.. index:: single: Controller
A controller is a PHP function you create that reads information from the Symfony's
Request object and creates and returns a Response object. The response could
be an HTML page, JSON, XML, a file download, a redirect, a 404 error or anything
else you can dream up. The controller executes whatever arbitrary logic
your application needs to render the content of a page.
See how simple this is by looking at a Symfony controller in action. This renders a page that prints a lucky (random) number:
// src/AppBundle/Controller/LuckyController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Annotation\Route;
class LuckyController
{
/**
* @Route("/lucky/number")
*/
public function numberAction()
{
$number = random_int(0, 100);
return new Response(
'<html><body>Lucky number: '.$number.'</body></html>'
);
}
}
But in the real world, your controller will probably do a lot of work in order to
create the response. It might read information from the request, load a database
resource, send an email or set information on the user's session.
But in all cases, the controller will eventually return the Response object
that will be delivered back to the client.
Tip
If you haven't already created your first working page, check out :doc:`/page_creation` and then come back!
.. index:: single: Controller; Simple example
While a controller can be any PHP callable (a function, method on an object,
or a Closure), a controller is usually a method inside a controller
class:
// src/AppBundle/Controller/LuckyController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Annotation\Route;
class LuckyController
{
/**
* @Route("/lucky/number/{max}")
*/
public function numberAction($max)
{
$number = random_int(0, $max);
return new Response(
'<html><body>Lucky number: '.$number.'</body></html>'
);
}
}
The controller is the numberAction() method, which lives inside a
controller class LuckyController.
This controller is pretty straightforward:
- line 2: Symfony takes advantage of PHP's namespace functionality to namespace the entire controller class.
- line 4: Symfony again takes advantage of PHP's namespace functionality:
the
usekeyword imports theResponseclass, which the controller must return. - line 7: The class can technically be called anything - but should end in the
word
Controller(this isn't required, but some shortcuts rely on this). - line 12: Each action method in a controller class is suffixed with
Action(again, this isn't required, but some shortcuts rely on this). This method is allowed to have a$maxargument thanks to the{max}:doc:`wildcard in the route </routing>`. - line 16: The controller creates and returns a
Responseobject.
.. index:: single: Controller; Routes and controllers
In order to view the result of this controller, you need to map a URL to it via
a route. This was done above with the @Route("/lucky/number/{max}") annotation.
To see your page, go to this URL in your browser:
http://localhost:8000/lucky/number/100
For more information on routing, see :doc:`/routing`.
.. index:: single: Controller; Base controller class
For convenience, Symfony comes with two optional base :class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller` and :class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController` classes. You can extend either to get access to a number of helper methods.
Add the use statement atop the Controller class and then modify
LuckyController to extend it:
// src/AppBundle/Controller/LuckyController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
class LuckyController extends Controller
{
// ...
}
That's it! You now have access to methods like :ref:`$this->render() <controller-rendering-templates>` and many others that you'll learn about next.
Tip
You can extend either Controller or AbstractController. The difference
is that when you extend AbstractController, you can't access services directly
via $this->get() or $this->container->get(). This forces you to write
more robust code to access services. But if you do need direct access to the
container, using Controller is fine.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The ``AbstractController`` class was added in Symfony 3.3.
.. index:: single: Controller; Redirecting
The :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller::generateUrl` method is just a helper method that generates the URL for a given route:
$url = $this->generateUrl('blog_show', array('slug' => 'slug-value'));
If you want to redirect the user to another page, use the redirectToRoute()
and redirect() methods:
public function indexAction()
{
// redirects to the "homepage" route
return $this->redirectToRoute('homepage');
// does a permanent - 301 redirect
return $this->redirectToRoute('homepage', array(), 301);
// redirects to a route with parameters
return $this->redirectToRoute('blog_show', array('slug' => 'my-page'));
// redirects externally
return $this->redirect('http://symfony.com/doc');
}
For more information, see the :doc:`Routing article </routing>`.
