zh-TW.po

msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-09-11 10:37-0700\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-10-09 19:59-0700\n"
"Last-Translator: \n"
"Language-Team: \n"
"Language: zh_TW\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.4\n"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
msgstr "歡迎參加 Comprehensive Rust 🦀 課程"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/running-the-course.md:1
msgid "Running the Course"
msgstr "講授課程"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
msgid "Course Structure"
msgstr "課程架構"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
msgstr "鍵盤快速鍵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
msgid "Translations"
msgstr "翻譯"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/cargo.md:1
msgid "Using Cargo"
msgstr "使用 Cargo"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
msgstr "Rust 生態系統"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
msgid "Code Samples"
msgstr "程式碼範例"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:12
msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
msgstr "在本機執行 Cargo"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:15
msgid "Day 1: Morning"
msgstr "第 1 天：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/SUMMARY.md:192
#: src/SUMMARY.md:218 src/SUMMARY.md:268
msgid "Welcome"
msgstr "歡迎"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
msgid "What is Rust?"
msgstr "什麼是 Rust？"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1
msgid "Hello World!"
msgstr "Hello World!"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
msgid "Small Example"
msgstr "簡短範例"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1
msgid "Why Rust?"
msgstr "為什麼要使用 Rust？"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
msgstr "編譯時期保證"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
msgstr "執行時期保證"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1
msgid "Modern Features"
msgstr "新潮的功能"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1
msgid "Basic Syntax"
msgstr "基本語法"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
msgid "Scalar Types"
msgstr "純量型別"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
msgid "Compound Types"
msgstr "複合型別"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
msgid "References"
msgstr "參照"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
msgid "Dangling References"
msgstr "迷途參照"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
msgid "Slices"
msgstr "切片"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:33
msgid "String vs str"
msgstr "String 和 str"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
msgid "Functions"
msgstr "函式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1
msgid "Rustdoc"
msgstr "Rustdoc"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1
#: src/methods.md:1
msgid "Methods"
msgstr "方法"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:37
msgid "Overloading"
msgstr "超載"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/SUMMARY.md:125
#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:232
#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/SUMMARY.md:282 src/SUMMARY.md:303
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
msgid "Exercises"
msgstr "練習"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
msgid "Implicit Conversions"
msgstr "隱含轉換"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:40
msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
msgstr "陣列和 for 迴圈"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:42
msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
msgstr "第 1 天：下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
msgid "Variables"
msgstr "變數"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
msgid "Type Inference"
msgstr "型別推斷"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:54
msgid "static & const"
msgstr "靜態和常數"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
msgstr "範圍和遮蔽"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:47 src/memory-management.md:1
msgid "Memory Management"
msgstr "記憶體管理"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:82
msgid "Stack vs Heap"
msgstr "堆疊和堆積"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:49 src/memory-management/stack.md:1
msgid "Stack Memory"
msgstr "堆疊記憶體"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:50 src/memory-management/manual.md:1
msgid "Manual Memory Management"
msgstr "手動記憶體管理"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:51 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
msgstr "作用域式記憶體管理"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:86
msgid "Garbage Collection"
msgstr "垃圾回收"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:87
msgid "Rust Memory Management"
msgstr "Rust 記憶體管理"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:54 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
msgid "Comparison"
msgstr "比較"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/ownership.md:1
msgid "Ownership"
msgstr "所有權"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
msgid "Move Semantics"
msgstr "移動語意"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
msgstr "Rust 中移動的字串"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
msgstr "現代 C++ 中的雙重釋放"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:59 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
msgstr "函式呼叫中的移動"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
msgid "Copying and Cloning"
msgstr "複製和克隆"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:61 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
msgid "Borrowing"
msgstr "借用"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:62 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
msgstr "共用借用和專屬借用"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:63 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
msgid "Lifetimes"
msgstr "生命週期"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:64 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
msgstr "函式呼叫中的生命週期"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
msgstr "資料結構中的生命週期"

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
msgid "Designing a Library"
msgstr "設計程式庫"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
msgstr "疊代器和擁有權"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:75
msgid "Day 2: Morning"
msgstr "第 2 天：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:76 src/structs.md:1
msgid "Structs"
msgstr "結構體"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:77 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
msgid "Tuple Structs"
msgstr "元組結構體"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:78 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
msgstr "欄位簡寫語法"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/enums.md:1
msgid "Enums"
msgstr "列舉"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:80 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
msgid "Variant Payloads"
msgstr "變體負載"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/enums/sizes.md:1
msgid "Enum Sizes"
msgstr "列舉大小"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:103 src/methods/receiver.md:1
msgid "Method Receiver"
msgstr "方法接收器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/SUMMARY.md:272
#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
msgid "Example"
msgstr "範例"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1
msgid "Pattern Matching"
msgstr "模式配對"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
msgid "Destructuring Enums"
msgstr "解構列舉"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
msgid "Destructuring Structs"
msgstr "解構結構體"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
msgstr "解構陣列"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
msgid "Match Guards"
msgstr "配對守衛"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
msgid "Health Statistics"
msgstr "健康統計資料"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:156 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:175
msgid "Points and Polygons"
msgstr "點和多邊形"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:109
msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
msgstr "第 2 天：下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/control-flow.md:1
msgid "Control Flow"
msgstr "控制流程"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
msgid "Blocks"
msgstr "區塊"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:98
msgid "if expressions"
msgstr "if 表達式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:61
msgid "if let expressions"
msgstr "if let 運算式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:48
msgid "while expressions"
msgstr "while 運算式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:62
msgid "while let expressions"
msgstr "while let 運算式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
msgid "for expressions"
msgstr "for 運算式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:50
msgid "loop expressions"
msgstr "loop 運算式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:63
msgid "match expressions"
msgstr "match 運算式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:49
msgid "break & continue"
msgstr "break 和 continue"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/std.md:1
msgid "Standard Library"
msgstr "標準函式庫"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:112
msgid "Option and Result"
msgstr "Option 和 Result"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/std/string.md:1
msgid "String"
msgstr "String"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:114
msgid "Vec"
msgstr "Vec"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:115
msgid "HashMap"
msgstr "HashMap"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:116
msgid "Box"
msgstr "Box"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:117
msgid "Recursive Data Types"
msgstr "遞迴資料型別"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:113 src/std/box-niche.md:1
msgid "Niche Optimization"
msgstr "區位最佳化"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:119
msgid "Rc"
msgstr "Rc"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:121 src/modules.md:1
msgid "Modules"
msgstr "模組"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/modules/visibility.md:1
msgid "Visibility"
msgstr "能見度"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:123 src/modules/paths.md:1
msgid "Paths"
msgstr "路徑"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:124 src/modules/filesystem.md:1
msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
msgstr "檔案系統階層"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
msgstr "盧恩演算法"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
msgid "Strings and Iterators"
msgstr "字串和疊代器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:130
msgid "Day 3: Morning"
msgstr "第 3 天：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/generics.md:1
msgid "Generics"
msgstr "泛型"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/generics/data-types.md:1
msgid "Generic Data Types"
msgstr "泛型資料型別"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:131 src/generics/methods.md:1
msgid "Generic Methods"
msgstr "泛型方法"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:132 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
msgid "Monomorphization"
msgstr "單型化"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:133 src/traits.md:1
msgid "Traits"
msgstr "特徵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:134 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1
msgid "Trait Objects"
msgstr "特徵物件"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:135 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
msgid "Deriving Traits"
msgstr "衍生特徵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:136 src/traits/default-methods.md:1
msgid "Default Methods"
msgstr "預設方法"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1
msgid "Trait Bounds"
msgstr "特徵界限"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:144
msgid "impl Trait"
msgstr "impl Trait"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/traits/important-traits.md:1
msgid "Important Traits"
msgstr "重要特徵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:146
msgid "Iterator"
msgstr "疊代器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
msgid "FromIterator"
msgstr "FromIterator"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:148
msgid "From and Into"
msgstr "From 和 Into"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:149
msgid "Read and Write"
msgstr "Read 和 Write"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:150
msgid "Drop"
msgstr "Drop"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:151
msgid "Default"
msgstr "Default"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:152
msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..."
msgstr "運算子：Add、Mul、..."

