typd_mlc.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1991-1994 by Xerox Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 by Hewlett-Packard Company.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * THIS MATERIAL IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED
 * OR IMPLIED.  ANY USE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK.
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted to use or copy this program
 * for any purpose,  provided the above notices are retained on all copies.
 * Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted,
 * provided the above notices are retained, and a notice that the code was
 * modified is included with the above copyright notice.
 *
 */

#include "private/gc_pmark.h"
#include "gc/gc_inline.h" /* for GC_malloc_kind */

/*
 * Some simple primitives for allocation with explicit type information.
 * Simple objects are allocated such that they contain a GC_descr at the
 * end (in the last allocated word).  This descriptor may be a procedure
 * which then examines an extended descriptor passed as its environment.
 *
 * Arrays are treated as simple objects if they have sufficiently simple
 * structure.  Otherwise they are allocated from an array kind that supplies
 * a special mark procedure.  These arrays contain a pointer to a
 * complex_descriptor as their last word.
 * This is done because the environment field is too small, and the collector
 * must trace the complex_descriptor.
 *
 * Note that descriptors inside objects may appear cleared, if we encounter a
 * false reference to an object on a free list.  In the GC_descr case, this
 * is OK, since a 0 descriptor corresponds to examining no fields.
 * In the complex_descriptor case, we explicitly check for that case.
 *
 * MAJOR PARTS OF THIS CODE HAVE NOT BEEN TESTED AT ALL and are not testable,
 * since they are not accessible through the current interface.
 */

#include "gc/gc_typed.h"

#define TYPD_EXTRA_BYTES (sizeof(word) - EXTRA_BYTES)

STATIC int GC_explicit_kind = 0;
                        /* Object kind for objects with indirect        */
                        /* (possibly extended) descriptors.             */

STATIC int GC_array_kind = 0;
                        /* Object kind for objects with complex         */
                        /* descriptors and GC_array_mark_proc.          */

/* Array descriptors.  GC_array_mark_proc understands these.    */
/* We may eventually need to add provisions for headers and     */
/* trailers.  Hence we provide for tree structured descriptors, */
/* though we don't really use them currently.                   */

struct LeafDescriptor {         /* Describes simple array.      */
        word ld_tag;
#       define LEAF_TAG 1
        size_t ld_size;         /* bytes per element            */
                                /* multiple of ALIGNMENT.       */
        size_t ld_nelements;    /* Number of elements.          */
        GC_descr ld_descriptor; /* A simple length, bitmap,     */
                                /* or procedure descriptor.     */
};

struct ComplexArrayDescriptor {
        word ad_tag;
#       define ARRAY_TAG 2
        size_t ad_nelements;
        union ComplexDescriptor * ad_element_descr;
};

struct SequenceDescriptor {
        word sd_tag;
#       define SEQUENCE_TAG 3
        union ComplexDescriptor * sd_first;
        union ComplexDescriptor * sd_second;
};

typedef union ComplexDescriptor {
    struct LeafDescriptor ld;
    struct ComplexArrayDescriptor ad;
    struct SequenceDescriptor sd;
} complex_descriptor;
#define TAG ad.ad_tag

#define ED_INITIAL_SIZE 100

STATIC int GC_typed_mark_proc_index = 0; /* Indices of my mark          */
STATIC int GC_array_mark_proc_index = 0; /* procedures.                 */

STATIC void GC_push_typed_structures_proc(void)
{
  GC_PUSH_ALL_SYM(GC_ext_descriptors);
}

/* Add a multiword bitmap to GC_ext_descriptors arrays.  Return */
/* starting index.                                              */
/* Returns -1 on failure.                                       */
/* Caller does not hold allocation lock.                        */
STATIC signed_word GC_add_ext_descriptor(const word * bm, word nbits)
{
    size_t nwords = divWORDSZ(nbits + WORDSZ-1);
    signed_word result;
    size_t i;
    word last_part;
    size_t extra_bits;
    DCL_LOCK_STATE;