Caution!
The redirect() method does not check its destination in any way. If you
redirect to some URL provided by the end-users, your application may be open
to the unvalidated redirects security vulnerability.
Tip
The redirectToRoute() method is simply a shortcut that creates a
Response object that specializes in redirecting the user. It's
equivalent to:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;
public function indexAction()
{
return new RedirectResponse($this->generateUrl('homepage'));
}
.. index:: single: Controller; Rendering templates
If you're serving HTML, you'll want to render a template. The render()
method renders a template and puts that content into a Response
object for you:
// renders app/Resources/views/lucky/number.html.twig
return $this->render('lucky/number.html.twig', array('number' => $number));
Templates can also live in deeper sub-directories. Just try to avoid creating unnecessarily deep structures:
// renders app/Resources/views/lottery/lucky/number.html.twig
return $this->render('lottery/lucky/number.html.twig', array(
'number' => $number,
));
The Symfony templating system and Twig are explained more in the :doc:`Creating and Using Templates article </templating>`.
.. index:: single: Controller; Accessing services
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The ability to type-hint a controller argument in order to receive a service
was added in Symfony 3.3.
Symfony comes packed with a lot of useful objects, called :doc:`services </service_container>`. These are used for rendering templates, sending emails, querying the database and any other "work" you can think of.
If you need a service in a controller, just type-hint an argument with its class (or interface) name. Symfony will automatically pass you the service you need:
use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface
// ...
/**
* @Route("/lucky/number/{max}")
*/
public function numberAction($max, LoggerInterface $logger)
{
$logger->info('We are logging!');
// ...
}
Awesome!
What other services can you type-hint? To see them, use the debug:autowiring console
command:
$ php bin/console debug:autowiring
If you need control over the exact value of an argument, you can :ref:`bind <services-binding>` the argument by its name:
.. configuration-block::
.. code-block:: yaml
# app/config/services.yml
services:
# ...
# explicitly configure the service
AppBundle\Controller\LuckyController:
public: true
bind:
# for any $logger argument, pass this specific service
$logger: '@monolog.logger.doctrine'
.. code-block:: xml
<!-- app/config/services.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd">
<services>
<!-- ... -->
<!-- Explicitly configure the service -->
<service id="AppBundle\Controller\LuckyController" public="true">
<bind key="$logger"
type="service"
id="monolog.logger.doctrine"
/>
</service>
</services>
</container>
.. code-block:: php
// app/config/services.php
use AppBundle\Controller\LuckyController;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Reference;
$container->register(LuckyController::class)
->setPublic(true)
->setBindings(array(
'$logger' => new Reference('monolog.logger.doctrine'),
))
;
You can of course also use normal :ref:`constructor injection <services-constructor-injection>` in your controllers.
Caution!
You can only pass services to your controller arguments in this way. It's not
possible, for example, to pass a service parameter as a controller argument,
even by using bind. If you need a parameter, use the $this->getParameter('kernel.debug')
shortcut or pass the value through your controller's __construct() method
and specify its value with bind.
For more information about services, see the :doc:`/service_container` article.
Note
If this isn't working, make sure your controller is registered as a service, is :ref:`autoconfigured <services-autoconfigure>` and extends either :class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller` or :class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\AbstractController`. If you use the :ref:`services.yml configuration from the Symfony Standard Edition <service-container-services-load-example>`, then your controllers are already registered as services and autoconfigured.
If you're not using the default configuration, you can tag your service manually
with controller.service_arguments.
If you extend the base Controller class, you can access any Symfony service
via the :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller::get`
method. Here are several common services you might need:
$templating = $this->get('templating');
$router = $this->get('router');
$mailer = $this->get('mailer');
// you can also fetch parameters
$someParameter = $this->getParameter('some_parameter');
If you receive an error like:
You have requested a non-existent service "my_service_id"
Check to make sure the service exists (use :ref:`debug:container <container-debug-container>`) and that it's :ref:`public <container-public>`.