#: src/SUMMARY.md:153
msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
msgstr "閉包：Fn、FnMut、FnOnce"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:155 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
msgstr "簡易 GUI 程式庫"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:158
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
msgstr "第 3 天：下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:153 src/error-handling.md:1
msgid "Error Handling"
msgstr "錯誤處理"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:154 src/error-handling/panics.md:1
msgid "Panics"
msgstr "恐慌"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:162
msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
msgstr "捕獲解開堆疊的動作"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:163
msgid "Structured Error Handling"
msgstr "結構化錯誤處理"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:164
msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
msgstr "使用 ? 傳播錯誤"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
msgid "Converting Error Types"
msgstr "轉換錯誤型別"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:160 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
msgstr "推導錯誤列舉"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:161 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
msgstr "動態錯誤型別"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:162 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
msgstr "為錯誤添加背景資訊"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/testing.md:1
msgid "Testing"
msgstr "測試"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
msgid "Unit Tests"
msgstr "單元測試"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:165 src/testing/test-modules.md:1
msgid "Test Modules"
msgstr "測試模組"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:166 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
msgid "Documentation Tests"
msgstr "說明文件測試"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:167 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
msgid "Integration Tests"
msgstr "整合測試"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1
msgid "Useful crates"
msgstr "實用的 Crate"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/unsafe.md:1
msgid "Unsafe Rust"
msgstr "不安全的 Rust"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
msgstr "對裸指標解參考"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
msgstr "可變的靜態變數"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/unsafe/unions.md:1
msgid "Unions"
msgstr "聯合體"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "呼叫不安全的函式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
msgstr "編寫不安全的函式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:182
msgid "Extern Functions"
msgstr "Extern 函式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
msgstr "實作不安全的特徵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
msgstr "安全的 FFI 包裝函式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/SUMMARY.md:249
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 src/bare-metal/android.md:1
msgid "Android"
msgstr "Android"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:193 src/android/setup.md:1
msgid "Setup"
msgstr "設定"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/android/build-rules.md:1
msgid "Build Rules"
msgstr "建構規則"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:195
msgid "Binary"
msgstr "二進位檔"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:196
msgid "Library"
msgstr "函式庫"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/aidl.md:1
msgid "AIDL"
msgstr "AIDL"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:198
msgid "Interface"
msgstr "介面"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:199
msgid "Implementation"
msgstr "實作"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:200
msgid "Server"
msgstr "伺服器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:201 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
msgid "Deploy"
msgstr "部署"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
msgid "Client"
msgstr "用戶端"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
msgid "Changing API"
msgstr "改寫 API"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:248 src/android/logging.md:1
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1
msgid "Logging"
msgstr "記錄"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:205 src/android/interoperability.md:1
msgid "Interoperability"
msgstr "互通性"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:206
msgid "With C"
msgstr "與 C 的互通性"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:207
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
msgstr "使用 Bindgen 呼叫 C"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:208
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
msgstr "從 C 呼叫 Rust"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:209 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
msgid "With C++"
msgstr "與 C++ 的互通性"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:210
msgid "With Java"
msgstr "與 Java 的互通性"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:214
msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
msgstr "裸機開發：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:219
msgid "no_std"
msgstr "no_std"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:220
msgid "A Minimal Example"
msgstr "最小限度範例"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:221
msgid "alloc"
msgstr "alloc"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:222 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1
msgid "Microcontrollers"
msgstr "微控制器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:223 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1
msgid "Raw MMIO"
msgstr "原始 MMIO"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:224
msgid "PACs"
msgstr "PAC"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:225
msgid "HAL Crates"
msgstr "HAL Crates"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:226
msgid "Board Support Crates"
msgstr "開發板支援 Crate"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:227
msgid "The Type State Pattern"
msgstr "型別狀態模式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:228
msgid "embedded-hal"
msgstr "embedded-hal"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:229
msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
msgstr "probe-rs、cargo-embed"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:230 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1
msgid "Debugging"
msgstr "偵錯"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:231 src/SUMMARY.md:251
msgid "Other Projects"
msgstr "其他專案"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3
msgid "Compass"
msgstr "指南針"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:235
msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
msgstr "裸機開發：下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:237
msgid "Application Processors"
msgstr "應用程式處理器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:239
msgid "Inline Assembly"
msgstr "行內組語"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:240
msgid "MMIO"
msgstr "MMIO"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:241
msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver"
msgstr "編寫 UART 驅動程式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:242
msgid "More Traits"
msgstr "其他特徵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
msgid "A Better UART Driver"
msgstr "經改良的 UART 驅動程式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:244 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1
msgid "Bitflags"
msgstr "Bitflags"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
msgid "Multiple Registers"
msgstr "多個暫存器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:246 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1
msgid "Driver"
msgstr "驅動程式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/SUMMARY.md:249
msgid "Using It"
msgstr "開始使用"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:252
msgid "Useful Crates"
msgstr "實用的 Crate"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:253
msgid "zerocopy"
msgstr "zerocopy"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:254
msgid "aarch64-paging"
msgstr "aarch64-paging"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:255
msgid "buddy_system_allocator"
msgstr "buddy_system_allocator"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:256
msgid "tinyvec"
msgstr "tinyvec"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:257
msgid "spin"
msgstr "旋轉"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:259 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1
msgid "vmbase"
msgstr "vmbase"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:261
msgid "RTC Driver"
msgstr "RTC 驅動程式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:264
msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
msgstr "並行：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:260 src/concurrency/threads.md:1
msgid "Threads"
msgstr "執行緒"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:261 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
msgid "Scoped Threads"
msgstr "限定範圍執行緒"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 src/concurrency/channels.md:1
msgid "Channels"
msgstr "通道"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:263 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
msgstr "無界限的通道"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:264 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
msgid "Bounded Channels"
msgstr "有界限的通道"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:274
msgid "Send and Sync"
msgstr "Send 和 Sync"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:274
msgid "Send"
msgstr "Send"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:274
msgid "Sync"
msgstr "Sync"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:268 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
msgid "Examples"
msgstr "範例"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:269 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
msgid "Shared State"
msgstr "共享狀態"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:279
msgid "Arc"
msgstr "Arc"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:280
msgid "Mutex"
msgstr "Mutex"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:283 src/SUMMARY.md:304
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
msgstr "哲學家就餐問題"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:284 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
msgstr "多執行緒連結檢查器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:286
msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
msgstr "並行：下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:288
msgid "Async Basics"
msgstr "Async 基本概念"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:289
msgid "async/await"
msgstr "async/await"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:290 src/async/futures.md:1
msgid "Futures"
msgstr "Futures"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:291 src/async/runtimes.md:1
msgid "Runtimes"
msgstr "Runtimes"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:292 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1
msgid "Tokio"
msgstr "Tokio"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126
#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143
msgid "Tasks"
msgstr "工作"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/channels.md:1
msgid "Async Channels"
msgstr "非同步管道"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1
msgid "Join"
msgstr "加入"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1
msgid "Select"
msgstr "選取"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:298
msgid "Pitfalls"
msgstr "陷阱"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:299
msgid "Blocking the Executor"
msgstr "阻占執行器"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1
msgid "Pin"
msgstr "釘選"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:301 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1
msgid "Async Traits"
msgstr "非同步特徵"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119
msgid "Broadcast Chat Application"
msgstr "廣播聊天應用程式"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:308
msgid "Final Words"
msgstr "結語"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:312 src/thanks.md:1
msgid "Thanks!"
msgstr "謝謝！"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:313
msgid "Other Resources"
msgstr "其他資源"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 src/credits.md:1
msgid "Credits"
msgstr "出處清單"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/exercises/solutions.md:1
msgid "Solutions"
msgstr "解決方案"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:322
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
msgstr "第 1 天上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:323
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
msgstr "第 1 天下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:324
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
msgstr "第 2 天上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:325
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
msgstr "第 2 天下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:326
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
msgstr "第 3 天上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:327
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
msgstr "第 3 天下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:328
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning"
msgstr "Rust 裸機開發：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:329 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
msgstr "Rust 裸機開發：下午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:330
msgid "Concurrency Morning"
msgstr "並行：上午"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:331
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon"
msgstr "並行：下午"

#: src/welcome.md:3
msgid ""
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:3
msgid "Build workflow"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:3
msgid ""
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:4
msgid "GitHub contributors"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:4
msgid ""
"[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:5
msgid "GitHub stars"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:5
msgid ""
"[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
"rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
"stargazers)"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:7
msgid ""
"This is a three day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course "
"covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like "
"generics and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on "
"the last day."
msgstr ""

#: src/index.md:15
msgid ""
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know "
"anything about Rust and hope to:"
msgstr ""
"本課程旨在教授 Rust 的知識。我們會假設您是從零開始學習 Rust，希望能夠："

#: src/index.md:18
msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language."
msgstr "讓您對 Rust 語法和語言有全面的認識。"

#: src/index.md:19
msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust."
msgstr "讓您學會在 Rust 中修改現有程式及編寫新程式。"

#: src/index.md:20
msgid "Show you common Rust idioms."
msgstr "向您介紹常見的 Rust 慣用語法。"

#: src/welcome.md:18
msgid ""
"The first three days show you the fundamentals of Rust. Following this, "
"you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:"
msgstr ""

#: src/index.md:26
msgid ""
"[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform "
"development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
msgstr ""
"[Android](android.md)：這是半天的課程，會說明如何針對 Android 平台開發作業 "
"(Android 開放原始碼計畫) 使用 Rust，並介紹與 C、C++ 和 Java 的互通性。"

#: src/welcome.md:23
msgid ""
"[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust for bare-metal "
"(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are "
"covered."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:26
msgid ""
"[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a full day class on concurrency in Rust. We "
"cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and "
"mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using "
"futures)."
msgstr ""

#: src/index.md:37
msgid "Non-Goals"
msgstr "Non-Goal"

#: src/index.md:39
msgid ""
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few "
"days. Some non-goals of this course are:"
msgstr ""
"Rust 是大型的程式語言，無法在幾天內就介紹完畢。因此，本課程會有一些 non-"
"goal，包括："

#: src/welcome.md:37
msgid ""
"Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
msgstr ""

#: src/index.md:46
msgid "Assumptions"
msgstr "假設"

#: src/welcome.md:43
msgid ""
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
"statically typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and "
"C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome.md:47
msgid ""
"If you know how to program in a dynamically typed language such as Python or "
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
msgstr ""

#: src/index.md:57
msgid ""
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional "
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor "
"should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
msgstr ""
"這是「演講者備忘稿」的範例。我們會透過這些備忘稿補充投影片中未提到的資訊。這"
"可能包括老師應提及的重點，以及課堂上典型問題的解答。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
msgid "This page is for the course instructor."
msgstr "本頁面的適用對象為課程講師。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:5
msgid ""
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the "
"course internally at Google."
msgstr "以下提供一些背景資訊，說明 Google 內部近期採用的授課方式。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:8
msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:"
msgstr "在講授課程前，建議您注意下列事項："

#: src/running-the-course.md:10
msgid ""
"Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker "
"notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more "
"speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker "
"notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker "
"Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class."
msgstr ""
"請熟悉課程教材。我們已附上演講者備忘稿，協助突顯重點，也請您不吝提供更多演講"
"者備忘稿內容！分享螢幕畫面時，請務必在彈出式視窗中開啟演講者備忘稿 (按一下"
"「Speaker Notes」旁小箭頭的連結)。如此一來，您就能在課堂上分享簡潔的螢幕畫"
"面。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:16
msgid ""
"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we "
"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants "
"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it "
"helps them process all the information we give them."
msgstr ""
"請決定授課日期。由於課程長度至少為三個整天，建議您將授課日分散安排在兩週內。"
"課程參與者曾表示，如果課程中間有間隔，可協助他們消化我們提供的所有資訊，對學"
"習效果有助益。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:21
msgid ""
"Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a "
"class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable "
"asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have "
"time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself "
"and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your "
"laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an "
"instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you."
msgstr ""
"找到可容納現場參與者的場地。建議的開班人數為 15 至 25 人。這樣的小班制教學可"
"讓學員自在地提問，講師也有時間可以回答問題。請確認上課場地有_書桌\\_，可供講"
"師和學員使用：您們都會需要能坐著使用筆電。 講師尤其會需要現場編寫許多程式碼，"
"因此使用講台可能會造成不便。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:29
msgid ""
"On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things "
"up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your "
"laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
"as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as "
"you or the course participants spot them."
msgstr ""
"在講課當天提早到上課場地完成設定。建議您直接在筆電上執行 `mdbook serve` 分享"
"螢幕畫面 (請參閱[安裝操作說明](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-"
"rust#building))。這可確保提供最佳效能，不會在您切換頁面時發生延遲。使用筆電也"
"可讓您修正自己或課程參與者發現的錯字。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:35
msgid ""
"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We "
"typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the "
"afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people "
"if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see "
"that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and "
"offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant "
"information in the standard library."
msgstr ""
"讓學員獨自或分成小組做習題。我們通常會在早上和下午各安排 30 至 45 分鐘的時間"
"做習題，這包含檢討解題方式的時間。請務必詢問學員是否遇到難題，或需要您的協"
"助。如果發現多位學員遇到相同問題，請向全班說明該問題，並提供解決方式：例如示"
"範如何在標準程式庫 (The Rust Standard Library) 找到相關資訊。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:43
msgid ""
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun "
"for you as it has been for us!"
msgstr "以上為所有注意事項，祝您授課順利，並和我們一樣樂在其中！"