    LOCK();
    while (GC_avail_descr + nwords >= GC_ed_size) {
        typed_ext_descr_t *newExtD;
        size_t new_size;
        word ed_size = GC_ed_size;

        if (ed_size == 0) {
            GC_ASSERT((word)(&GC_ext_descriptors) % sizeof(word) == 0);
            GC_push_typed_structures = GC_push_typed_structures_proc;
            UNLOCK();
            new_size = ED_INITIAL_SIZE;
        } else {
            UNLOCK();
            new_size = 2 * ed_size;
            if (new_size > MAX_ENV) return(-1);
        }
        newExtD = (typed_ext_descr_t*)GC_malloc_atomic(new_size
                                                * sizeof(typed_ext_descr_t));
        if (NULL == newExtD)
            return -1;
        LOCK();
        if (ed_size == GC_ed_size) {
            if (GC_avail_descr != 0) {
                BCOPY(GC_ext_descriptors, newExtD,
                      GC_avail_descr * sizeof(typed_ext_descr_t));
            }
            GC_ed_size = new_size;
            GC_ext_descriptors = newExtD;
        }  /* else another thread already resized it in the meantime */
    }
    result = GC_avail_descr;
    for (i = 0; i < nwords-1; i++) {
        GC_ext_descriptors[result + i].ed_bitmap = bm[i];
        GC_ext_descriptors[result + i].ed_continued = TRUE;
    }
    last_part = bm[i];
    /* Clear irrelevant bits. */
    extra_bits = nwords * WORDSZ - nbits;
    last_part <<= extra_bits;
    last_part >>= extra_bits;
    GC_ext_descriptors[result + i].ed_bitmap = last_part;
    GC_ext_descriptors[result + i].ed_continued = FALSE;
    GC_avail_descr += nwords;
    UNLOCK();
    return(result);
}

/* Table of bitmap descriptors for n word long all pointer objects.     */
STATIC GC_descr GC_bm_table[WORDSZ/2];

/* Return a descriptor for the concatenation of 2 nwords long objects,  */
/* each of which is described by descriptor.                            */
/* The result is known to be short enough to fit into a bitmap          */
/* descriptor.                                                          */
/* Descriptor is a GC_DS_LENGTH or GC_DS_BITMAP descriptor.             */
STATIC GC_descr GC_double_descr(GC_descr descriptor, word nwords)
{
    if ((descriptor & GC_DS_TAGS) == GC_DS_LENGTH) {
        descriptor = GC_bm_table[BYTES_TO_WORDS((word)descriptor)];
    }
    descriptor |= (descriptor & ~GC_DS_TAGS) >> nwords;
    return(descriptor);
}

STATIC complex_descriptor *
GC_make_sequence_descriptor(complex_descriptor *first,
                            complex_descriptor *second);