.. index:: single: Controller; Managing errors single: Controller; 404 pages
When things are not found, you should play well with the HTTP protocol and
return a 404 response. To do this, you'll throw a special type of exception.
If you're extending the base Controller or the base AbstractController
class, do the following:
public function indexAction()
{
// retrieve the object from database
$product = ...;
if (!$product) {
throw $this->createNotFoundException('The product does not exist');
}
return $this->render(...);
}
The :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller::createNotFoundException` method is just a shortcut to create a special :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Exception\\NotFoundHttpException` object, which ultimately triggers a 404 HTTP response inside Symfony.
If you throw an exception that extends or is an instance of :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpKernel\\Exception\\HttpException`, Symfony will use the appropriate HTTP status code. Otherwise, the response will have a 500 HTTP status code:
// this exception ultimately generates a 500 status error
throw new \Exception('Something went wrong!');
In every case, an error page is shown to the end user and a full debug
error page is shown to the developer (i.e. when you're using the app_dev.php
front controller - see :ref:`page-creation-environments`).
You'll want to customize the error page your user sees. To do that, see the :doc:`/controller/error_pages` article.
.. index:: single: Controller; The session single: Session
What if you need to read query parameters, grab a request header or get access
to an uploaded file? All of that information is stored in Symfony's Request
object. To get it in your controller, just add it as an argument and
type-hint it with the Request class:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
public function indexAction(Request $request, $firstName, $lastName)
{
$page = $request->query->get('page', 1);
// ...
}
:ref:`Keep reading <request-object-info>` for more information about using the Request object.
Symfony provides a nice session object that you can use to store information about the user between requests. By default, Symfony stores the token in a cookie and writes the attributes to a file by using native PHP sessions.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The ability to request a ``Session`` instance in controllers was introduced
in Symfony 3.3.
To retrieve the session, add the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Session\\SessionInterface` type-hint to your argument and Symfony will provide you with a session:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\SessionInterface;
public function indexAction(SessionInterface $session)
{
// stores an attribute for reuse during a later user request
$session->set('foo', 'bar');
// gets the attribute set by another controller in another request
$foobar = $session->get('foobar');
// uses a default value if the attribute doesn't exist
$filters = $session->get('filters', array());
}
Stored attributes remain in the session for the remainder of that user's session.
Tip
Every SessionInterface implementation is supported. If you have your
own implementation, type-hint this in the arguments instead.
.. index:: single: Session; Flash messages
You can also store special messages, called "flash" messages, on the user's session. By design, flash messages are meant to be used exactly once: they vanish from the session automatically as soon as you retrieve them. This feature makes "flash" messages particularly great for storing user notifications.
For example, imagine you're processing a :doc:`form </forms>` submission:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
public function updateAction(Request $request)
{
// ...
if ($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid()) {
// do some sort of processing
$this->addFlash(
'notice',
'Your changes were saved!'
);
// $this->addFlash() is equivalent to $request->getSession()->getFlashBag()->add()
return $this->redirectToRoute(...);
}
return $this->render(...);
}
After processing the request, the controller sets a flash message in the session
and then redirects. The message key (notice in this example) can be anything:
you'll use this key to retrieve the message.
In the template of the next page (or even better, in your base layout template),
read any flash messages from the session using app.flashes():
{# app/Resources/views/base.html.twig #}
{# you can read and display just one flash message type... #}
{% for message in app.flashes('notice') %}
<div class="flash-notice">
{{ message }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
{# ...or you can read and display every flash message available #}
{% for label, messages in app.flashes %}
{% for message in messages %}
<div class="flash-{{ label }}">
{{ message }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
{% endfor %}
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The ``app.flashes()`` Twig function was introduced in Symfony 3.3. Prior,
you had to use ``app.session.flashBag()``.
Note
It's common to use notice, warning and error as the keys of the
different types of flash messages, but you can use any key that fits your
needs.
