From c2fe17fd11d0ebe49fce88d48f00b40d86c8929a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Thomas J. Brailey" Date: Fri, 3 Apr 2020 20:16:00 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] . --- content/post/test.Rmd | 27 -- content/post/test.html | 24 -- content/post/test.knit.md | 25 -- content/posts/{test.Rmd => cox_proximity.Rmd} | 0 .../posts/{test.html => cox_proximity.html} | 2 +- content/posts/thesis.Rmd | 13 + content/posts/thesis.html | 10 +- content/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd | 14 + content/posts/thesis_ontology.html | 11 + public/categories/r/index.html | 15 +- public/categories/r/index.xml | 34 +- public/en/sitemap.xml | 23 +- public/index.xml | 34 +- public/post/index.html | 7 +- public/post/index.xml | 16 +- public/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd | 126 +++++++ public/posts/cox_proximity/index.html | 349 ++++++++++++++++++ .../figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png | Bin 0 -> 18518 bytes public/posts/index.html | 221 +++++++++++ public/posts/index.xml | 43 +++ public/posts/page/1/index.html | 1 + public/posts/thesis.Rmd | 13 + public/posts/thesis/index.html | 18 +- public/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd | 14 + public/posts/thesis_ontology/index.html | 252 +++++++++++++ public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.html | 12 +- public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.xml | 22 +- public/tags/index.html | 6 +- public/tags/index.xml | 6 +- public/tags/making-votes-count/index.html | 12 +- public/tags/making-votes-count/index.xml | 22 +- public/tags/power-sharing/index.html | 7 +- public/tags/power-sharing/index.xml | 14 +- public/tags/r/index.html | 12 +- public/tags/r/index.xml | 22 +- public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.html | 7 +- public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.xml | 14 +- public/tags/senior-thesis/index.html | 7 +- public/tags/senior-thesis/index.xml | 14 +- .../figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png | Bin 0 -> 18518 bytes 40 files changed, 1210 insertions(+), 259 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 content/post/test.Rmd delete mode 100644 content/post/test.html delete mode 100644 content/post/test.knit.md rename content/posts/{test.Rmd => cox_proximity.Rmd} (100%) rename content/posts/{test.html => cox_proximity.html} (98%) create mode 100644 content/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd create mode 100644 content/posts/thesis_ontology.html create mode 100644 public/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd create mode 100644 public/posts/cox_proximity/index.html create mode 100644 public/posts/cox_proximity_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png create mode 100644 public/posts/index.html create mode 100644 public/posts/index.xml create mode 100644 public/posts/page/1/index.html create mode 100644 public/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd create mode 100644 public/posts/thesis_ontology/index.html create mode 100644 static/posts/cox_proximity_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png diff --git a/content/post/test.Rmd b/content/post/test.Rmd deleted file mode 100644 index f518913..0000000 --- a/content/post/test.Rmd +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: "Calculating Electoral Proximity in R" -author: "Tom Brailey" -date: \`r format(Sys.Date(), "%B %d, %Y")`\ -categories: ["R"] -tags: ["R", "electoral proximity", "making votes count"] ---- - -```{r setup, include=FALSE} -knitr::opts_chunk$set(collapse = TRUE) -``` - -# What is Electoral Proximity? - -Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state's legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. Why is electoral proximity important? Cox suggests that it taps into executive-legislative behaviors; others note that greater proximity of presidential and legislative elections tend tends to reduce the number of effective parties in a state. In any case, being able to calculate a state's electoral proximity could open the door to some interesting studies. - -# How is Electoral Proximity Calculated? - -Per Cox (1997), electoral proximity can be estimated as follows: - -$$ PROXIMITY = 2 * \left| \frac{L_{t} - P_{t-1}}{P_{t+1} - P_{t-1}} - \frac{1}{2} \right| $$ - -and while this is a lovely equation, it is difficult to implement on your own. - -# What's the Issue? - -I was assigned to work on a replication project that involved having to run a regression using electoral proximity as an independent variable. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/post/test.html b/content/post/test.html deleted file mode 100644 index c384137..0000000 --- a/content/post/test.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: "Calculating Electoral Proximity in R" -author: "Tom Brailey" -date: \March 30, 2020\ -categories: ["R"] -tags: ["R", "electoral proximity", "making votes count"] ---- - - - -
-

What is Electoral Proximity?

-

Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. Why is electoral proximity important? Cox suggests that it taps into executive-legislative behaviors; others note that greater proximity of presidential and legislative elections tend tends to reduce the number of effective parties in a state. In any case, being able to calculate a state’s electoral proximity could open the door to some interesting studies.