/* Build a descriptor for an array with nelements elements,     */
/* each of which can be described by a simple descriptor.       */
/* We try to optimize some common cases.                        */
/* If the result is COMPLEX, then a complex_descr* is returned  */
/* in *complex_d.                                               */
/* If the result is LEAF, then we built a LeafDescriptor in     */
/* the structure pointed to by leaf.                            */
/* The tag in the leaf structure is not set.                    */
/* If the result is SIMPLE, then a GC_descr                     */
/* is returned in *simple_d.                                    */
/* If the result is NO_MEM, then                                */
/* we failed to allocate the descriptor.                        */
/* The implementation knows that GC_DS_LENGTH is 0.             */
/* *leaf, *complex_d, and *simple_d may be used as temporaries  */
/* during the construction.                                     */
#define COMPLEX 2
#define LEAF    1
#define SIMPLE  0
#define NO_MEM  (-1)
STATIC int GC_make_array_descriptor(size_t nelements, size_t size,
                                    GC_descr descriptor, GC_descr *simple_d,
                                    complex_descriptor **complex_d,
                                    struct LeafDescriptor * leaf)
{
#   define OPT_THRESHOLD 50
        /* For larger arrays, we try to combine descriptors of adjacent */
        /* descriptors to speed up marking, and to reduce the amount    */
        /* of space needed on the mark stack.                           */
    if ((descriptor & GC_DS_TAGS) == GC_DS_LENGTH) {
      if (descriptor == (GC_descr)size) {
        *simple_d = nelements * descriptor;
        return(SIMPLE);
      } else if ((word)descriptor == 0) {
        *simple_d = (GC_descr)0;
        return(SIMPLE);
      }
    }
    if (nelements <= OPT_THRESHOLD) {
      if (nelements <= 1) {
        if (nelements == 1) {
            *simple_d = descriptor;
            return(SIMPLE);
        } else {
            *simple_d = (GC_descr)0;
            return(SIMPLE);
        }
      }
    } else if (size <= BITMAP_BITS/2
               && (descriptor & GC_DS_TAGS) != GC_DS_PROC
               && (size & (sizeof(word)-1)) == 0) {
      int result =
          GC_make_array_descriptor(nelements/2, 2*size,
                                   GC_double_descr(descriptor,
                                                   BYTES_TO_WORDS(size)),
                                   simple_d, complex_d, leaf);
      if ((nelements & 1) == 0) {
          return(result);
      } else {
          struct LeafDescriptor * one_element =
              (struct LeafDescriptor *)
                GC_malloc_atomic(sizeof(struct LeafDescriptor));

          if (result == NO_MEM || one_element == 0) return(NO_MEM);
          one_element -> ld_tag = LEAF_TAG;
          one_element -> ld_size = size;
          one_element -> ld_nelements = 1;
          one_element -> ld_descriptor = descriptor;
          switch(result) {
            case SIMPLE:
            {
              struct LeafDescriptor * beginning =
                (struct LeafDescriptor *)
                  GC_malloc_atomic(sizeof(struct LeafDescriptor));
              if (beginning == 0) return(NO_MEM);
              beginning -> ld_tag = LEAF_TAG;
              beginning -> ld_size = size;
              beginning -> ld_nelements = 1;
              beginning -> ld_descriptor = *simple_d;
              *complex_d = GC_make_sequence_descriptor(
                                (complex_descriptor *)beginning,
                                (complex_descriptor *)one_element);
              break;
            }
            case LEAF:
            {
              struct LeafDescriptor * beginning =
                (struct LeafDescriptor *)
                  GC_malloc_atomic(sizeof(struct LeafDescriptor));
              if (beginning == 0) return(NO_MEM);
              beginning -> ld_tag = LEAF_TAG;
              beginning -> ld_size = leaf -> ld_size;
              beginning -> ld_nelements = leaf -> ld_nelements;
              beginning -> ld_descriptor = leaf -> ld_descriptor;
              *complex_d = GC_make_sequence_descriptor(
                                (complex_descriptor *)beginning,
                                (complex_descriptor *)one_element);
              break;
            }
            case COMPLEX:
              *complex_d = GC_make_sequence_descriptor(
                                *complex_d,
                                (complex_descriptor *)one_element);
              break;
          }
          return(COMPLEX);
      }
    }

    leaf -> ld_size = size;
    leaf -> ld_nelements = nelements;
    leaf -> ld_descriptor = descriptor;
    return(LEAF);
}

STATIC complex_descriptor *
GC_make_sequence_descriptor(complex_descriptor *first,
                            complex_descriptor *second)
{
    struct SequenceDescriptor * result =
        (struct SequenceDescriptor *)
                GC_malloc(sizeof(struct SequenceDescriptor));
    /* Can't result in overly conservative marking, since tags are      */
    /* very small integers. Probably faster than maintaining type       */
    /* info.                                                            */
    if (result != 0) {
        result -> sd_tag = SEQUENCE_TAG;
        result -> sd_first = first;
        result -> sd_second = second;
        GC_dirty(result);
        REACHABLE_AFTER_DIRTY(first);
        REACHABLE_AFTER_DIRTY(second);
    }
    return((complex_descriptor *)result);
}