Tip
You can use the :method:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Session\\Flash\\FlashBagInterface::peek` method instead to retrieve the message while keeping it in the bag.
.. index:: single: Controller; Response object
As mentioned :ref:`earlier <controller-request-argument>`, the framework will
pass the Request object to any controller argument that is type-hinted with
the Request class:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
public function indexAction(Request $request)
{
$request->isXmlHttpRequest(); // is it an Ajax request?
$request->getPreferredLanguage(array('en', 'fr'));
// retrieves GET and POST variables respectively
$request->query->get('page');
$request->request->get('page');
// retrieves SERVER variables
$request->server->get('HTTP_HOST');
// retrieves an instance of UploadedFile identified by foo
$request->files->get('foo');
// retrieves a COOKIE value
$request->cookies->get('PHPSESSID');
// retrieves an HTTP request header, with normalized, lowercase keys
$request->headers->get('host');
$request->headers->get('content_type');
}
The Request class has several public properties and methods that return any
information you need about the request.
Like the Request, the Response object has also a public headers property.
This is a :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\ResponseHeaderBag` that has
some nice methods for getting and setting response headers. The header names are
normalized so that using Content-Type is equivalent to content-type or even
content_type.
The only requirement for a controller is to return a Response object.
The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\Response` class is an
abstraction around the HTTP response - the text-based message filled with
headers and content that's sent back to the client:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
// creates a simple Response with a 200 status code (the default)
$response = new Response('Hello '.$name, Response::HTTP_OK);
// creates a CSS-response with a 200 status code
$response = new Response('<style> ... </style>');
$response->headers->set('Content-Type', 'text/css');
There are special classes that make certain kinds of responses easier:
- For files, there is :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\BinaryFileResponse`. See :ref:`component-http-foundation-serving-files`.
- For streamed responses, there is :class:`Symfony\\Component\\HttpFoundation\\StreamedResponse`. See :ref:`streaming-response`.
.. seealso::
Now that you know the basics you can continue your research on Symfony
``Request`` and ``Response`` object in the
:ref:`HttpFoundation component documentation <component-http-foundation-request>`.
To return JSON from a controller, use the json() helper method on the base controller.
This returns a special JsonResponse object that encodes the data automatically:
// ...
public function indexAction()
{
// returns '{"username":"jane.doe"}' and sets the proper Content-Type header
return $this->json(array('username' => 'jane.doe'));
// the shortcut defines three optional arguments
// return $this->json($data, $status = 200, $headers = array(), $context = array());
}
If the :doc:`serializer service </serializer>` is enabled in your
application, contents passed to json() are encoded with it. Otherwise,
the :phpfunction:`json_encode` function is used.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
The ``file()`` helper was introduced in Symfony 3.2.
You can use the :method:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller::file` helper to serve a file from inside a controller:
public function fileAction()
{
// send the file contents and force the browser to download it
return $this->file('/path/to/some_file.pdf');
}
The file() helper provides some arguments to configure its behavior:
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\File;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\ResponseHeaderBag;
public function fileAction()
{
// load the file from the filesystem
$file = new File('/path/to/some_file.pdf');
return $this->file($file);
// rename the downloaded file
return $this->file($file, 'custom_name.pdf');
// display the file contents in the browser instead of downloading it
return $this->file('invoice_3241.pdf', 'my_invoice.pdf', ResponseHeaderBag::DISPOSITION_INLINE);
}
Whenever you create a page, you'll ultimately need to write some code that
contains the logic for that page. In Symfony, this is called a controller,
and it's a PHP function where you can do anything in order to return the
final Response object that will be returned to the user.
To make life easier, you'll probably extend the base Controller class because
this gives access to shortcut methods (like render() and redirectToRoute()).
In other articles, you'll learn how to use specific services from inside your controller that will help you persist and fetch objects from a database, process form submissions, handle caching and more.
Next, learn all about :doc:`rendering templates with Twig </templating>`.
.. toctree::
:hidden:
templating
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
:glob:
controller/*