-
-
-

How is Electoral Proximity Calculated?

-

Per Cox (1997), electoral proximity can be estimated as follows:

-

\[ PROXIMITY = 2 * \left| \frac{L_{t} - P_{t-1}}{P_{t+1} - P_{t-1}} - \frac{1}{2} \right| \]

-

and while this is a lovely equation, it is difficult to implement on your own.

-
-
-

What’s the Issue?

-

I was assigned to work on a replication project that involved having to run a regression using electoral proximity as an independent variable.

-
diff --git a/content/post/test.knit.md b/content/post/test.knit.md deleted file mode 100644 index 604cda2..0000000 --- a/content/post/test.knit.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: "Calculating Electoral Proximity in R" -author: "Tom Brailey" -date: \March 30, 2020\ -categories: ["R"] -tags: ["R", "electoral proximity", "making votes count"] ---- - - - -# What is Electoral Proximity? - -Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state's legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. Why is electoral proximity important? Cox suggests that it taps into executive-legislative behaviors; others note that greater proximity of presidential and legislative elections tend tends to reduce the number of effective parties in a state. In any case, being able to calculate a state's electoral proximity could open the door to some interesting studies. - -# How is Electoral Proximity Calculated? - -Per Cox (1997), electoral proximity can be estimated as follows: - -$$ PROXIMITY = 2 * \left| \frac{L_{t} - P_{t-1}}{P_{t+1} - P_{t-1}} - \frac{1}{2} \right| $$ - -and while this is a lovely equation, it is difficult to implement on your own. - -# What's the Issue? - -I was assigned to work on a replication project that involved having to run a regression using electoral proximity as an independent variable. diff --git a/content/posts/test.Rmd b/content/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd similarity index 100% rename from content/posts/test.Rmd rename to content/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd diff --git a/content/posts/test.html b/content/posts/cox_proximity.html similarity index 98% rename from content/posts/test.html rename to content/posts/cox_proximity.html index f88bd10..812c697 100644 --- a/content/posts/test.html +++ b/content/posts/cox_proximity.html @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@

Burkina Faso’s Electoral Proximity

x = "Year", y = "Electoral Proximity (Cox, 1997)") + theme_classic() -

+

Interesting! Following independence, BK had concurrent elections which became progressively less concurrent until 2015, when they aligned once again. I’m going to plot a few more countries and see if I find any more intresting patterns.

In the meantime, feel free to check out the related code for this post here. Please leave any comments and feedback in the “Issues” section of GitHub.

Thanks for reading!

diff --git a/content/posts/thesis.Rmd b/content/posts/thesis.Rmd index d4d283c..1033d13 100644 --- a/content/posts/thesis.Rmd +++ b/content/posts/thesis.Rmd @@ -10,3 +10,16 @@ tags: ["senior thesis", "segmental autonomy", "power sharing"] knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE) ``` +I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. + +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and [Professor Gareth Nellis](garethnellis.github.io) as my thesis advisor. I have looked up to these professors throughout my undergraduate career and cannot wait to work with them. + +# Focus + +My thesis will focus on power-sharing. My central argument is that existing studies of power-sharing use different conceptualizations and measurements which hinder cumulative findings. As the literature stands, we cannot really understand the effectiveness of power-sharing as it relates to prolonged peace and democratization. Moreover, most studies use the two aforementioned dependent variables to establish power-sharing's effectiveness, which is limiting. I propose a disaggregated approach to studying power-sharing. By studying the components of power-sharing arragements, we may better understand it's effectiveness as well as the mechanisms which drive its success and failure. I also intend to expand how we evaluate power-sharing by adding an additional dependent variable---social trust---into the mix. + +In addition to measuring the substantive effects of one component of power-sharing (to be determined), I also plan on creating an ontology of the current conceptions of power-sharing to see if and where these components overlap. + +I am currently in the literature review portion of the project, and am diving into the power-sharing literature, case-study analyises, and am brushing up on statistics and econometrics. + +More to follow! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/posts/thesis.html b/content/posts/thesis.html index c151e25..0a60476 100644 --- a/content/posts/thesis.html +++ b/content/posts/thesis.html @@ -8,4 +8,12 @@ - +

I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper.

+

I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. I have looked up to these professors throughout my undergraduate career and cannot wait to work with them.