#: src/running-the-course.md:46
msgid ""
"Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
"discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We "
"would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. "
"Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
msgstr ""
"請在授課後[提供意見回饋](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
"discussions/86)，協助我們持續改善課程。您可以與我們分享您滿意的部分，以及值得"
"改善的地方。也歡迎您的學生[提供意見回饋](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)！"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
msgstr "本課程步調快速，涵蓋許多層面："

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker."
msgstr ""
"第 1 天：Rust 基礎知識、擁有權 (ownership) 與借用檢查器 (borrow checker)。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8
msgid "Day 2: Compound data types,  pattern matching, the standard library."
msgstr "第 2 天：複合資料型別、模式比對 (pattern matching)、標準程式庫。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9
msgid "Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust."
msgstr ""
"第 3 天：特徵 (traits) 與泛型 (generics)、錯誤處理、測試、不安全的 Rust。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11
msgid "Deep Dives"
msgstr "深入探索"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13
msgid ""
"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more "
"specialized topics:"
msgstr "除了為期 3 天的 Rust 基礎知識課程，我們也涵蓋更多專門主題："

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18
msgid ""
"The [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) is a half-day course on using Rust "
"for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with C, C+"
"+, and Java."
msgstr ""
"[Android 深入探索](../android.md)是半天的課程，會說明如何針對 Android 平台開"
"發作業使用 Rust，以及與 C、C++ 和 Java 的互通性。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22
msgid ""
"You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/"
"download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/"
"android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure "
"that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
msgstr ""
"您會需要進行 [Android 開放原始碼計畫檢查](https://source.android.com/docs/"
"setup/download/downloading)。請檢查[課程存放區](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust)上相同的機器，並將 `src/android/` 目錄移至 Android 開放原"
"始碼計畫檢查的根層級。這可確保 Android 建構系統在 `src/android/` 中看到 "
"`Android.bp` 檔案。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27
msgid ""
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build "
"all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to "
"see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
msgstr ""
"請確保 `adb sync` 可與模擬器或實際裝置搭配使用，並運用 `src/android/"
"build_all.sh` 預先建構所有 Android 範例。請閱讀指令碼，瞭解指令碼執行的指令，"
"並確保可以手動執行指令。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34
msgid "Bare-Metal"
msgstr "裸機"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36
msgid ""
"The [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust "
"for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application "
"processors are covered."
msgstr ""
"[裸機深入探索](../bare-metal.md)是一整天的課程，會說明如何使用 Rust 進行裸機 "
"(嵌入式) 開發作業，也會介紹微控制器和應用程式處理器。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40
msgid ""
"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]"
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will "
"need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../"
"bare-metal.md)."
msgstr ""
"針對微控制器，您會需要預先購買 [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) 第 2 版"
"開發板。此外，所有人都需要按照[歡迎頁面](../bare-metal.md)上的指示安裝多種套"
"件。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45
msgid "Concurrency"
msgstr "並行"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47
msgid ""
"The [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) is a full day class on "
"classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency."
msgstr ""
"[並行深入探索](../concurrency.md)是一整天的課程，會說明傳統並行與 `async`/"
"`await` 並行。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50
msgid ""
"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready "
"to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment "
"with them:"
msgstr ""
"您會需要設定新的 Crate，然後下載並準備執行依附元件。接著就能將範例複製貼上至 "
"`src/main.rs`，使用這些範例進行實驗："

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"cargo init concurrency\n"
"cd concurrency\n"
"cargo add tokio --features full\n"
"cargo run\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```shell\n"
"cargo init concurrency\n"
"cd concurrency\n"
"cargo add tokio --features full\n"
"cargo run\n"
"```"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61
msgid "Format"
msgstr "形式"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63
msgid ""
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the "
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
msgstr "本課程極具互動性，因此建議您根據各項疑問，帶領學員瞭解 Rust！"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
msgstr "以下為 mdBook 中實用的鍵盤快速鍵："

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
msgid "Arrow-Left"
msgstr "向左鍵"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
msgid ": Navigate to the previous page."
msgstr "：前往上一頁。"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
msgid "Arrow-Right"
msgstr "向右鍵"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
msgid ": Navigate to the next page."
msgstr "：前往下一頁。"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
msgid "Ctrl + Enter"
msgstr "Ctrl + Enter"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7
msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus."
msgstr "：執行具有焦點的程式碼範例。"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
msgid "s"
msgstr "s"

#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
msgid ": Activate the search bar."
msgstr "：啟用搜尋列。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
msgid ""
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful "
"volunteers:"
msgstr "本課程已由一群優秀的志工翻譯成其他語言："

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
msgid ""
"[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) "
"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) and [@hugojacob](https://"
"github.com/hugojacob)."
msgstr ""
"\\[巴西葡萄牙文\\]\\][pt-BR](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-"
"BR/)譯者：[@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer) 和 [@hugojacob]"
"(https://github.com/hugojacob)。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7
msgid ""
"[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]"
"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and "
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)."
msgstr ""
"[韓文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/)譯者：[@keispace]"
"(https://github.com/keispace)、[@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) 和 "
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9
msgid ""
"Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
msgstr "使用右上角的語言選單即可切換語言。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11
msgid "Incomplete Translations"
msgstr "不完整翻譯"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13
msgid ""
"There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most "
"recently updated translations:"
msgstr "目前有許多正在翻譯的語言版本。以下連結為最近更新的翻譯："

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16
msgid ""
"[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]"
"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)."
msgstr ""
"[法文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/)譯者：[@KookaS]"
"(https://github.com/KookaS) 和 [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17
msgid ""
"[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]"
"(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)."
msgstr ""
"[德文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/)譯者：[@Throvn]"
"(https://github.com/Throvn)和 [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18
msgid ""
"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]"
"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/"
"momotaro1105)."
msgstr ""
"[日文](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/)譯者：\\[@\\] CoinEZ-"
"JPN\\] 和 [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/momotaro1105)。"

#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:20
msgid ""
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to "
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://"
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
msgstr ""
"如果想協助翻譯，請參閱\\[操作說明\\]，瞭解如何開始翻譯。譯者可以在\\[問題追蹤"
"工具\\]上討論及統整翻譯。"

#: src/cargo.md:3
msgid ""
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build "
"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what "
"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this "
"training."
msgstr ""
"您開始閱讀 Rust 內容後，很快就會認識 [Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"cargo/)，這是在 Rust 生態系統中使用的標準工具，用於建構及執行 Rust 應用程式。"
"以下簡要介紹 Cargo，以及如何在更廣大的生態系統和本訓練課程中運用 Cargo。"

#: src/cargo.md:8
msgid "Installation"
msgstr "安裝"

#: src/cargo.md:10
msgid "Rustup (Recommended)"
msgstr "Rustup (建議)"

#: src/cargo.md:12
msgid ""
"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among "
"other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rust-analyzer."
"github.io/) tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation."
msgstr ""
"您可以按照指示安裝 Cargo 和 Rust 編譯器，並運用 Rust Foundation 維護的 "
"[rustup](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) 工具安裝其他標準生態系統工具。"

#: src/cargo.md:14
msgid ""
"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line "
"utility that you can use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross "
"compilation, etc."
msgstr ""
"除了安裝 Cargo 和 rustc 之外，Rustup 還會將自己安裝為指令列公用程式，方便您安"
"裝/切換工具鏈、設定跨平台程式碼編譯等。"

#: src/cargo.md:16
msgid "Package Managers"
msgstr "套件管理員"

#: src/cargo.md:18
msgid "Debian"
msgstr "Debian"

#: src/cargo.md:20
msgid ""
"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust "
"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) with"
msgstr ""
"您可以在 Debian/Ubuntu 上使用下列程式碼，安裝 Cargo、Rust 原始碼和 [Rust 格式"
"設定工具](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt)："

#: src/cargo.md:22
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```shell\n"
"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo.md:26
msgid ""
"This will allow \\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] to jump to the definitions. We "
"suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code "
"(but any LSP compatible editor works)."
msgstr ""
"這樣一來，\\[rust-analyzer\\]\\[1\\] 就能跳至定義。建議您使用 [VS Code]"
"(https://code.visualstudio.com/) 編輯程式碼，不過任何與 LSP 相容的編輯器都能"
"運作。"

#: src/cargo.md:29
msgid ""
"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/"
"clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own "
"tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www."
"jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging "
"only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
msgstr ""
"有些人也偏好使用 [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/) 系列的 IDE，這"
"些工具會自行分析，但也各有缺點。如果您偏好這些工具，可以安裝 [Rust 外掛程式]"
"(https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/)。請注意，自 2023 年 1 月起，偵錯功能僅適用"
"於 JetBrains IDEA 套件的 CLion 版本。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
msgid "The Rust Ecosystem"
msgstr "Rust 生態系統"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
msgid ""
"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
msgstr "Rust 生態系統包含多項工具，以下列出主要工具："

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
msgid ""
"`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other "
"intermediate formats."
msgstr "`rustc`：Rust 編譯器，可將 `.rs` 檔案轉換成二進位檔和其他中繼格式。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8
msgid ""
"`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to "
"download dependencies hosted on <https://crates.io> and it will pass them to "
"`rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test "
"runner which is used to execute unit tests."
msgstr ""
"`cargo`：Rust 依附元件管理工具和建構工具。Cargo 知道如何下載 <https://crates."
"io> 上代管的依附元件，且會在建構您的專案時，將這些依附元件傳送至 `rustc`。"
"Cargo 也提供內建測試執行元件，可用於執行單元測試。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13
msgid ""
"`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to "
"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is "
"released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the "
"standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once "
"and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed."
msgstr ""
"`rustup`：Rust 工具鍊安裝程式和更新程式。新版 Rust 推出時，這項工具可用來安裝"
"及更新 `rustc` 和 `cargo`。此外，`rustup` 也可以下載標準程式庫的說明文件。您"
"可以一次安裝多個 Rust 版本，並視需要使用 `rustup` 切換版本。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25
msgid "Key points:"
msgstr "重要須知："

