A complete application that demonstrates the localization concepts from this developer portal page, and its sample code.
This sample uses Multilingual App Toolkit (MAT) from Microsoft (specifically the v4.0 Technical Preview)to localize a Xamarin.Forms application for iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. You do NOT need MAT to build or run this sample.
You can learn about MAT here:
MAT stores language information in XLIFF (.xlf) files which are parsed into RESX files at build time. It is the RESX files that are loaded by the application to render the translated user-interface. The XLIFF files are edited in Visual Studio and the build step that transforms them only runs there, so language data should only be edited on Windows... luckily this runs in Visual Studio Express. You can then push your app (including the generated RESX files) into source control - they'll work fine for iOS, Android, and Windows Phone projects.