+
+

Focus

+

My thesis will focus on power-sharing. My central argument is that existing studies of power-sharing use different conceptualizations and measurements which hinder cumulative findings. As the literature stands, we cannot really understand the effectiveness of power-sharing as it relates to prolonged peace and democratization. Moreover, most studies use the two aforementioned dependent variables to establish power-sharing’s effectiveness, which is limiting. I propose a disaggregated approach to studying power-sharing. By studying the components of power-sharing arragements, we may better understand it’s effectiveness as well as the mechanisms which drive its success and failure. I also intend to expand how we evaluate power-sharing by adding an additional dependent variable—social trust—into the mix.

+

In addition to measuring the substantive effects of one component of power-sharing (to be determined), I also plan on creating an ontology of the current conceptions of power-sharing to see if and where these components overlap.

+

I am currently in the literature review portion of the project, and am diving into the power-sharing literature, case-study analyises, and am brushing up on statistics and econometrics.

+

More to follow!

+
diff --git a/content/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd b/content/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa26218 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Senior Thesis: Ontology" +author: "Tom Brailey" +date: "2020-01-05" +categories: ["R"] +tags: ["senior thesis", "segmental autonomy", "power sharing"] +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE) +``` + +Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + diff --git a/content/posts/thesis_ontology.html b/content/posts/thesis_ontology.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4896b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/posts/thesis_ontology.html @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +--- +title: "Senior Thesis: Ontology" +author: "Tom Brailey" +date: "2020-01-05" +categories: ["R"] +tags: ["senior thesis", "segmental autonomy", "power sharing"] +--- + + + +

Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it.

diff --git a/public/categories/r/index.html b/public/categories/r/index.html index 980c06c..8ee68e9 100644 --- a/public/categories/r/index.html +++ b/public/categories/r/index.html @@ -151,22 +151,17 @@

Category: R

  • March 30, 2020 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R
  • - December 1, 2019 - My Senior Thesis + January 5, 2020 + Senior Thesis: Ontology
  • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
    • - -
  • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + December 1, 2019 + My Senior Thesis
    • diff --git a/public/categories/r/index.xml b/public/categories/r/index.xml index 8c30f2f..d05b884 100644 --- a/public/categories/r/index.xml +++ b/public/categories/r/index.xml @@ -13,38 +13,30 @@ Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - My Senior Thesis - /posts/thesis/ - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/thesis/ - + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test.knit/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 + My Senior Thesis + /posts/thesis/ + Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 - /post/test.knit/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. + /posts/thesis/ + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. diff --git a/public/en/sitemap.xml b/public/en/sitemap.xml index b3068b5..866d920 100644 --- a/public/en/sitemap.xml +++ b/public/en/sitemap.xml @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ 2020-03-30T00:00:00+00:00 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ - /post/ + /posts/ 2020-03-30T00:00:00+00:00 @@ -77,36 +77,33 @@ /> - - /posts/thesis/ - 2019-12-01T00:00:00+00:00 - - /tags/power-sharing/ - 2019-12-01T00:00:00+00:00 + 2020-01-05T00:00:00+00:00 /tags/segmental-autonomy/ - 2019-12-01T00:00:00+00:00 + 2020-01-05T00:00:00+00:00 /tags/senior-thesis/ - 2019-12-01T00:00:00+00:00 + 2020-01-05T00:00:00+00:00 - /about/ + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + 2020-01-05T00:00:00+00:00 - /post/test/ + /posts/thesis/ + 2019-12-01T00:00:00+00:00 - /post/test.knit/ + /about/ diff --git a/public/index.xml b/public/index.xml index b61eef8..3bcdfd2 100644 --- a/public/index.xml +++ b/public/index.xml @@ -13,20 +13,30 @@ Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. + + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + + My Senior Thesis /posts/thesis/ Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 /posts/thesis/ - + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. @@ -42,24 +52,6 @@ I am interested in political institutions, elections, secession, and conflict in My CV can be found here. - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test.knit/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test.knit/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - Contact /contact/ diff --git a/public/post/index.html b/public/post/index.html index 997e5ba..d14620c 100644 --- a/public/post/index.html +++ b/public/post/index.html @@ -151,7 +151,12 @@