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
msgid ""
"Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six "
"weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- "
"plus they enable new functionality."
msgstr ""
"Rust 的發布時程相當緊湊，每六週就會推出新版本。新版本可與舊版本回溯相容，且會"
"啟用新功能。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27
msgid ""
"There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"."
msgstr ""
"發布版本 (release channel) 分為三種：「穩定版」、「Beta 版」和「Nightly "
"版」。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29
msgid ""
"New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes "
"\"stable\" every six weeks."
msgstr "「Nightly 版」會用於測試新功能，「Beta 版」則會每六週成為「穩定版」。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32
msgid ""
"Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the "
"current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018."
msgstr ""
"Rust 還具有\\[版本\\] (edition)：目前版本為 Rust 2021。先前版本為 Rust 2015 "
"和 Rust 2018。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35
msgid ""
"The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the "
"language."
msgstr "這些版本可針對語言進行回溯不相容的變更。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38
msgid ""
"To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for "
"your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file."
msgstr ""
"為避免破壞程式碼，版本皆為自行選擇採用：您可以透過 `Cargo.toml` 檔案選擇所需"
"版本。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41
msgid ""
"To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for "
"different editions."
msgstr "為避免分割生態系統，Rust 編譯器可混合寫給不同版本的程式碼。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44
msgid ""
"Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through "
"`cargo` (most users never do)."
msgstr "請說明很少會略過 `cargo` 直接使用編譯器，大部分使用者都不會這麼做。"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46
msgid ""
"It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and "
"comprehensive tool.  It is capable of many advanced features including but "
"not limited to: "
msgstr ""
"可以考慮暗示 Cargo 本身是極其強大且功能全面的工具，具有許多進階功能，包括但不"
"限於："

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47
msgid "Project/package structure"
msgstr "專案/套件結構"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48
msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)"
msgstr "\\[工作區\\]"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49
msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching"
msgstr "開發人員依附元件和執行階段依附元件管理/快取"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50
msgid ""
"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
"html)"
msgstr "\\[建構指令碼\\]"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51
msgid ""
"[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
"html)"
msgstr "\\[全域安裝\\]"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52
msgid ""
"It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo "
"clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))."
msgstr ""
"此外，還可以擴充使用子指令外掛程式，例如 [cargo clippy](https://github.com/"
"rust-lang/rust-clippy)"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53
msgid ""
"Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)"
msgstr "詳情請參閱\\[官方的 Cargo 手冊\\]。"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
msgid "Code Samples in This Training"
msgstr "本訓練課程的程式碼範例"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
msgid ""
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples "
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier "
"and ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
msgstr ""
"在本訓練課程中，我們主要會透過範例瞭解 Rust 語言，這些範例可在瀏覽器中執行。"
"這麼做可讓設定程序更輕鬆，並確保所有人獲得一致的體驗。"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
msgid ""
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do "
"the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you "
"how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
msgstr ""
"我們仍建議安裝 Cargo，方便您更輕鬆做習題。在最後一天，我們會做規模較大的習"
"題，讓您瞭解如何使用依附元件，而這需要使用 Cargo。"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
msgstr "本課程的程式碼區塊皆完全為互動式："

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
msgid "You can use "
msgstr "當焦點位於文字方塊時，按下 "

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box."
msgstr " 鍵即可執行程式碼。"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
msgid ""
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not "
"editable for various reasons:"
msgstr ""
"大部分程式碼範例都可供編輯，如上所示。有些程式碼範例無法編輯，原因如下："

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
msgid ""
"The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and "
"open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests."
msgstr ""
"嵌入式遊樂場無法執行單元測試。請複製貼上程式碼，然後在實際的 Playground 中開"
"啟，即可示範單元測試。"

#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30
msgid ""
"The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from "
"the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises "
"using a local Rust installation or via the Playground."
msgstr ""
"當您一離開頁面，嵌入式遊樂場就會失去目前狀態！因此，學生應使用本機 Rust 安裝"
"項目或透過 Playground 來做習題。"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo"
msgstr "使用 Cargo 在本機執行程式碼"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
msgid ""
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will "
"need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the "
"Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This "
"should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the "
"latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
msgstr ""
"如果想在自己的系統上進行程式碼實驗，您會需要先安裝 Rust。請按照 [Rust 手冊中"
"的指示](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html)操作。您應會"
"獲得正常運作的 `rustc` 和 `cargo`。截至本文撰寫時間，最新的 Rust 穩定版具有下"
"列版本編號："

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"% rustc --version\n"
"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n"
"% cargo --version\n"
"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```shell\n"
"% rustc --version\n"
"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n"
"% cargo --version\n"
"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
msgid ""
"With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of "
"the examples in this training:"
msgstr ""
"完成上述步驟後，請按照下列步驟操作，在本訓練課程的任一範例中建構 Rust 二進位"
"檔："

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18
msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy."
msgstr "在要複製的範例中，按一下「Copy to clipboard」按鈕。"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20
msgid ""
"Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:"
msgstr "使用 `cargo new exercise`，為程式碼建立新的 `exercise/` 目錄："

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo new exercise\n"
"     Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo new exercise\n"
"     Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:27
msgid ""
"Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:"
msgstr "前往 `exercise/`，使用 `cargo run` 建構並執行二進位檔："

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cd exercise\n"
"$ cargo run\n"
"   Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
"    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
"     Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
"Hello, world!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cd exercise\n"
"$ cargo run\n"
"   Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
"    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
"     Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
"Hello, world!\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:38
msgid ""
"Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For "
"example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like"
msgstr ""
"將 `src/main.rs` 中的樣板程式碼替換為自己的程式碼。以上一頁的範例為例，替換後"
"的 `src/main.rs` 會類似如下："

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:47
msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:"
msgstr "使用 `cargo run` 建構並執行更新版二進位檔："

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo run\n"
"   Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
"    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
"     Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
"Edit me!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo run\n"
"   Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
"    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
"     Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
"Edit me!\n"
"```"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:57
msgid ""
"Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo "
"build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/"
"debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an "
"optimized release build in `target/release/`."
msgstr ""
"使用 `cargo check` 快速檢查專案中是否有錯誤，並使用 `cargo build` 在不執行的"
"情況下編譯專案。您會在 `target/debug/` 中看到一般偵錯版本的輸出內容。使用 "
"`cargo build --release`，在 `target/release/` 中產生經過最佳化的發布子版本。"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:62
msgid ""
"You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you "
"run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing "
"dependencies for you."
msgstr ""
"只要編輯 `Cargo.toml`，即可為專案新增依附元件。執行 `cargo` 指令時，系統會自"
"動下載及編譯缺少的依附元件。"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70
msgid ""
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local "
"editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal "
"development environment."
msgstr ""
"建議您鼓勵課程參與者安裝 Cargo 及使用本機編輯器。這麼做能提供正常的開發環境，"
"降低操作難度。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Day 1"
msgstr "歡迎參加第 1 天課程"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
msgid ""
"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground "
"today:"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
msgid ""
"Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, "
"references, functions, and methods."
msgstr ""
"基本的 Rust 語法：變數、純量和複合型別、列舉、結構體、參照、函式和方法。"

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
msgid ""
"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based "
"memory management, and garbage collection."
msgstr ""
"記憶體管理：堆疊和堆積、手動管理記憶體、範圍式記憶體管理，以及垃圾收集。"

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8
msgid ""
"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
msgstr "擁有權：轉移語意、複製、借用，以及生命週期。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
msgstr "請提醒學生以下事項："

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
msgid ""
"They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end."
msgstr "應該一有問題就提問，不要留到最後。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19
msgid ""
"The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much "
"encouraged!"
msgstr "本課程的宗旨是互動，非常鼓勵大家討論！"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20
msgid ""
"As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., "
"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other "
"language.  It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of "
"allowing  discussions since they engage people much more than one-way "
"communication."
msgstr ""
"老師應設法讓討論不要離題，例如確保討論的主題在於比較 Rust 和其他語言的運作方"
"式。要找到適當的平衡點並不容易，但我們還是寧可讓學員討論，因為這比老師單向授"
"課更能引起學生興趣。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24
msgid ""
"The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides."
msgstr "我們討論的議題，可能會超前投影片進度。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25
msgid ""
"This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. "
"Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as "
"you like."
msgstr ""
"這完全沒問題！複習是學習的重要一環。請記得，投影片只是輔助，您可以視情況略過"
"不需要的部分。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
msgid ""
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to "
"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a "
"major feature and we should show students this right away."
msgstr ""
"第一天的規畫是說明 Rust 基礎概念，「只要剛好」能介紹到著名的借用檢查器就行"
"了。Rust 處理記憶體的方式是一大特色，我們應該立即向學生展示這一點。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
msgid ""
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the "
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
msgstr ""
"如果您是在教室授課，就很適合參考這裡的時間表。建議您將一天分為兩部分 (根據投"
"影片安排)："

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,"
msgstr "上午：9 點到 12 點"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37
msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
msgstr "下午：1 點到 4 點"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
msgid ""
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include "
"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!"
msgstr ""
"您當然可以視需要調整這個時間表。但請務必要加入休息時段，建議每小時休息一次！"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]"
"(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
msgstr ""
"Rust 是一款新的程式設計語言，[在 2015 年推出 1.0 版](https://blog.rust-lang."
"org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html)："

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++"
msgstr "Rust 是靜態編譯的程式語言，功能與 C++ 類似"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6
msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend."
msgstr "`rustc` 使用 LLVM 做為後端。"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7
msgid ""
"Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
msgstr ""
"Rust 支援許多[平台和架構](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-"
"support.html)："

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9
msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."
msgstr "x86、ARM、WebAssembly..."

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10
msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."
msgstr "Linux、Mac、Windows..."

