LogNormal</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#multinomial"><span class="hidden-section">Multinomial</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#multivariatenormal"><span class="hidden-section">MultivariateNormal</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#normal"><span class="hidden-section">Normal</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#onehotcategorical"><span class="hidden-section">OneHotCategorical</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#pareto"><span class="hidden-section">Pareto</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#poisson"><span class="hidden-section">Poisson</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#relaxedbernoulli"><span class="hidden-section">RelaxedBernoulli</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#relaxedonehotcategorical"><span class="hidden-section">RelaxedOneHotCategorical</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#studentt"><span class="hidden-section">StudentT</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#transformeddistribution"><span class="hidden-section">TransformedDistribution</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#uniform"><span class="hidden-section">Uniform</span></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#module-torch.distributions.kl"><cite>KL Divergence</cite></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#module-torch.distributions.transforms"><cite>Transforms</cite></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#module-torch.distributions.constraints"><cite>Constraints</cite></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributions.html#module-torch.distributions.constraint_registry"><cite>Constraint Registry</cite></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html">torch.multiprocessing</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#strategy-management">Strategy management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#sharing-cuda-tensors">Sharing CUDA tensors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#sharing-strategies">Sharing strategies</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#file-descriptor-file-descriptor">File descriptor - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file_descriptor</span></code></a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#file-system-file-system">File system - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file_system</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html">torch.distributed</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#basics">Basics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#initialization">Initialization</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#tcp-initialization">TCP initialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#shared-file-system-initialization">Shared file-system initialization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#environment-variable-initialization">Environment variable initialization</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#groups">Groups</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#point-to-point-communication">Point-to-point communication</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#collective-functions">Collective functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#multi-gpu-collective-functions">Multi-GPU collective functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distributed.html#launch-utility">Launch utility</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bottleneck.html">torch.utils.bottleneck</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="checkpoint.html">torch.utils.checkpoint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cpp_extension.html">torch.utils.cpp_extension</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="data.html">torch.utils.data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dlpack.html">torch.utils.dlpack</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ffi.html">torch.utils.ffi</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="model_zoo.html">torch.utils.model_zoo</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="onnx.html">torch.onnx</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="onnx.html#example-end-to-end-alexnet-from-pytorch-to-caffe2">Example: End-to-end AlexNet from PyTorch to Caffe2</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="onnx.html#limitations">Limitations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="onnx.html#supported-operators">Supported operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="onnx.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="legacy.html">torch.legacy</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">torchvision Reference</span></p>
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/index.html">torchvision</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html">torchvision.datasets</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#mnist">MNIST</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#fashion-mnist">Fashion-MNIST</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#emnist">EMNIST</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#coco">COCO</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#captions">Captions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#detection">Detection</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#lsun">LSUN</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#imagefolder">ImageFolder</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#datasetfolder">DatasetFolder</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#imagenet-12">Imagenet-12</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#cifar">CIFAR</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#stl10">STL10</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#svhn">SVHN</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/datasets.html#phototour">PhotoTour</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html">torchvision.models</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html#id1">Alexnet</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html#id2">VGG</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html#id3">ResNet</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html#id4">SqueezeNet</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html#id5">DenseNet</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/models.html#inception-v3">Inception v3</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/transforms.html">torchvision.transforms</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/transforms.html#transforms-on-pil-image">Transforms on PIL Image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/transforms.html#transforms-on-torch-tensor">Transforms on torch.*Tensor</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/transforms.html#conversion-transforms">Conversion Transforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/transforms.html#generic-transforms">Generic Transforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/transforms.html#module-torchvision.transforms.functional">Functional Transforms</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="torchvision/utils.html">torchvision.utils</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
<nav class="wy-nav-top" aria-label="top navigation">
<i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
<a href="index.html">PyTorch</a>
</nav>
<div class="wy-nav-content">
<div class="rst-content">
<div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
<ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
<li><a href="index.html">Docs</a> »</li>
<li>Automatic differentiation package - torch.autograd</li>
<li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
<a href="_sources/autograd.rst.txt" rel="nofollow"> View page source</a>
</li>
</ul>
<hr/>
</div>
<div role="main" class="document" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
<div itemprop="articleBody">
<div class="section" id="module-torch.autograd">
<span id="automatic-differentiation-package-torch-autograd"></span><h1>Automatic differentiation package - torch.autograd<a class="headerlink" href="#module-torch.autograd" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.autograd</span></code> provides classes and functions implementing automatic
differentiation of arbitrary scalar valued functions. It requires minimal
changes to the existing code - you only need to declare <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tensor</span></code> s
for which gradients should be computed with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requires_grad=True</span></code> keyword.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="torch.autograd.backward">
<code class="descclassname">torch.autograd.</code><code class="descname">backward</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>tensors</em>, <em>grad_tensors=None</em>, <em>retain_graph=None</em>, <em>create_graph=False</em>, <em>grad_variables=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/autograd.html#backward"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.autograd.backward" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the sum of gradients of given tensors w.r.t. graph leaves.</p>
<p>The graph is differentiated using the chain rule. If any of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tensors</span></code>
are non-scalar (i.e. their data has more than one element) and require
gradient, the function additionally requires specifying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grad_tensors</span></code>.