    Posts

  • March 30, 2020 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R +
    • + +
  • + January 5, 2020 + Senior Thesis: Ontology
  • diff --git a/public/post/index.xml b/public/post/index.xml index c516a71..c7d5957 100644 --- a/public/post/index.xml +++ b/public/post/index.xml @@ -13,20 +13,30 @@ Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. + + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + + My Senior Thesis /posts/thesis/ Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 /posts/thesis/ - + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. diff --git a/public/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd b/public/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4969439 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/posts/cox_proximity.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +--- +title: "Calculating Electoral Proximity in R" +author: "Tom Brailey" +date: "2020-03-30" +categories: ["R"] +tags: ["R", "electoral proximity", "making votes count"] +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(collapse = TRUE) + +library(magrittr) +library(ggplot2) +burkina_faso <- rio::import("C:/Users/tbrai/Dropbox/Constitutions Project/Data/Election Data/Cleaned Data/cp_af_full.csv") %>% + dplyr::select(country_name, year, + leg_elect_dum, leg_elect_year, + pres_elect_year, pres_elect_year_fill) %>% + dplyr::filter(country_name == "Burkina Faso") +``` + +# What is Electoral Proximity? + +Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state's legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. Why is electoral proximity important? Cox suggests that it taps into executive-legislative behaviors; others note that greater proximity of presidential and legislative elections tend tends to reduce the number of effective parties in a state. In any case, being able to calculate a state's electoral proximity could open the door to some interesting studies. + +# How is Electoral Proximity Calculated? + +Per Cox (1997), electoral proximity can be estimated as follows: + +$$ PROXIMITY = 2 * \left| \frac{L_{t} - P_{t-1}}{P_{t+1} - P_{t-1}} - \frac{1}{2} \right| $$ + +and while this is a lovely equation, it might be difficult to implement on one's own. + +# What's the Issue? + +I was assigned to work on a replication project that involved having to run a regression using electoral proximity as an independent variable. However, the dataset we were using had several more country-year observations (not showing-off, we were just measuring different things) and so we couldn't simply join the electoral proximity variable to our dataset. After spending a few hours trying to find a package that would make my life a whole bunch easier, I realized that I would have to hard-code a way of calculating electoral fractionalization. + +# Strategy + +I wanted to test my coding skills on a country that exhibited three types of proximity: where $L_t$ = $P_t$, $L_t$ = $1-P_t$, and $L_t$ = $1+P_t$. That way I could determine whether my function $\textit{actually}$ worked on all potential electoral proximities. One country that exhibits such electoral variation is Burkina Faso. Let's check out the data. + +```{r} +head(burkina_faso) +``` + +So our unit of analysis is country-year. The variables we need for this function to work is a dummy for when a legislative election took place ($\textit{leg_elect_dum}$), the year of that election for each country-year observation ($\textit{leg_elect_year}$), a variable that takes the value of the year of a presidential election, and $NA$ otherwise ($\textit{pres_elect_year}$) and a "filled" version of the presidential election year ($\textit{pres_elect_year_fill}$). + +# The Function + +Here is a step-by-step run-through of how I calculated electoral proximity in Burkina Faso. Note that I use dplyr:: partly because I love it and partly because it might be easier to follow compared with using base-R functions. + +1. We have information on legislative election and previous/concurrent presidential election, now it's time to calculate the next presidential election ($P_{t+1}$). +```{r} +burkina_faso <- burkina_faso %>% + + #' Group by country and legislative election. + + dplyr::group_by(country_name, leg_elect_year) %>% + + #' Use "first" and "na.omit" to find the next presidential + #' election in the data. Using these two commands will find + #' the first non-NA value in a column. This new variable is + #' called "next_election". + + dplyr::mutate(next_election = dplyr::first(na.omit(pres_elect_year))) %>% + + #' Regroup by just country. We don't care about years at this point. + #' Then we fill out the "next_election" variable. Instead of filling + #' down the data, we want to fill up (imagine we are dragging the future + #' election up to the current legislative election). + + dplyr::group_by(country_name) %>% + tidyr::fill(next_election, .direction = "up") +``` + +2. So now we have our data ready. There are a few columns that can probably get removed once we have calculated electoral proximity, but you never know when they might come in handy. + +To elucidate: + +$\textit{leg_elect_year}$ = $L_t$ + +$\textit{pres_elect_year_fill}$ = $P_{t-1}$ + +$\textit{next_election}$ = $P_{t+1}$ + +```{r} +burkina_faso <- burkina_faso %>% + + #' We can now, in one fell swoop, calculate Cox's electoral proximity. + + dplyr::mutate(cox_prox = ifelse(leg_elect_dum == 1, + 2 * abs( + ( + leg_elect_year - pres_elect_year_fill) / + (next_election - pres_elect_year_fill) - (1/2) + ), NA), + cox_prox = ifelse(is.nan(cox_prox), 1, cox_prox)) %>% + + #' Fill out the variable. + + tidyr::fill(cox_prox) +``` + +# Burkina Faso's Electoral Proximity + +Let's plot how electoral proximity changes over time in Burkina Faso. +```{r} +ggplot(burkina_faso, aes(x = year)) + + geom_line(aes(y = cox_prox), size = 2, color = "purple", na.rm = TRUE) + + geom_vline(aes(xintercept = ifelse(leg_elect_dum == 1, year, NA)), linetype = "dotted", na.rm=TRUE) + + labs(title = paste0("Electoral Proximity in ", unique(burkina_faso$country_name)), + x = "Year", + y = "Electoral Proximity (Cox, 1997)") + + theme_classic() +``` + +Interesting! Following independence, BK had concurrent elections which became progressively less concurrent until 2015, when they aligned once again. I'm going to plot a few more countries and see if I find any more intresting patterns. + +In the meantime, feel free to check out the related code for this post [here](https://github.com/tjbrailey/Functions). Please leave any comments and feedback in the "Issues" section of GitHub. + +Thanks for reading! + + + + + + diff --git a/public/posts/cox_proximity/index.html b/public/posts/cox_proximity/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0f0a42 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/posts/cox_proximity/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R · thomasjbrailey + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    + + + +
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    +