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11
msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:"
msgstr "Rust 適用於多種裝置："

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12
msgid "firmware and boot loaders,"
msgstr "韌體和啟動載入器"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13
msgid "smart displays,"
msgstr "智慧螢幕、"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14
msgid "mobile phones,"
msgstr "手機、"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15
msgid "desktops,"
msgstr "電腦、"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16
msgid "servers."
msgstr "伺服器。"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
msgstr "Rust 適合用於與 C++ 同樣的領域，且具有以下特色："

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
msgid "High flexibility."
msgstr "高靈活性。"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24
msgid "High level of control."
msgstr "提供高度主控權。"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25
msgid "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26
msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection."
msgstr "沒有執行階段，也不使用垃圾收集機制。"

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27
msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
msgstr "著重可靠性和安全性，但不犧牲效能。"

#: src/hello-world.md:3
msgid ""
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World "
"program:"
msgstr "我們直接來看看最簡單的 Rust 程式吧，也就是經典的 Hello World 程式："

#: src/hello-world.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/hello-world.md:12
msgid "What you see:"
msgstr "您會看到："

#: src/hello-world.md:14
msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`."
msgstr "函式是以 `fn` 導入。"

#: src/hello-world.md:15
msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++."
msgstr "區塊會用大括號分隔，這跟在 C 和 C++ 一樣。"

#: src/hello-world.md:16
msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program."
msgstr "`main` 函式是程式的進入點。"

#: src/hello-world.md:17
msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this."
msgstr "Rust 含有衛生巨集，例如 `println!`。"

#: src/hello-world.md:18
msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
msgstr "Rust 字串採用 UTF-8 編碼，可包含任何萬國碼字元。"

#: src/hello-world.md:22
msgid ""
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
"see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something "
"familiar."
msgstr ""

#: src/hello-world.md:27
msgid ""
"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is "
"imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless "
"absolutely necessary."
msgstr ""

#: src/hello-world.md:31
msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode."
msgstr "Rust 是現代的程式語言，可完整支援萬國碼等等。"

#: src/hello-world.md:33
msgid ""
"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of "
"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
msgstr ""
"當您想使用可變數量的引數時 (亦即無任何函式[超載](basic-syntax/functions-"
"interlude.md))，可使用 Rust 的巨集。"

#: src/hello-world.md:36
msgid ""
"Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers "
"from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially "
"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene."
"html)."
msgstr ""
"所謂「衛生」巨集，是指這類巨集不會誤從自身所用於的範圍內擷取 ID。Rust 巨集實"
"際上只能算是[部分衛生](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/"
"hygiene.html)的巨集。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
msgstr "以下是使用 Rust 語言的簡短範例程式："

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {              // Program entry point\n"
"    let mut x: i32 = 6;  // Mutable variable binding\n"
"    print!(\"{x}\");       // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
"    while x != 1 {       // No parenthesis around expression\n"
"        if x % 2 == 0 {  // Math like in other languages\n"
"            x = x / 2;\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
"        }\n"
"        print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
msgid ""
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop "
"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with "
"different inputs."
msgstr ""
"這是「考拉茲猜想」的實作程式碼，考拉茲相信迴圈不管怎樣終會結束，但這尚未得"
"證。您可以編輯該程式碼，試著輸入不同內容。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
msgid ""
"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to "
"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer "
"overflow."
msgstr ""
"解釋所有變數都是靜態的。試著移除 `i32` 來觸發型別推斷。接著嘗試改用 `i8`，並"
"觸發執行階段的整數溢位現象。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32
msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error."
msgstr "將 `let mut x` 改為 `let x`，討論編譯器錯誤。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34
msgid ""
"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the "
"format string."
msgstr "說明如果引數與格式字串不符，`print!` 會如何呈現編譯錯誤。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37
msgid ""
"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an "
"expression which is more complex than just a single variable."
msgstr "說明要輸出比單一變數更複雜的運算式時，需如何使用 `{}` 做為預留位置。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40
msgid ""
"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::"
"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important "
"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library."
msgstr ""
"向學生介紹標準程式庫，示範如何搜尋具有格式化迷你語言規則的 `std::fmt`。請務必"
"確保學生熟悉如何在標準程式庫中搜尋。"

#: src/why-rust.md:3
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
msgstr "Rust 的幾個獨特賣點如下："

#: src/why-rust.md:5
msgid "Compile time memory safety."
msgstr "在編譯期間確保記憶體安全性。"

#: src/why-rust.md:6
msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior."
msgstr "沒有未定義的執行階段行為。"

#: src/why-rust.md:7
msgid "Modern language features."
msgstr "現代的語言特色。"

#: src/why-rust.md:11
msgid ""
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. "
"Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
msgstr ""
"請務必詢問全班同學，瞭解他們具備哪些語言的使用經驗。根據學生答覆，您可以強調"
"不同的 Rust 功能："

#: src/why-rust.md:14
msgid ""
"Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ "
"via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't "
"have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with "
"constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management."
msgstr ""
"具備 C 或 C++ 經驗：Rust 會透過借用檢查器，徹底刪除一整類的「執行階段錯誤」。"
"這不僅可讓您獲得像是 C 和 C++ 的效能，也不會造成記憶體安全問題。此外，您還能"
"取得具備模式配對、內建依附元件管理機制等結構的新型語言。"

#: src/why-rust.md:19
msgid ""
"Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory "
"safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In "
"addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage "
"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
msgstr ""
"具備 Java、Go、Python、JavaScript...經驗：Rust 能讓您享有與這些語言相同的記憶"
"體安全性，而且還可帶來使用類似高階語言的感受。此外，您也能獲得像 C 和 C++ 一"
"樣快速可預期的成效 (無垃圾收集器)，以及低階硬體的存取權限 (如有需要)。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
msgstr "編譯期間的靜態記憶體管理機制好處多多，包括："

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
msgid "No uninitialized variables."
msgstr "不會產生未初始化的變數。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6
msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)."
msgstr "不會造成記憶體流失 (「一般」來說是這樣，請參閱附註)。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7
msgid "No double-frees."
msgstr "不會導致重複釋放記憶體。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8
msgid "No use-after-free."
msgstr "不會使用已釋放的記憶體。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9
msgid "No `NULL` pointers."
msgstr "不會產生 `NULL` 指標。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10
msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes."
msgstr "不會產生忘記鎖定的互斥鎖。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11
msgid "No data races between threads."
msgstr "執行緒之間不會發生資料競爭。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12
msgid "No iterator invalidation."
msgstr "不會發生疊代器無效的情形。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
msgid ""
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:"
msgstr ""
"在 (安全的) Rust 範疇內，可能還是有機會造成記憶體流失。以下是一些例子："

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
msgid ""
"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-"
"initialized and runtime-sized static variables"
msgstr ""
"您可能會使用 [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
"html#method.leak)，以致洩漏指標。如果您為了取得在執行階段中初始化或設定大小的"
"靜態變數，就可能發生這個情況。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21
msgid ""
"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget."
"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor "
"is never run)."
msgstr ""
"您可能會透過 [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn."
"forget.html) 讓編譯器「忘記」某個值 (亦即解構函式永遠不會執行)。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23
msgid ""
"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`."
msgstr ""
"您也可能會不小心使用 `Rc` 或 `Arc` 建立[參照循環](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html)。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25
msgid ""
"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak "
"and Rust does not protect from those."
msgstr ""
"事實上，有些人會認為無限地填充集合是一種記憶體流失，而 Rust 並不能避免這種情"
"況。"

#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
msgid ""
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as "
"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"."
msgstr ""
"因此，以本課程的宗旨來說，「沒有記憶體流失」應理解為「幾乎沒有『意外的』記憶"
"體流失」。"

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
msgstr "在執行階段不會產生未定義的行為，好處如下："

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
msgid "Array access is bounds checked."
msgstr "陣列存取行為會經過邊界檢查。"

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6
msgid "Integer overflow is defined."
msgstr ""

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
msgid ""
"Integer overflow is defined via a compile-time flag. The options are either "
"a panic (a controlled crash of the program) or wrap-around semantics. By "
"default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in "
"release mode (`cargo build --release`)."
msgstr ""

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18
msgid ""
"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be "
"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to "
"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds "
"checking."
msgstr ""
"您無法使用編譯器參數停用邊界檢查，也無法直接透過 `unsafe` 關鍵字停用。不過，"
"您可以使用 `unsafe` 呼叫 `slice::get_unchecked` 這類不執行邊界檢查的函式。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years."
msgstr ""

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
msgid "Language Features"
msgstr "語言特色"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
msgid "Enums and pattern matching."
msgstr "列舉和模式配對。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8
msgid "Generics."
msgstr "泛型。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9
msgid "No overhead FFI."
msgstr "沒有 FFI 負擔。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10
msgid "Zero-cost abstractions."
msgstr "零成本的抽象化機制。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
msgid "Tooling"
msgstr "工具"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
msgid "Great compiler errors."
msgstr "更好的編譯錯誤描述。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15
msgid "Built-in dependency manager."
msgstr "內建依附元件管理工具。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16
msgid "Built-in support for testing."
msgstr "內建測試支援。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17
msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
msgstr "卓越的語言伺服器通訊協定支援。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
msgid ""
"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' "
"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, "
"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level "
"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct."
msgstr ""
"與 C++ 類似，零成本抽象化機制是指您不必為使用記憶體或 CPU 的高階程式設計結構"
"「付費」。舉例來說，使用 `for` 編寫迴圈時，應產生與使用 `.iter().fold()` 結構"
"大致相同的低階指示。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28
msgid ""
"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also "
"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like "
"`Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`."
msgstr ""
"值得一提的是，Rust 列舉屬於「代數資料型別」(也稱為「加總型別」)，可讓型別系統"
"表達 `Option<T>` 和 `Result<T, E>` 等項目。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32
msgid ""
"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to "
"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more "
"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ "
"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code."
msgstr ""
"提醒使用者詳讀錯誤訊息，許多開發人員已習慣忽略冗長的編譯器輸出結果。Rust 編譯"
"器的表達能力比其他編譯器高出許多，通常都會提供「實用」的意見回饋，您可以直接"
"將其複製貼到程式碼中。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37
msgid ""
"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, "
"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard "
"and essential:"
msgstr ""
"與 Java、Python 和 Go 等語言相比，Rust 標準程式庫較小。Rust 並不提供某些您可"
"能認為是標準和基本項目的內容："

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41
msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)."
msgstr "隨機號碼產生器，請參閱 [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42
msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)."
msgstr "SSL 或 TLS 支援，請參閱 [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43
msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)."
msgstr "JSON 支援，請參閱 [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library "
"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the "
"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps "
"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things."
msgstr ""
"未提供此支援的原因是，標準程式庫中的功能無法移除，因此必須相當穩定。對於以上"
"範例，Rust 社群仍在努力尋找最佳解決方案，但其中某幾個例子或許並沒有單一的「最"
"佳解決方案」。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50
msgid ""
"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this "
"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence "
"of this is that the standard library can be smaller."
msgstr ""
"Rust 內建採用 Cargo 形式的套件管理工具，因此可讓您輕鬆下載及編譯第三方 "
"Crate。這樣一來，就可以縮小標準程式庫的規模。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54
msgid ""
"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like <https://"
"lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to "
"find a good and trusted one."
msgstr ""
"如何找到理想的第三方 Crate 可能是一大問題。但請放心，<https://lib.rs/> 這類網"
"站可協助您比較 Crate 的健康指標，找出優質且值得信賴的 Crate。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58
msgid ""
"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP "
"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors."
msgstr ""
"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) 是廣受支援的 LSP 實作項目，"
"適用於主要的 IDE 和文字編輯器。"

#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
msgstr "如果您有 C、C++ 或 Java 基礎，會覺得大部分的 Rust 語法都似曾相識："

#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces."
msgstr "區塊和範圍會以大括號分隔。"

#: src/basic-syntax.md:6
msgid ""
"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... "
"*/`."
msgstr "行註解以 `//` 開頭，區塊註解則以 `/* ... */` 分隔。"

#: src/basic-syntax.md:8
msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same."
msgstr "`if` 和 `while` 等關鍵字的功用相同。"