It should be a sequence of matching length, that contains gradient of
the differentiated function w.r.t. corresponding tensors (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is an
acceptable value for all tensors that don’t need gradient tensors).</p>
<p>This function accumulates gradients in the leaves - you might need to zero
them before calling it.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>tensors</strong> (<em>sequence of Tensor</em>) – Tensors of which the derivative will be
computed.</li>
<li><strong>grad_tensors</strong> (<em>sequence of</em><em> (</em><a class="reference internal" href="tensors.html#torch.Tensor" title="torch.Tensor"><em>Tensor</em></a><em> or </em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>None</em></a><em>)</em>) – Gradients w.r.t.
each element of corresponding tensors. None values can be specified for
scalar Tensors or ones that don’t require grad. If a None value would
be acceptable for all grad_tensors, then this argument is optional.</li>
<li><strong>retain_graph</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the graph used to compute the grad
will be freed. Note that in nearly all cases setting this option to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>
is not needed and often can be worked around in a much more efficient
way. Defaults to the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_graph</span></code>.</li>
<li><strong>create_graph</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, graph of the derivative will
be constructed, allowing to compute higher order derivative products.
Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="torch.autograd.grad">
<code class="descclassname">torch.autograd.</code><code class="descname">grad</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>outputs</em>, <em>inputs</em>, <em>grad_outputs=None</em>, <em>retain_graph=None</em>, <em>create_graph=False</em>, <em>only_inputs=True</em>, <em>allow_unused=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/autograd.html#grad"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.autograd.grad" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes and returns the sum of gradients of outputs w.r.t. the inputs.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grad_outputs</span></code> should be a sequence of length matching <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">output</span></code>
containing the pre-computed gradients w.r.t. each of the outputs. If an
output doesn’t require_grad, then the gradient can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>).</p>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">only_inputs</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, the function will only return a list of gradients
w.r.t the specified inputs. If it’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, then gradient w.r.t. all remaining
leaves will still be computed, and will be accumulated into their <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.grad</span></code>
attribute.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>outputs</strong> (<em>sequence of Tensor</em>) – outputs of the differentiated function.</li>
<li><strong>inputs</strong> (<em>sequence of Tensor</em>) – Inputs w.r.t. which the gradient will be
returned (and not accumulated into <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.grad</span></code>).</li>
<li><strong>grad_outputs</strong> (<em>sequence of Tensor</em>) – Gradients w.r.t. each output.
None values can be specified for scalar Tensors or ones that don’t require
grad. If a None value would be acceptable for all grad_tensors, then this
argument is optional. Default: None.</li>
<li><strong>retain_graph</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the graph used to compute the grad
will be freed. Note that in nearly all cases setting this option to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>
is not needed and often can be worked around in a much more efficient
way. Defaults to the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_graph</span></code>.</li>
<li><strong>create_graph</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, graph of the derivative will
be constructed, allowing to compute higher order derivative products.
Default: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</li>
<li><strong>allow_unused</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, specifying inputs that were not
used when computing outputs (and therefore their grad is always zero)
is an error. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<div class="section" id="locally-disabling-gradient-computation">
<span id="locally-disable-grad"></span><h2>Locally disabling gradient computation<a class="headerlink" href="#locally-disabling-gradient-computation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="torch.autograd.no_grad">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">torch.autograd.</code><code class="descname">no_grad</code><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/autograd/grad_mode.html#no_grad"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.autograd.no_grad" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Context-manager that disabled gradient calculation.</p>
<p>Disabling gradient calculation is useful for inference, when you are sure
that you will not call <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tensor.backward()</span></code>. It will reduce memory
consumption for computations that would otherwise have <cite>requires_grad=True</cite>.
In this mode, the result of every computation will have
<cite>requires_grad=False</cite>, even when the inputs have <cite>requires_grad=True</cite>.</p>
<p>Also functions as a decorator.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">requires_grad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">no_grad</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">no_grad</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">doubler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">doubler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="torch.autograd.enable_grad">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">torch.autograd.</code><code class="descname">enable_grad</code><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/autograd/grad_mode.html#enable_grad"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.autograd.enable_grad" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Context-manager that enables gradient calculation.</p>
<p>Enables gradient calculation inside a <a class="reference internal" href="#torch.autograd.no_grad" title="torch.autograd.no_grad"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">no_grad</span></code></a> context. This has
no effect outside of <a class="reference internal" href="#torch.autograd.no_grad" title="torch.autograd.no_grad"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">no_grad</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Also functions as a decorator.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">requires_grad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">no_grad</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable_grad</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backward</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">grad</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nd">@torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">enable_grad</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">doubler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">no_grad</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">doubler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">z</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="torch.autograd.set_grad_enabled">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">torch.autograd.</code><code class="descname">set_grad_enabled</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>mode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/autograd/grad_mode.html#set_grad_enabled"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.autograd.set_grad_enabled" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Context-manager that sets gradient calculation to on or off.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_grad_enabled</span></code> will enable or disable grads based on its argument <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode</span></code>.