    Calculating Electoral Proximity in R

    +
    +
    +
    + + + + + + + 5-minute read + +
    +
    + + R
    + +
    + + R + • + electoral proximity + • + making votes count
    + +
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    + +
    + + + + +
    +

    What is Electoral Proximity?

    +

    Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. Why is electoral proximity important? Cox suggests that it taps into executive-legislative behaviors; others note that greater proximity of presidential and legislative elections tend tends to reduce the number of effective parties in a state. In any case, being able to calculate a state’s electoral proximity could open the door to some interesting studies.

    +
    +
    +

    How is Electoral Proximity Calculated?

    +

    Per Cox (1997), electoral proximity can be estimated as follows:

    +

    \[ PROXIMITY = 2 * \left| \frac{L_{t} - P_{t-1}}{P_{t+1} - P_{t-1}} - \frac{1}{2} \right| \]

    +

    and while this is a lovely equation, it might be difficult to implement on one’s own.

    +
    +
    +

    What’s the Issue?

    +

    I was assigned to work on a replication project that involved having to run a regression using electoral proximity as an independent variable. However, the dataset we were using had several more country-year observations (not showing-off, we were just measuring different things) and so we couldn’t simply join the electoral proximity variable to our dataset. After spending a few hours trying to find a package that would make my life a whole bunch easier, I realized that I would have to hard-code a way of calculating electoral fractionalization.

    +
    +
    +

    Strategy

    +

    I wanted to test my coding skills on a country that exhibited three types of proximity: where \(L_t\) = \(P_t\), \(L_t\) = \(1-P_t\), and \(L_t\) = \(1+P_t\). That way I could determine whether my function \(\textit{actually}\) worked on all potential electoral proximities. One country that exhibits such electoral variation is Burkina Faso. Let’s check out the data.

    +
    head(burkina_faso)
+##   country_name year leg_elect_dum leg_elect_year pres_elect_year
+## 1 Burkina Faso 1960            NA             NA              NA
+## 2 Burkina Faso 1961            NA             NA              NA
+## 3 Burkina Faso 1962            NA             NA              NA
+## 4 Burkina Faso 1963            NA             NA              NA
+## 5 Burkina Faso 1964            NA             NA              NA
+## 6 Burkina Faso 1965             1           1965              NA
+##   pres_elect_year_fill
+## 1                   NA
+## 2                   NA
+## 3                   NA
+## 4                   NA
+## 5                   NA
+## 6                   NA
    +

    So our unit of analysis is country-year. The variables we need for this function to work is a dummy for when a legislative election took place (\(\textit{leg_elect_dum}\)), the year of that election for each country-year observation (\(\textit{leg_elect_year}\)), a variable that takes the value of the year of a presidential election, and \(NA\) otherwise (\(\textit{pres_elect_year}\)) and a “filled” version of the presidential election year (\(\textit{pres_elect_year_fill}\)).

    +
    +
    +

    The Function

    +

    Here is a step-by-step run-through of how I calculated electoral proximity in Burkina Faso. Note that I use dplyr:: partly because I love it and partly because it might be easier to follow compared with using base-R functions.