#: src/basic-syntax.md:9
msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
msgstr "變數指派作業透過 `=` 完成，等於運算則透過 `==` 完成。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
msgid "Types"
msgstr "類型"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
msgid "Literals"
msgstr "常值"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
msgid "Signed integers"
msgstr "帶號整數"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`"
msgstr "`i8`、`i16`、`i32`、`i64`、`i128`、`isize`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64`"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
msgid "Unsigned integers"
msgstr "非帶號整數"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`"
msgstr "`u8`、`u16`、`u32`、`u64`、`u128`、`usize`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
msgid "`0`, `123`, `10u16`"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
msgid "Floating point numbers"
msgstr "浮點數"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
msgid "`f32`, `f64`"
msgstr "`f32`、`f64`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32`"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
msgid "Strings"
msgstr "字串 (String)"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
msgid "`&str`"
msgstr "`&str`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`"
msgstr "`\"foo\"`、`\"two\\nlines\"`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
msgid "Unicode scalar values"
msgstr "萬國碼純量值"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
msgid "`char`"
msgstr "`char`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`"
msgstr "`'a'`、`'α'`、`'∞'`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
msgid "Booleans"
msgstr "布林值"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
msgid "`bool`"
msgstr "`bool`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
msgid "`true`, `false`"
msgstr "`true`、`false`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
msgstr "型別的寬度如下："

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14
msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,"
msgstr "`iN`、`uN` 和 `fN` 的寬度為 _N_ 位元"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15
msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,"
msgstr "`isize` 和 `usize` 等同於指標的寬度"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16
msgid "`char` is 32 bit wide,"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17
msgid "`bool` is 8 bit wide."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21
msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:"
msgstr "除此之外，還有一些其他語法："

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23
msgid ""
"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: "
"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal "
"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:"
msgstr ""
"原形字串可讓您建立停用逸出功能的 `&str` 值：`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`。只要在引"
"號兩側使用等量的 `#`，即可嵌入雙引號："

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(r#\"<a href=\"link.html\">link</a>\"#);\n"
"    println!(\"<a href=\\\"link.html\\\">link</a>\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34
msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:"
msgstr "位元組字串可讓您直接建立 `&[u8]` 值："

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n"
"    println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
msgid "Arrays"
msgstr "陣列"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
msgid "`[T; N]`"
msgstr "`[T; N]`"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`"
msgstr "`[20, 30, 40]`、`[0; 3]`"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
msgid "Tuples"
msgstr "元組"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..."
msgstr "`()`、`(T,)`、`(T1, T2)`..."

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..."
msgstr "`()`、`('x',)`、`('x', 1.2)`..."

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
msgstr "陣列指派與存取："

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
"    a[5] = 0;\n"
"    println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
msgstr "元組指派與存取："

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n"
"    println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n"
"    println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
msgid "Arrays:"
msgstr "陣列："

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
msgid ""
"Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a "
"compile-time constant. Note that the length of the array is _part of its "
"type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two different "
"types."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38
msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays."
msgstr "我們可以使用常值將值指派給陣列。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40
msgid ""
"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation "
"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives "
"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without "
"specifying the value after the format string."
msgstr ""
"在主函式中，輸出陳述式會使用 `?` 格式參數要求偵錯實作：`{}` 提供預設輸出內"
"容，`{:?}` 則提供偵錯輸出內容。我們也可以使用 `{a}` 和 `{a:?}` 而不需指定格式"
"字串後方的值。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45
msgid ""
"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be "
"easier to read."
msgstr "加入 `#` (例如 `{a:#?}`) 可叫用方便閱讀的「美化排版」格式。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
msgid "Tuples:"
msgstr "元組："

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length."
msgstr "和陣列一樣，元組有固定的長度。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51
msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type."
msgstr "元組會將不同型別的值組成複合型別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53
msgid ""
"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, "
"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`."
msgstr "元組的欄位可透過點號和值的索引存取，例如 `t.0`、`t.1`。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55
msgid ""
"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, "
"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its "
"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a "
"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. "
msgstr ""
"空白元組 `()` 也稱為「單位型別」。它既是型別，也是該型別唯一的有效值，亦即該"
"型別及其值都以 `()` 表示。舉例來說，空白元組可用於表示函式或運算式沒有任何回"
"傳值，我們會在之後的投影片看到這個例子。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59
msgid ""
"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other  "
"programming languages."
msgstr "您可以將其視為其他程式設計語言中的 `void`，可能就不會感到陌生。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
msgstr "和 C++ 一樣，Rust 具有參照："

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x: i32 = 10;\n"
"    let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n"
"    *ref_x = 20;\n"
"    println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14
msgid "Some notes:"
msgstr "注意事項："

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16
msgid ""
"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ "
"pointers."
msgstr "指派至 `ref_x` 時，我們必須對其解除參照，這類似於 C 和 C++ 指標。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17
msgid ""
"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking "
"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)."
msgstr ""
"在某些情況下，尤其是在叫用方法時，Rust 會自動解除參照 (請嘗試使用 `ref_x."
"count_ones()`)。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19
msgid ""
"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over "
"their lifetime."
msgstr "宣告為 `mut` 的參照可在其生命週期內綁定至不同的值。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25
msgid ""
"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: "
"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound "
"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable "
"value."
msgstr ""
"請務必留意 `let mut ref_x: &i32` 和 `let ref_x: &mut i32` 的差異。前者代表可"
"變動的參照，可綁定至不同的值；後者則代表可變動值的參照。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
msgstr "Rust 會以靜態方式禁止迷途參照："

#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let ref_x: &i32;\n"
"    {\n"
"        let x: i32 = 10;\n"
"        ref_x = &x;\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to."
msgstr "所謂參照項目，可說是「借用」其參照的值。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17
msgid ""
"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long "
"enough."
msgstr "Rust 會追蹤所有參照項目的生命週期，確保其存留時間夠長。"

#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19
msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
msgstr "我們會在講到擁有權時進一步探討「借用」。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
msgstr "切片能讓您查看更大的集合："

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
"    println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
"    println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16
msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type."
msgstr "切片會從切片型別借用資料。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16
msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21
msgid ""
"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending "
"indexes in brackets."
msgstr "我們會建立一個切片，方法是先借用 `a`，然後在括號中指定起始和結束索引。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23
msgid ""
"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the "
"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are "
"identical."
msgstr ""
"如果切片從索引 0 開始，Rust 的範圍語法可允許我們捨棄起始索引，也就是說，"
"`&a[0..a.len()]` 和 `&a[..a.len()]` 意思相同。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25
msgid ""
"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are "
"identical."
msgstr ""
"同理，最後一個索引也是如此，因此 `&a[2..a.len()]` 和 `&a[2..]` 意思相同。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27
msgid ""
"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`."
msgstr "因此，為了輕鬆建立完整陣列的切片，我們可以使用 `&a[..]`。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29
msgid ""
"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` "
"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform "
"computation on slices of different sizes."
msgstr ""
"`s` 是對 `i32`s 切片的參照。請注意，`s` (`&[i32]`) 的型別不再提及陣列長度，這"
"有利於我們對不同大小的切片執行運算。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31
msgid ""
"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain "
"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. "
msgstr ""
"切片一律會從其他物件借用。在本例中，`a` 必須持續「運作」(在範圍內)，時間至少"
"要和切片一樣長。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:32
msgid ""
"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but "
"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` "
"after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` "
"safely.  More details will be explained in the borrow checker section."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
msgid "`String` vs `str`"
msgstr "`String` 和 `str`"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
msgstr "現在，我們可以瞭解 Rust 中有兩種字串型別："

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
"    println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
"    println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
"    s2.push_str(s1);\n"
"    println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
"    \n"
"    let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
"    println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
msgid "Rust terminology:"
msgstr "以 Rust 術語來說會是這樣："

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice."
msgstr "`&str` 是對字串切片的不可變參照。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23
msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer."
msgstr "`String` 是可變動的字串緩衝區。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
msgid ""
"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 "
"encoded string data  stored in a block of memory. String literals "
"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary."
msgstr ""
"`&str` 可引進字串切片，這是對 UTF-8 編碼字串的不可變參照；該編碼字串儲存在記"
"憶體區塊中，字串常值 (`”Hello”`) 則儲存在程式的二進位檔中。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30
msgid ""
"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a "
"`Vec<T>`, it is owned."
msgstr ""
"Rust 的 `String` 型別是位元組向量的包裝函式。就像使用 `Vec<T>` 一樣，該型別有"
"專屬的擁有者。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32
msgid ""
"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string "
"literal; `String::new()`  creates a new empty string, to which string data "
"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods."
msgstr ""
"就像使用其他許多型別一樣，`String::from()` 會透過字串常值建立字串；`String::"
"new()` 則建立新的空白字串，您可以使用 `push()` 和 `push_str()` 方法將字串資料"
"加到該字串。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35
msgid ""
"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from "
"dynamic values. It  accepts the same format specification as `println!()`."
msgstr ""
"如要從動態值產生自有字串，使用 `format!()` 巨集是便捷的方法。該巨集接受與 "
"`println!()` 相同的格式規格。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38
msgid ""
"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range "
"selection."
msgstr "您可以透過 `&str` 和可選的範圍選項，從 `String` 借用 `&str` 切片。"

#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40
msgid ""
"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one "
"that always points  to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough "
"equivalent of `std::string` from C++  (main difference: it can only contain "
"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)."
msgstr ""
"C++ 程式設計師請注意：您可以將 `&str` 想成 C++ 的 `const char*`，但這個 "
"`&str` 將一律指向記憶體中的有效字串。Rust 的 `String` 大致等同於 C++ 的 "
"`std::string`，主要差別是前者只能包含 UTF-8 編碼的位元組，且絕不會進行小字串"
"最佳化。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
msgid ""
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Fizz_buzz) interview question:"
msgstr ""
"這是知名面試問題 [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) 的 Rust "
"版本："

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n"
"    if divisor == 0 {\n"
"        return false;\n"
"    }\n"
"    n % divisor == 0\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n"
"    let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
"    let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
"    if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n"
"        return format!(\"{n}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n"
"    for i in 1..=n {\n"
"        println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
msgid ""
"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations "
"nor headers are necessary. "
msgstr "我們在 `main` 中參照以下所寫的函式。不需前向宣告，也不需標頭。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36
msgid ""
"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some "
"programming languages), then a return type."
msgstr "宣告參數後面接有型別 (與某些程式設計語言相反)，然後才是傳回型別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37
msgid ""
"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return "
"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression."
msgstr ""
"函式主體 (或任何區塊) 中的最後一個運算式會成為回傳值。您只要省略運算式結尾的 "
"`;` 即可。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38
msgid ""
"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The "
"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted."
msgstr ""
"某些函式沒有回傳值，會傳回 `()` 這個「單位型別」。如果省略 `-> ()` 傳回型別，"
"編譯器則會推斷出這點。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39
msgid ""
"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains "
"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound."
msgstr ""
"`print_fizzbuzz_to()` 中 `for` 迴圈的範圍運算式含有 `=n`，因此會包含上限值。"