STATIC mse * GC_typed_mark_proc(word * addr, mse * mark_stack_ptr,
                                mse * mark_stack_limit, word env);

STATIC mse * GC_array_mark_proc(word * addr, mse * mark_stack_ptr,
                                mse * mark_stack_limit, word env);

STATIC void GC_init_explicit_typing(void)
{
    unsigned i;

    GC_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(struct LeafDescriptor) % sizeof(word) == 0);
    /* Set up object kind with simple indirect descriptor. */
      GC_explicit_kind = GC_new_kind_inner(GC_new_free_list_inner(),
                            (WORDS_TO_BYTES((word)-1) | GC_DS_PER_OBJECT),
                            TRUE, TRUE);
                /* Descriptors are in the last word of the object. */
      GC_typed_mark_proc_index = GC_new_proc_inner(GC_typed_mark_proc);
    /* Set up object kind with array descriptor. */
      GC_array_mark_proc_index = GC_new_proc_inner(GC_array_mark_proc);
      GC_array_kind = GC_new_kind_inner(GC_new_free_list_inner(),
                            GC_MAKE_PROC(GC_array_mark_proc_index, 0),
                            FALSE, TRUE);
      GC_bm_table[0] = GC_DS_BITMAP;
      for (i = 1; i < WORDSZ/2; i++) {
          GC_bm_table[i] = (((word)-1) << (WORDSZ - i)) | GC_DS_BITMAP;
      }
}

STATIC mse * GC_typed_mark_proc(word * addr, mse * mark_stack_ptr,
                                mse * mark_stack_limit, word env)
{
    word bm = GC_ext_descriptors[env].ed_bitmap;
    word * current_p = addr;
    word current;
    ptr_t greatest_ha = (ptr_t)GC_greatest_plausible_heap_addr;
    ptr_t least_ha = (ptr_t)GC_least_plausible_heap_addr;
    DECLARE_HDR_CACHE;

    INIT_HDR_CACHE;
    for (; bm != 0; bm >>= 1, current_p++) {
        if (bm & 1) {
            current = *current_p;
            FIXUP_POINTER(current);
            if (current >= (word)least_ha && current <= (word)greatest_ha) {
                PUSH_CONTENTS((ptr_t)current, mark_stack_ptr,
                              mark_stack_limit, (ptr_t)current_p);
            }
        }
    }
    if (GC_ext_descriptors[env].ed_continued) {
        /* Push an entry with the rest of the descriptor back onto the  */
        /* stack.  Thus we never do too much work at once.  Note that   */
        /* we also can't overflow the mark stack unless we actually     */
        /* mark something.                                              */
        mark_stack_ptr++;
        if ((word)mark_stack_ptr >= (word)mark_stack_limit) {
            mark_stack_ptr = GC_signal_mark_stack_overflow(mark_stack_ptr);
        }
        mark_stack_ptr -> mse_start = (ptr_t)(addr + WORDSZ);
        mark_stack_ptr -> mse_descr.w =
                        GC_MAKE_PROC(GC_typed_mark_proc_index, env + 1);
    }
    return(mark_stack_ptr);
}

/* Return the size of the object described by d.  It would be faster to */
/* store this directly, or to compute it as part of                     */
/* GC_push_complex_descriptor, but hopefully it doesn't matter.         */
STATIC word GC_descr_obj_size(complex_descriptor *d)
{
    switch(d -> TAG) {
      case LEAF_TAG:
        return(d -> ld.ld_nelements * d -> ld.ld_size);
      case ARRAY_TAG:
        return(d -> ad.ad_nelements
               * GC_descr_obj_size(d -> ad.ad_element_descr));
      case SEQUENCE_TAG:
        return(GC_descr_obj_size(d -> sd.sd_first)
               + GC_descr_obj_size(d -> sd.sd_second));
      default:
        ABORT_RET("Bad complex descriptor");
        return 0;
    }
}