    +
      +
    1. We have information on legislative election and previous/concurrent presidential election, now it’s time to calculate the next presidential election (\(P_{t+1}\)).
      2. +
    +
    burkina_faso <- burkina_faso %>% 
+  
+  #' Group by country and legislative election. 
+  
+  dplyr::group_by(country_name, leg_elect_year) %>%
+  
+  #' Use "first" and "na.omit" to find the next presidential
+  #' election in the data. Using these two commands will find 
+  #' the first non-NA value in a column. This new variable is 
+  #' called "next_election".
+  
+  dplyr::mutate(next_election = dplyr::first(na.omit(pres_elect_year))) %>% 
+  
+  #' Regroup by just country. We don't care about years at this point.
+  #' Then we fill out the "next_election" variable. Instead of filling 
+  #' down the data, we want to fill up (imagine we are dragging the future
+  #' election up to the current legislative election). 
+  
+  dplyr::group_by(country_name) %>% 
+  tidyr::fill(next_election, .direction = "up")
    +
      +
    1. So now we have our data ready. There are a few columns that can probably get removed once we have calculated electoral proximity, but you never know when they might come in handy.
      2. +
    +

    To elucidate:

    +

    \(\textit{leg_elect_year}\) = \(L_t\)

    +

    \(\textit{pres_elect_year_fill}\) = \(P_{t-1}\)

    +

    \(\textit{next_election}\) = \(P_{t+1}\)

    +
    burkina_faso <- burkina_faso %>% 
+
+  #' We can now, in one fell swoop, calculate Cox's electoral proximity. 
+  
+  dplyr::mutate(cox_prox = ifelse(leg_elect_dum == 1,  
+                                2 * abs(
+                                  (
+                                    leg_elect_year - pres_elect_year_fill) /
+                                          (next_election - pres_elect_year_fill) - (1/2)
+                                  ), NA),
+                cox_prox = ifelse(is.nan(cox_prox), 1, cox_prox)) %>% 
+  
+  #' Fill out the variable.
+  
+  tidyr::fill(cox_prox)
    +
    +
    +

    Burkina Faso’s Electoral Proximity

    +

    Let’s plot how electoral proximity changes over time in Burkina Faso.

    +
    ggplot(burkina_faso, aes(x = year)) + 
+  geom_line(aes(y = cox_prox), size = 2, color = "purple", na.rm = TRUE) +
+  geom_vline(aes(xintercept = ifelse(leg_elect_dum == 1, year, NA)), linetype = "dotted", na.rm=TRUE) +
+  labs(title = paste0("Electoral Proximity in ", unique(burkina_faso$country_name)),
+       x = "Year", 
+       y = "Electoral Proximity (Cox, 1997)") +
+  theme_classic()
    +

    +

    Interesting! Following independence, BK had concurrent elections which became progressively less concurrent until 2015, when they aligned once again. I’m going to plot a few more countries and see if I find any more intresting patterns.

    +

    In the meantime, feel free to check out the related code for this post here. Please leave any comments and feedback in the “Issues” section of GitHub.

    +

    Thanks for reading!

    +
    + +
    + + +
    + + + + + + +
    +
    + + +
    + +
    + +
    +
    + +

    'The real lessons are the institutions we destroy along the way.'

    + + + + © 2019 - 2020 + + Thomas J. Brailey + + + · + Powered by Hugo & Coder. + + + · + [] + +
    +
    + +
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    + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/public/posts/index.xml b/public/posts/index.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f4b96b --- /dev/null +++ b/public/posts/index.xml @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ + + + + Posts on thomasjbrailey + /posts/ + Recent content in Posts on thomasjbrailey + Hugo -- gohugo.io + en + Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + + + + + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + /posts/cox_proximity/ + Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/cox_proximity/ + What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. + + + + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + + + + My Senior Thesis + /posts/thesis/ + Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis/ + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/posts/page/1/index.html b/public/posts/page/1/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4869b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/posts/page/1/index.html @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +/posts/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/posts/thesis.Rmd b/public/posts/thesis.Rmd index d4d283c..1033d13 100644 --- a/public/posts/thesis.Rmd +++ b/public/posts/thesis.Rmd @@ -10,3 +10,16 @@ tags: ["senior thesis", "segmental autonomy", "power sharing"] knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE) ``` +I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. + +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and [Professor Gareth Nellis](garethnellis.github.io) as my thesis advisor. I have looked up to these professors throughout my undergraduate career and cannot wait to work with them. + +# Focus + +My thesis will focus on power-sharing. My central argument is that existing studies of power-sharing use different conceptualizations and measurements which hinder cumulative findings. As the literature stands, we cannot really understand the effectiveness of power-sharing as it relates to prolonged peace and democratization. Moreover, most studies use the two aforementioned dependent variables to establish power-sharing's effectiveness, which is limiting. I propose a disaggregated approach to studying power-sharing. By studying the components of power-sharing arragements, we may better understand it's effectiveness as well as the mechanisms which drive its success and failure. I also intend to expand how we evaluate power-sharing by adding an additional dependent variable---social trust---into the mix. + +In addition to measuring the substantive effects of one component of power-sharing (to be determined), I also plan on creating an ontology of the current conceptions of power-sharing to see if and where these components overlap. + +I am currently in the literature review portion of the project, and am diving into the power-sharing literature, case-study analyises, and am brushing up on statistics and econometrics. + +More to follow! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/posts/thesis/index.html b/public/posts/thesis/index.html index 291de12..9608f07 100644 --- a/public/posts/thesis/index.html +++ b/public/posts/thesis/index.html @@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ - + - + @@ -163,7 +165,7 @@