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3
msgid ""
"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax."
msgstr "Rust 中的所有語言項目都能以特殊的 `///` 語法來描述使用方法。"

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second "
"argument.\n"
"///\n"
"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n"
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
"    if rhs == 0 {\n"
"        return false;  // Corner case, early return\n"
"    }\n"
"    lhs % rhs == 0     // The last expression in a block is the return "
"value\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17
msgid ""
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are "
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is "
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
msgstr ""
"系統會將內容視為 Markdown。所有已發布的 Rust 程式庫 Crate，都會使用 [rustdoc]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) 工具自動記錄於 "
"[`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) 中。這種記錄 API 中所有公開項目的模式是慣用做"
"法。"

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24
msgid ""
"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]"
"(https://docs.rs/rand)."
msgstr ""
"向學生展示針對 `rand` Crate 產生的文件，路徑如下：[`docs.rs/rand`](https://"
"docs.rs/rand)。"

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27
msgid ""
"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in "
"real code they should be present."
msgstr ""
"本課程未在投影片中加入 rustdoc 只是為了節省空間，但在實際程式碼中不應這麼做。"

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30
msgid ""
"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not "
"be addressed here."
msgstr "文件內註解會在稍後討論 (在模組相關頁面中)，因此這裡不需提到。"

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
msgid ""
"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a "
"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:"
msgstr ""
"方法是與型別相關聯的函式。方法的 `self` 引數是與其相關聯的型別執行個體："

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Rectangle {\n"
"    width: u32,\n"
"    height: u32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Rectangle {\n"
"    fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n"
"        self.width * self.height\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
"        self.width += delta;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n"
"    println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
"    rect.inc_width(5);\n"
"    println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
msgid ""
"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's "
"class."
msgstr "我們將在今天的練習和明天的課程中深入探討更多方法。"

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
msgid "Add a `Rectangle::new` constructor and call this from `main`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n"
"    Rectangle { width, height }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42
msgid ""
"Add a `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that "
"constructors can take arbitrary parameters."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
msgid "Function Overloading"
msgstr "函式超載"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
msgstr "Rust 不支援超載："

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
msgid "Each function has a single implementation:"
msgstr "每個函式都有單一實作項目："

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6
msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters."
msgstr "一律採用固定數量的參數。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7
msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types."
msgstr "一律採用單組參數型別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8
msgid "Default values are not supported:"
msgstr "不支援預設值："

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9
msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments."
msgstr "所有呼叫的引數數目都相同。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10
msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
msgstr "有時系統會改用巨集。"

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
msgstr "不過，函式參數可能為泛型："

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
"    if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n"
"    println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
msgid ""
"When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind of "
"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later "
"section."
msgstr ""
"使用泛型時，標準程式庫的 `Into<T>` 可以為引數型別提供一種受限的多態性。我們會"
"在後續章節中進一步說明。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises"
msgstr "第 1 天：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
msgstr "在這些練習中，我們將探索 Rust 的兩個部分："

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
msgid "Implicit conversions between types."
msgstr "不同型別間的隱含轉換。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7
msgid "Arrays and `for` loops."
msgstr "陣列和 `for` 迴圈。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
msgstr "練習解題時的注意事項："

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
msgid ""
"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-"
"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) "
"for details on installing Rust."
msgstr ""
"如果可以，請在本機安裝 Rust。這樣即可在編輯器中使用自動完成功能。如要進一步瞭"
"解如何安裝 Rust，請參閱「[使用 Cargo](../../cargo.md)」。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17
msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
msgstr "或者，您也可以使用 Rust Playground。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
msgid ""
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose "
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
msgstr ""
"系統會特意將程式碼片段設為無法編輯：如果您離開網頁，內嵌程式碼片段的狀態就會"
"遺失。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
msgid ""
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the \\[solutions\\] provided."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types "
"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/"
"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:"
msgstr ""
"Rust 不會自動在型別間套用「隱含轉換」 ([與 C++ 不同](https://en.cppreference."
"com/w/cpp/language/implicit_conversion))。您可以在類似下方的程式中發現這點："

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
"    x * y\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x: i8 = 15;\n"
"    let y: i16 = 1000;\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
msgid ""
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The "
"`From<T>` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into<T>` "
"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type "
"expresses that it can be converted into another type."
msgstr ""
"Rust 整數型別全都會實作 [`From<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/"
"trait.From.html) 和 [`Into<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait."
"Into.html) 特徵，方便我們在兩者間轉換。`From<T>` 特徵有單一的 `from() 方法；"
"同樣地，`Into<T>` 特徵也有單一的 `into()` 方法。實作這些特徵，是型別表示自身"
"可轉換為另一種型別的方式。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
msgid ""
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which "
"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by "
"calling  `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for "
"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for "
"i8`."
msgstr ""
"標準程式庫會內有 `From<i8> for i16` 實作項目，這表示我們可以呼叫 `i16::"
"from(x)`，將類型 `i8` 的變數 `x` 轉換為 `i16`。或者，更簡單的方法是使用 `x."
"into()`，因為 `From<i8> for i16` 實作會自動建立 `Into<i16> for i8` 的實作。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
msgid ""
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so "
"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` "
"implementation automatically."
msgstr ""
"這同樣適用於您自身型別專屬的 `From` 實作，因此只要實作 `From`，就能自動取得相"
"應的 `Into` 實作。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error."
msgstr "執行上述程式，並查看編譯器錯誤。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35
msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion."
msgstr "更新上述程式碼，使用 `into()` 執行轉換。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37
msgid ""
"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, "
"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try "
"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the "
"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait."
"From.html) to see if `From<T>` is implemented for the pairs you check."
msgstr ""
"將 `x` 和 `y` 的型別變更為其他型別 (例如 `f32`、`bool`、`i128`)，查看這些型別"
"可以轉換成其他哪些型別。不妨試著將小型別轉換成大型別，反之亦然。接著參閱[標準"
"程式庫說明文件](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html)，瞭解"
"系統是否已為您查看的配對實作 `From<T>`。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops"
msgstr "陣列和 `for` 迴圈"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
msgstr "我們已瞭解陣列的宣告方式可能如下："

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
msgid ""
"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}"
"`:"
msgstr "您可以使用 `{:?}` 偵錯表示法輸出這樣的陣列："

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
"    println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
msgid ""
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` "
"keyword:"
msgstr "您可在 Rust 中使用 `for` 關鍵字，對陣列和範圍等項目進行疊代作業："

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
"    print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
"    for n in array {\n"
"        print!(\" {n}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!();\n"
"\n"
"    print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
"    for i in 0..3 {\n"
"        print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
msgid ""
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix "
"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into "
"columns):"
msgstr ""
"使用上述程式碼編寫可用用於美化矩陣排版的 `pretty_print` 函式，以及用於轉置矩"
"陣 (將列轉換為欄) 的 `transpose` 函式："

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
"           ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞      ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟  \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
"           ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠      ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
msgstr "為這兩個函式進行硬式編碼，以便在 3 × 3 矩陣上執行。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
"functions:"
msgstr "將下方程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang.org/>，並實作函式："

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52
msgid ""
"```rust,should_panic\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
"    unimplemented!()\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
"    unimplemented!()\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let matrix = [\n"
"        [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
"        [201, 202, 203],\n"
"        [301, 302, 303],\n"
"    ];\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
"    pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
"\n"
"    let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
"    println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
"    pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80
msgid "Bonus Question"
msgstr "加分題"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
msgid ""
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your "
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional "
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
msgstr ""
"您是否能夠使用 `&[i32]` 切片 (而非硬式編碼的 3 × 3 矩陣) 做為引數和傳回型別？"
"例如針對二維切片使用 `&[&[i32]]`。原因為何？"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87
msgid ""
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality "
"implementation."
msgstr ""
"請參閱 [`ndarray` Crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/)，瞭解如何在確保實際工作環"
"境品質的情況下實作。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92
msgid ""
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the  "
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
msgstr ""
"如需加分題的解決方案和答案，請前往「[解決方案](solutions-morning.md#arrays-"
"and-for-loops)」一節。"

#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable "
"by default:"
msgstr "Rust 可透過靜態型別確保型別安全。根據預設，變數綁定不可變動："

#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x: i32 = 10;\n"
"    println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    // x = 20;\n"
"    // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17
msgid ""
"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the "
"types less and less as the course progresses."
msgstr ""
"由於型別推論的關係，`i32` 為選用項目。隨著課程進行，我們會逐漸減少示範型別的"
"比例。"

#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:18
msgid ""
"Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the "
"function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
msgstr "Rust 會觀察變數的「使用」方式，藉此判斷型別："

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n"
"    println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n"
"    println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = 10;\n"
"    let y = 20;\n"
"\n"
"    takes_u32(x);\n"
"    takes_i8(y);\n"
"    // takes_u32(y);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26
msgid ""
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on "
"constraints given by variable declarations and usages."
msgstr ""
"這張投影片展示了 Rust 編譯器如何根據變數宣告和用法設下的限制來推斷型別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28
msgid ""
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not "
"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine "
"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration "
"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise "
"code."
msgstr ""
"請務必強調，以這種方式宣告的變數，並非「任一型別」這類可存放任何資料的動態型"
"別。此類宣告產生的機器碼與型別的明確宣告相同。編譯器會替我們執行工作，並協助"
"編寫更精簡的程式碼。"

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32
msgid ""
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic "
"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, "
"using `_` as a placeholder:"
msgstr ""
"以下程式碼會指示編譯器使用 `_` 做為預留位置，進而複製到特定泛型容器中，而無須"
"明確指出包含的型別："

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
"    v.push((10, false));\n"
"    v.push((20, true));\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let vv = v.iter().collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();\n"
"    println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
msgid ""
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
"html#method.collect) relies on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implements."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
msgid "Static and Constant Variables"
msgstr "靜態和常數變數"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6
msgid "`const`"
msgstr "`const`"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7
msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
"const ZERO: Option<u8> = Some(42);\n"
"\n"
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n"
"    let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n"
"    for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n"
"        digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]."
"wrapping_add(b);\n"
"    }\n"
"    digest\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n"
"    println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
msgid ""
"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use."
msgstr ""
"根據《[Rust RFC 手冊](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static."
"html)》所述，這類值會在使用時內嵌。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
msgid "`static`"
msgstr "`static`"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41
msgid ""
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual "
"associated memory location.  This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, "
"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44
msgid ""
"We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../"
"unsafe.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57
msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`."
msgstr "別忘了提到 `const` 的行為在語意上與 C++ 的 `constexpr` 相似。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58
msgid ""
"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable "
"global variable in C++."
msgstr "另一方面，`static` 則更類似於 C++ 中的 `const` 或可變動的全域變數。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60
msgid ""
"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but "
"it is helpful and safer than using a static."
msgstr ""
"需要在執行階段評估常數的情況雖不常見，但這會比使用靜態項目更有用且安全。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
msgid ""
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from "
"the same scope:"
msgstr "您可以遮蔽變量，包括來自外部範圍以及來自同一範圍的變量："