/* Push descriptors for the object at addr with complex descriptor d    */
/* onto the mark stack.  Return 0 if the mark stack overflowed.         */
STATIC mse * GC_push_complex_descriptor(word *addr, complex_descriptor *d,
                                        mse *msp, mse *msl)
{
    ptr_t current = (ptr_t)addr;
    word nelements;
    word sz;
    word i;

    switch(d -> TAG) {
      case LEAF_TAG:
        {
          GC_descr descr = d -> ld.ld_descriptor;

          nelements = d -> ld.ld_nelements;
          if (msl - msp <= (ptrdiff_t)nelements) return(0);
          sz = d -> ld.ld_size;
          for (i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
              msp++;
              msp -> mse_start = current;
              msp -> mse_descr.w = descr;
              current += sz;
          }
          return(msp);
        }
      case ARRAY_TAG:
        {
          complex_descriptor *descr = d -> ad.ad_element_descr;

          nelements = d -> ad.ad_nelements;
          sz = GC_descr_obj_size(descr);
          for (i = 0; i < nelements; i++) {
              msp = GC_push_complex_descriptor((word *)current, descr,
                                                msp, msl);
              if (msp == 0) return(0);
              current += sz;
          }
          return(msp);
        }
      case SEQUENCE_TAG:
        {
          sz = GC_descr_obj_size(d -> sd.sd_first);
          msp = GC_push_complex_descriptor((word *)current, d -> sd.sd_first,
                                           msp, msl);
          if (msp == 0) return(0);
          current += sz;
          msp = GC_push_complex_descriptor((word *)current, d -> sd.sd_second,
                                           msp, msl);
          return(msp);
        }
      default:
        ABORT_RET("Bad complex descriptor");
        return 0;
   }
}

STATIC mse * GC_array_mark_proc(word * addr, mse * mark_stack_ptr,
                                mse * mark_stack_limit,
                                word env GC_ATTR_UNUSED)
{
    hdr * hhdr = HDR(addr);
    word sz = hhdr -> hb_sz;
    word nwords = BYTES_TO_WORDS(sz);
    complex_descriptor * descr = (complex_descriptor *)(addr[nwords-1]);
    mse * orig_mark_stack_ptr = mark_stack_ptr;
    mse * new_mark_stack_ptr;

    if (descr == 0) {
        /* Found a reference to a free list entry.  Ignore it. */
        return(orig_mark_stack_ptr);
    }
    /* In use counts were already updated when array descriptor was     */
    /* pushed.  Here we only replace it by subobject descriptors, so    */
    /* no update is necessary.                                          */
    new_mark_stack_ptr = GC_push_complex_descriptor(addr, descr,
                                                    mark_stack_ptr,
                                                    mark_stack_limit-1);
    if (new_mark_stack_ptr == 0) {
        /* Explicitly instruct Clang Static Analyzer that ptr is non-null. */
        if (NULL == mark_stack_ptr) ABORT("Bad mark_stack_ptr");

        /* Doesn't fit.  Conservatively push the whole array as a unit  */
        /* and request a mark stack expansion.                          */
        /* This cannot cause a mark stack overflow, since it replaces   */
        /* the original array entry.                                    */
#       ifdef PARALLEL_MARK
            /* We might be using a local_mark_stack in parallel mode.   */
            if (GC_mark_stack + GC_mark_stack_size == mark_stack_limit)
#       endif
        {
            GC_mark_stack_too_small = TRUE;
        }
        new_mark_stack_ptr = orig_mark_stack_ptr + 1;
        new_mark_stack_ptr -> mse_start = (ptr_t)addr;
        new_mark_stack_ptr -> mse_descr.w = sz | GC_DS_LENGTH;
    } else {
        /* Push descriptor itself */
        new_mark_stack_ptr++;
        new_mark_stack_ptr -> mse_start = (ptr_t)(addr + nwords - 1);
        new_mark_stack_ptr -> mse_descr.w = sizeof(word) | GC_DS_LENGTH;
    }
    return new_mark_stack_ptr;
}