It can be used as a context-manager or as a function.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><strong>mode</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a>) – Flag whether to enable grad (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>), or disable
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>). This can be used to conditionally enable
gradients.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">requires_grad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">is_train</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_grad_enabled</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_train</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_grad_enabled</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_grad_enabled</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">requires_grad</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-place-operations-on-tensors">
<h2>In-place operations on Tensors<a class="headerlink" href="#in-place-operations-on-tensors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Supporting in-place operations in autograd is a hard matter, and we discourage
their use in most cases. Autograd’s aggressive buffer freeing and reuse makes
it very efficient and there are very few occasions when in-place operations
actually lower memory usage by any significant amount. Unless you’re operating
under heavy memory pressure, you might never need to use them.</p>
<div class="section" id="in-place-correctness-checks">
<h3>In-place correctness checks<a class="headerlink" href="#in-place-correctness-checks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>All <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tensor</span></code> s keep track of in-place operations applied to them, and
if the implementation detects that a tensor was saved for backward in one of
the functions, but it was modified in-place afterwards, an error will be raised
once backward pass is started. This ensures that if you’re using in-place
functions and not seeing any errors, you can be sure that the computed
gradients are correct.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="variable-deprecated">
<h2>Variable (deprecated)<a class="headerlink" href="#variable-deprecated" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>The Variable API has been deprecated: Variables are no longer necessary to
use autograd with tensors. Autograd automatically supports Tensors with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requires_grad</span></code> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>. Below please find a quick guide on what
has changed:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Variable(tensor)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Variable(tensor,</span> <span class="pre">requires_grad)</span></code> still work as expected,
but they return Tensors instead of Variables.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">var.data</span></code> is the same thing as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tensor.data</span></code>.</li>
<li>Methods such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">var.backward(),</span> <span class="pre">var.detach(),</span> <span class="pre">var.register_hook()</span></code> now work on tensors
with the same method names.</li>
</ul>
<p>In addition, one can now create tensors with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requires_grad=True</span></code> using factory
methods such as <a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#torch.randn" title="torch.randn"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.randn()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#torch.zeros" title="torch.zeros"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.zeros()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="torch.html#torch.ones" title="torch.ones"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch.ones()</span></code></a>, and others
like the following:</p>
<p class="last"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autograd_tensor</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">torch.randn((2,</span> <span class="pre">3,</span> <span class="pre">4),</span> <span class="pre">requires_grad=True)</span></code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tensor-autograd-functions">
<h2>Tensor autograd functions<a class="headerlink" href="#tensor-autograd-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="torch.Tensor">
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">torch.</code><code class="descname">Tensor</code><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.Tensor" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><dl class="method">
<dt id="torch.Tensor.backward">
<code class="descname">backward</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>gradient=None</em>, <em>retain_graph=None</em>, <em>create_graph=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/tensor.html#Tensor.backward"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.Tensor.backward" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Computes the gradient of current tensor w.r.t. graph leaves.</p>
<p>The graph is differentiated using the chain rule. If the tensor is
non-scalar (i.e. its data has more than one element) and requires
gradient, the function additionally requires specifying <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gradient</span></code>.
It should be a tensor of matching type and location, that contains
the gradient of the differentiated function w.r.t. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code>.</p>
<p>This function accumulates gradients in the leaves - you might need to
zero them before calling it.</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>gradient</strong> (<a class="reference internal" href="tensors.html#torch.Tensor" title="torch.Tensor"><em>Tensor</em></a><em> or </em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>None</em></a>) – Gradient w.r.t. the
tensor. If it is a tensor, it will be automatically converted
to a Tensor that does not require grad unless <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_graph</span></code> is True.
None values can be specified for scalar Tensors or ones that
don’t require grad. If a None value would be acceptable then
this argument is optional.</li>
<li><strong>retain_graph</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, the graph used to compute
the grads will be freed. Note that in nearly all cases setting
this option to True is not needed and often can be worked around
in a much more efficient way. Defaults to the value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_graph</span></code>.</li>
<li><strong>create_graph</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.7)"><em>bool</em></a><em>, </em><em>optional</em>) – If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, graph of the derivative will
be constructed, allowing to compute higher order derivative
products. Defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>