    My Senior Thesis

    - 0-minute read + 2-minute read
    @@ -186,7 +188,15 @@

    My Senior Thesis

    - +

    I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper.

    +

    I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. I have looked up to these professors throughout my undergraduate career and cannot wait to work with them.

    +
    +

    Focus

    +

    My thesis will focus on power-sharing. My central argument is that existing studies of power-sharing use different conceptualizations and measurements which hinder cumulative findings. As the literature stands, we cannot really understand the effectiveness of power-sharing as it relates to prolonged peace and democratization. Moreover, most studies use the two aforementioned dependent variables to establish power-sharing’s effectiveness, which is limiting. I propose a disaggregated approach to studying power-sharing. By studying the components of power-sharing arragements, we may better understand it’s effectiveness as well as the mechanisms which drive its success and failure. I also intend to expand how we evaluate power-sharing by adding an additional dependent variable—social trust—into the mix.

    +

    In addition to measuring the substantive effects of one component of power-sharing (to be determined), I also plan on creating an ontology of the current conceptions of power-sharing to see if and where these components overlap.

    +

    I am currently in the literature review portion of the project, and am diving into the power-sharing literature, case-study analyises, and am brushing up on statistics and econometrics.

    +

    More to follow!

    +
    diff --git a/public/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd b/public/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa26218 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/posts/thesis_ontology.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +--- +title: "Senior Thesis: Ontology" +author: "Tom Brailey" +date: "2020-01-05" +categories: ["R"] +tags: ["senior thesis", "segmental autonomy", "power sharing"] +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE) +``` + +Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + diff --git a/public/posts/thesis_ontology/index.html b/public/posts/thesis_ontology/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a06fcd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/public/posts/thesis_ontology/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Senior Thesis: Ontology · thomasjbrailey + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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    +

    Senior Thesis: Ontology

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    + + + + + + + 1-minute read + +
    +
    + + R
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    + + senior thesis + • + segmental autonomy + • + power sharing
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    Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it.

    + +
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    'The real lessons are the institutions we destroy along the way.'

    + + + + © 2019 - 2020 + + Thomas J. Brailey + + + · + Powered by Hugo & Coder. + + + · + [] + +
    +
    + +
    + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.html b/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.html index 0cb4c0b..80528f6 100644 --- a/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.html +++ b/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.html @@ -151,17 +151,7 @@

    Tag: electoral proximity

  • March 30, 2020 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
    • - -
  • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
    • - -
  • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R
    • diff --git a/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.xml b/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.xml index 917f73c..80f6f6b 100644 --- a/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/electoral-proximity/index.xml @@ -13,30 +13,12 @@ Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test.knit/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test.knit/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state&rsquo;s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/tags/index.html b/public/tags/index.html index 6c432a8..7b0a0c5 100644 --- a/public/tags/index.html +++ b/public/tags/index.html @@ -165,17 +165,17 @@

    Tags

  • - December 1, 2019 + January 5, 2020 power sharing
  • - December 1, 2019 + January 5, 2020 segmental autonomy
  • - December 1, 2019 + January 5, 2020 senior thesis
    • diff --git a/public/tags/index.xml b/public/tags/index.xml index 33fa8f5..b79a994 100644 --- a/public/tags/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/index.xml @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ power sharing /tags/power-sharing/ - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 /tags/power-sharing/ @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ segmental autonomy /tags/segmental-autonomy/ - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 /tags/segmental-autonomy/ @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ senior thesis /tags/senior-thesis/ - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 /tags/senior-thesis/ diff --git a/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.html b/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.html index a11a22c..4f0c335 100644 --- a/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.html +++ b/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.html @@ -151,17 +151,7 @@