GC_API GC_descr GC_CALL GC_make_descriptor(const GC_word * bm, size_t len)
{
    signed_word last_set_bit = len - 1;
    GC_descr result;
    DCL_LOCK_STATE;

#   if defined(AO_HAVE_load_acquire) && defined(AO_HAVE_store_release)
      if (!EXPECT(AO_load_acquire(&GC_explicit_typing_initialized), TRUE)) {
        LOCK();
        if (!GC_explicit_typing_initialized) {
          GC_init_explicit_typing();
          AO_store_release(&GC_explicit_typing_initialized, TRUE);
        }
        UNLOCK();
      }
#   else
      LOCK();
      if (!EXPECT(GC_explicit_typing_initialized, TRUE)) {
        GC_init_explicit_typing();
        GC_explicit_typing_initialized = TRUE;
      }
      UNLOCK();
#   endif

    while (last_set_bit >= 0 && !GC_get_bit(bm, last_set_bit))
      last_set_bit--;
    if (last_set_bit < 0) return(0 /* no pointers */);

#   if ALIGNMENT == CPP_WORDSZ/8
    {
      signed_word i;

      for (i = 0; i < last_set_bit; i++) {
        if (!GC_get_bit(bm, i)) {
          break;
        }
      }
      if (i == last_set_bit) {
        /* An initial section contains all pointers.  Use length descriptor. */
        return (WORDS_TO_BYTES(last_set_bit+1) | GC_DS_LENGTH);
      }
    }
#   endif
    if ((word)last_set_bit < BITMAP_BITS) {
        signed_word i;

        /* Hopefully the common case.                   */
        /* Build bitmap descriptor (with bits reversed) */
        result = SIGNB;
        for (i = last_set_bit - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            result >>= 1;
            if (GC_get_bit(bm, i)) result |= SIGNB;
        }
        result |= GC_DS_BITMAP;
    } else {
        signed_word index = GC_add_ext_descriptor(bm, (word)last_set_bit + 1);
        if (index == -1) return(WORDS_TO_BYTES(last_set_bit+1) | GC_DS_LENGTH);
                                /* Out of memory: use conservative      */
                                /* approximation.                       */
        result = GC_MAKE_PROC(GC_typed_mark_proc_index, (word)index);
    }
    return result;
}

GC_API GC_ATTR_MALLOC void * GC_CALL GC_malloc_explicitly_typed(size_t lb,
                                                                GC_descr d)
{
    word *op;
    size_t lg;

    GC_ASSERT(GC_explicit_typing_initialized);
    lb = SIZET_SAT_ADD(lb, TYPD_EXTRA_BYTES);
    op = (word *)GC_malloc_kind(lb, GC_explicit_kind);
    if (EXPECT(NULL == op, FALSE))
        return NULL;
    /* It is not safe to use GC_size_map[lb] to compute lg here as the  */
    /* the former might be updated asynchronously.                      */
    lg = BYTES_TO_GRANULES(GC_size(op));
    op[GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg) - 1] = d;
    GC_dirty(op + GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg) - 1);
    REACHABLE_AFTER_DIRTY(d);
    return op;
}

/* We make the GC_clear_stack() call a tail one, hoping to get more of  */
/* the stack.                                                           */
#define GENERAL_MALLOC_IOP(lb, k) \
                GC_clear_stack(GC_generic_malloc_ignore_off_page(lb, k))

GC_API GC_ATTR_MALLOC void * GC_CALL
    GC_malloc_explicitly_typed_ignore_off_page(size_t lb, GC_descr d)
{
    ptr_t op;
    size_t lg;
    DCL_LOCK_STATE;

    GC_ASSERT(GC_explicit_typing_initialized);
    lb = SIZET_SAT_ADD(lb, TYPD_EXTRA_BYTES);
    if (SMALL_OBJ(lb)) {
        void **opp;