    Tag: making votes count

  • March 30, 2020 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
    • - -
  • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
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  • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R
    • diff --git a/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.xml b/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.xml index 3c946cb..d09da15 100644 --- a/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/making-votes-count/index.xml @@ -13,30 +13,12 @@ Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test.knit/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test.knit/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state&rsquo;s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/tags/power-sharing/index.html b/public/tags/power-sharing/index.html index 7590bd2..2547c29 100644 --- a/public/tags/power-sharing/index.html +++ b/public/tags/power-sharing/index.html @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ - + @@ -149,6 +149,11 @@

    Tag: power sharing

      +
    • + January 5, 2020 + Senior Thesis: Ontology +
      • +
    • December 1, 2019 My Senior Thesis diff --git a/public/tags/power-sharing/index.xml b/public/tags/power-sharing/index.xml index 40877f0..19df34b 100644 --- a/public/tags/power-sharing/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/power-sharing/index.xml @@ -6,18 +6,28 @@ Recent content in power sharing on thomasjbrailey Hugo -- gohugo.io en - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + + My Senior Thesis /posts/thesis/ Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 /posts/thesis/ - + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. diff --git a/public/tags/r/index.html b/public/tags/r/index.html index e455320..9b88594 100644 --- a/public/tags/r/index.html +++ b/public/tags/r/index.html @@ -151,17 +151,7 @@

      Tag: R

    • March 30, 2020 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
      • - -
    • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R -
      • - -
    • - January 1, 0001 - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R + Calculating Electoral Proximity in R
    diff --git a/public/tags/r/index.xml b/public/tags/r/index.xml index f1ebd66..6f20162 100644 --- a/public/tags/r/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/r/index.xml @@ -13,30 +13,12 @@ Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ Mon, 30 Mar 2020 00:00:00 +0000 - /posts/test/ + /posts/cox_proximity/ What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state’s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - - - Calculating Electoral Proximity in R - /post/test.knit/ - Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 - - /post/test.knit/ - What is Electoral Proximity? Electoral proximity is the measure of fractionalization between a presidential and legislative election. That is, how temporally separated a state&rsquo;s legislative and presidential elections might be. If presidential and legislative elections occur on the same day, they are considered to be proximally maximal. If there is a considerable gap between elections, then there is considered to be less proximity between elections. Gary Cox termed this phrase in Making Votes Count (1997) and builds off of the work of Matthew Shugart, John Carey, Rein Taagepera, and others. - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.html b/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.html index 0b8ce89..90bc691 100644 --- a/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.html +++ b/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.html @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ - + @@ -149,6 +149,11 @@

    Tag: segmental autonomy

      +
    • + January 5, 2020 + Senior Thesis: Ontology +
      • +
    • December 1, 2019 My Senior Thesis diff --git a/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.xml b/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.xml index ab7e21d..d0db2c4 100644 --- a/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/segmental-autonomy/index.xml @@ -6,18 +6,28 @@ Recent content in segmental autonomy on thomasjbrailey Hugo -- gohugo.io en - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + + My Senior Thesis /posts/thesis/ Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 /posts/thesis/ - + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. The program consists of a weekly three-hour seminar, plus regular meeting with an advisor, and I will have two quarters to complete the paper. +I am incredibly lucky to have Professors Kaare Strom and Daniel Butler leading the seminar, and Professor Gareth Nellis as my thesis advisor. diff --git a/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.html b/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.html index eb86d41..fabbe4e 100644 --- a/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.html +++ b/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.html @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ - + @@ -149,6 +149,11 @@

      Tag: senior thesis

        +
      • + January 5, 2020 + Senior Thesis: Ontology +
        • +
      • December 1, 2019 My Senior Thesis diff --git a/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.xml b/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.xml index 2ff49b5..b703eeb 100644 --- a/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.xml +++ b/public/tags/senior-thesis/index.xml @@ -6,18 +6,28 @@ Recent content in senior thesis on thomasjbrailey Hugo -- gohugo.io en - Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + Senior Thesis: Ontology + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Sun, 05 Jan 2020 00:00:00 +0000 + + /posts/thesis_ontology/ + Progress is slow but rewarding. I have a skeleton of my thesis and am working dilligently to fill out the rest of it. + + My Senior Thesis /posts/thesis/ Sun, 01 Dec 2019 00:00:00 +0000 /posts/thesis/ - + I was fortunate enough to have been invited into the political science honors program at UC San Diego. As part of the program, I am required to write a thesis on a topic of my choosing. 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