        GC_DBG_COLLECT_AT_MALLOC(lb);
        LOCK();
        lg = GC_size_map[lb];
        opp = &GC_obj_kinds[GC_explicit_kind].ok_freelist[lg];
        op = (ptr_t)(*opp);
        if (EXPECT(0 == op, FALSE)) {
            UNLOCK();
            op = (ptr_t)GENERAL_MALLOC_IOP(lb, GC_explicit_kind);
            if (0 == op) return 0;
            /* See the comment in GC_malloc_explicitly_typed.   */
            lg = BYTES_TO_GRANULES(GC_size(op));
        } else {
            *opp = obj_link(op);
            obj_link(op) = 0;
            GC_bytes_allocd += GRANULES_TO_BYTES((word)lg);
            UNLOCK();
        }
    } else {
        op = (ptr_t)GENERAL_MALLOC_IOP(lb, GC_explicit_kind);
        if (NULL == op) return NULL;
        lg = BYTES_TO_GRANULES(GC_size(op));
    }
    ((word *)op)[GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg) - 1] = d;
    GC_dirty(op + GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg) - 1);
    REACHABLE_AFTER_DIRTY(d);
    return op;
}

GC_API GC_ATTR_MALLOC void * GC_CALL GC_calloc_explicitly_typed(size_t n,
                                                        size_t lb, GC_descr d)
{
    word *op;
    size_t lg;
    GC_descr simple_descr;
    complex_descriptor *complex_descr;
    int descr_type;
    struct LeafDescriptor leaf;

    GC_ASSERT(GC_explicit_typing_initialized);
    descr_type = GC_make_array_descriptor((word)n, (word)lb, d, &simple_descr,
                                          &complex_descr, &leaf);
    if ((lb | n) > GC_SQRT_SIZE_MAX /* fast initial check */
        && lb > 0 && n > GC_SIZE_MAX / lb)
      return (*GC_get_oom_fn())(GC_SIZE_MAX); /* n*lb overflow */
    lb *= n;
    switch(descr_type) {
        case NO_MEM: return(0);
        case SIMPLE:
            return GC_malloc_explicitly_typed(lb, simple_descr);
        case LEAF:
            lb = SIZET_SAT_ADD(lb,
                        sizeof(struct LeafDescriptor) + TYPD_EXTRA_BYTES);
            break;
        case COMPLEX:
            lb = SIZET_SAT_ADD(lb, TYPD_EXTRA_BYTES);
            break;
    }
    op = (word *)GC_malloc_kind(lb, GC_array_kind);
    if (EXPECT(NULL == op, FALSE))
        return NULL;
    lg = BYTES_TO_GRANULES(GC_size(op));
    if (descr_type == LEAF) {
        /* Set up the descriptor inside the object itself.      */
        volatile struct LeafDescriptor * lp =
            (struct LeafDescriptor *)
                (op + GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg)
                    - (BYTES_TO_WORDS(sizeof(struct LeafDescriptor)) + 1));

        lp -> ld_tag = LEAF_TAG;
        lp -> ld_size = leaf.ld_size;
        lp -> ld_nelements = leaf.ld_nelements;
        lp -> ld_descriptor = leaf.ld_descriptor;
        ((volatile word *)op)[GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg) - 1] = (word)lp;
    } else {
#     ifndef GC_NO_FINALIZATION
        size_t lw = GRANULES_TO_WORDS(lg);

        op[lw - 1] = (word)complex_descr;
        GC_dirty(op + lw - 1);
        REACHABLE_AFTER_DIRTY(complex_descr);

        /* Make sure the descriptor is cleared once there is any danger */
        /* it may have been collected.                                  */
        if (EXPECT(GC_general_register_disappearing_link(
                                                (void **)(op + lw - 1), op)
                  == GC_NO_MEMORY, FALSE))
#     endif
        {
            /* Couldn't register it due to lack of memory.  Punt.       */
            return (*GC_get_oom_fn())(lb);
        }
    }
    return op;
}