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let a = 10;\n"
"    println!(\"before: {a}\");\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let a = \"hello\";\n"
"        println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n"
"\n"
"        let a = true;\n"
"        println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
msgid ""
"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing "
"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available "
"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. "
msgstr ""
"定義：遮蔽與可變數不同，因為在遮蔽之後，兩個變數的記憶體位置會同時存在。這兩"
"者可以使用同一個名稱，具體取決於您在程式碼中使用的位置。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26
msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. "
msgstr "遮蔽變數可以有不同的型別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27
msgid ""
"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values "
"after `.unwrap()`."
msgstr "遮蔽一開始看起來模糊不清，但對於保留 `.unwrap()` 之後的值很方便。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28
msgid ""
"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory "
"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type "
"does not change."
msgstr ""
"下列程式碼說明遮蔽範圍中不可變動的變數時，為何編譯器就是無法重複使用記憶體位"
"置 (即使型別未變更也一樣)。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let a = 1;\n"
"    let b = &a;\n"
"    let a = a + 1;\n"
"    println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/memory-management.md:3
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
msgstr "傳統上，語言大致可分為兩種："

#: src/memory-management.md:5
msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..."
msgstr "透過手動管理記憶體，取得完整掌控權：C、C++、Pascal..."

#: src/memory-management.md:6
msgid ""
"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, "
"Haskell, ..."
msgstr ""
"透過在執行階段中自動管理記憶體，取得完整安全性：Java、Python、Go、Haskell..."

#: src/memory-management.md:8
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
msgstr "Rust 則融合這兩種做法："

#: src/memory-management.md:10
msgid ""
"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory "
"management."
msgstr ""
"透過正確的記憶體管理編譯時間強制執行措施，「同時」取得完整的掌控權和安全性。"

#: src/memory-management.md:13
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
msgstr "Rust 運用明確所有權的概念實現這一點。"

#: src/memory-management.md:15
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
msgstr "首先，讓我們回顧記憶體管理的運作方式。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
msgid "The Stack vs The Heap"
msgstr "堆疊與堆積"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables."
msgstr "堆疊 (Stack)：本機變數的連續記憶體區域。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4
msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time."
msgstr "值在編譯期間具有已知的固定大小。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5
msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer."
msgstr "相當快速：只需移動堆疊指標。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6
msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls."
msgstr "易於管理：追蹤函式呼叫。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7
msgid "Great memory locality."
msgstr "良好的記憶體區域性。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9
msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls."
msgstr "堆積 (Heap)：函式呼叫外的值儲存空間。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10
msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime."
msgstr "值在執行階段中以動態方式判斷大小。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11
msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed."
msgstr "速度稍慢於堆疊：需要作一些記錄。"

#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12
msgid "No guarantee of memory locality."
msgstr "不保證記憶體區域性。"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
msgid ""
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized "
"data on the heap:"
msgstr ""
"建立 `String` 時，系統會在堆疊上放置固定大小的資料，並在堆積上放置動態調整大"
"小的資料："

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                               :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                               :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+----+  :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| H  | e  | l  | l  | o  |  :\n"
":   | len       |     5 |   :     :   +----+----+----+----+----+  :\n"
":   | capacity  |     5 |   :     :                               :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                               :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```bob\n"
" 堆疊                             堆積\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                               :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                               :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+----+  :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| H  | e  | l  | l  | o  |  :\n"
":   | len       |     5 |   :     :   +----+----+----+----+----+  :\n"
":   | capacity  |     5 |   :     :                               :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                               :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
msgid ""
"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and "
"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap."
msgstr ""
"請說明 `String` 是由 `Vec` 支援，因此具有容量和長度，而且還能成長 (前提是可透"
"過堆積上的重新配置作業進行變動)。"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30
msgid ""
"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap "
"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/"
"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the "
"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)"
msgstr ""
"如有學員問起，您可以說明基礎記憶體是使用\\[系統配置器\\]配置的堆積，而自訂配"
"置器可以使用\\[配置器 API\\] 實作。"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32
msgid ""
"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should "
"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!"
msgstr ""
"我們可以使用 `unsafe` 程式碼檢查記憶體配置。不過，您應指出這麼做非常不安全！"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"    s1.push(' ');\n"
"    s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
"    // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
"    // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead "
"to\n"
"    // undefined behavior.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::"
"transmute(s1);\n"
"        println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"    s1.push(' ');\n"
"    s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
"    // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
"    // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead "
"to\n"
"    // undefined behavior.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::"
"transmute(s1);\n"
"        println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
msgstr "您可以自行配置及釋放堆積記憶體。"

#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
msgid ""
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security "
"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
msgstr "如果操作時不夠小心，可能會導致當機、錯誤、安全漏洞和記憶體泄漏。"

#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
msgid "C Example"
msgstr "C 範例"

#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
msgstr "使用 `malloc` 配置每個指標時，都必須呼叫 `free`："

#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
"    int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
"    //\n"
"    // ... lots of code\n"
"    //\n"
"    free(int_array);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```c\n"
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
"    int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
"    //\n"
"    // ... lots of code\n"
"    //\n"
"    free(int_array);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
msgid ""
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: "
"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory."
msgstr ""
"如果函式在 `malloc` 和 `free` 之間提早傳回記憶體，就會發生記憶體泄漏：指標遺"
"失，我們也無法釋放記憶體。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
msgid ""
"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
msgstr "建構函式和解構函式可讓您掌握物件的生命週期。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
msgid ""
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is "
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception "
"is raised."
msgstr ""
"只要在物件中包裝指標，即可在物件刪除時釋放記憶體。即使發生例外狀況，編譯器仍"
"會保證執行這項作業。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
msgid ""
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and "
"gives you smart pointers."
msgstr "這通常稱為「資源取得即初始化」(RAII)，且會提供智慧指標。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
msgid "C++ Example"
msgstr "C++ 範例"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
msgid ""
"```c++\n"
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
"  std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```c++\n"
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
"  std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
msgid ""
"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory "
"allocated on the heap."
msgstr "`std::unique_ptr` 物件會在堆疊上配置，並指向在堆積上配置的記憶體。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22
msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run."
msgstr "`say_hello` 結束時，`std::unique_ptr` 解構函式就會執行。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23
msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
msgstr "解構函式會釋放其指向的 `Person` 物件。"

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
msgid ""
"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
msgstr "將所有權傳遞至函式時，系統會使用特殊的移動建構函式："

#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
msgid ""
"```c++\n"
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```c++\n"
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
msgid "Automatic Memory Management"
msgstr "自動記憶體管理"

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
msgid ""
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic "
"memory management:"
msgstr ""
"除了手動記憶體管理和作用域式記憶體管理之外，自動記憶體管理是另一種做法："

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly."
msgstr "程式設計師一律不會明確配置或釋放記憶體。"

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7
msgid ""
"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the "
"programmer."
msgstr "垃圾收集器會找到未使用的記憶體，並釋放給程式設計師。"

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
msgid "Java Example"
msgstr "Java 範例"

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
msgstr "`sayHello` 傳回後，系統不會釋放 `person` 物件："

#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
"  System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```java\n"
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
"  System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
msgid "Memory Management in Rust"
msgstr "Rust 中的記憶體管理"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
msgstr "Rust 中的記憶體管理融合了以下特色："

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector."
msgstr "像 Java 一樣安全又正確，但沒有垃圾回收機制。"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6
msgid ""
"Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, "
"can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference "
"counted."
msgstr ""
"可以是單一不重複指標、採用參考計數或採用原子參考計數，須視您選擇的抽象方法 "
"(或抽象方法組合) 而定。"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7
msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence."
msgstr "像 C++ 一樣的作用域式管理，但編譯器會強制遵循完整規定。"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:8
msgid ""
"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even "
"have no cost at runtime like C."
msgstr ""
"Rust 使用者可選擇適合情境的抽象方法，部分方法甚至像 C 一樣在執行階段無額外成"
"本。"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
msgstr "實現這種記憶體管理的方法是明確建立「所有權」模型。"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
msgid ""
"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually "
"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate "
"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential "
"errors in C."
msgstr ""
"如果這時學員詢問相關做法，您可以表示這在 Rust 中通常會以 RAII 包裝函式型別處"
"理，例如 [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html)、[Vec]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html)、[Rc](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) 或 [Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/"
"struct.Arc.html)。這些型別會透過多種方法封裝所有權和記憶體配置，防止在 C 中可"
"能出現的錯誤。"

#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16
msgid ""
"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent."
msgstr ""
"這時學員可能會詢問解構函式，Rust 中的類似項目就是 [Drop](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) 特徵。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
msgstr "以下概略比較各種記憶體管理技巧。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
msgstr "不同記憶體管理技巧的優點"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
#, fuzzy
msgid "Manual like C:"
msgstr "手動管理，例如 C："

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17
#, fuzzy
msgid "No runtime overhead."
msgstr "沒有執行階段負擔。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26
#, fuzzy
msgid "Automatic like Java:"
msgstr "自動管理，例如 Java："

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10
#, fuzzy
msgid "Fully automatic."
msgstr "完全自動化。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid "Safe and correct."
msgstr "安全又正確。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29
#, fuzzy
msgid "Scope-based like C++:"
msgstr "作用域式管理，例如 C++："

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13
#, fuzzy
msgid "Partially automatic."
msgstr "部分自動化。 \\*沒有執行階段負擔。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15
#, fuzzy
msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:"
msgstr "由編譯器強制執行。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16
#, fuzzy
msgid "Enforced by compiler."
msgstr "沒有執行階段負擔。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
msgstr "不同記憶體管理技巧的缺點"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23
msgid "Use-after-free."
msgstr "使用已釋放記憶體。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24
msgid "Double-frees."
msgstr "重複釋放。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25
msgid "Memory leaks."
msgstr "記憶體泄漏。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27
msgid "Garbage collection pauses."
msgstr "垃圾回收機制會暫停。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28
msgid "Destructor delays."
msgstr "解構函式會延遲。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30
msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer."
msgstr "相當複雜，由程式設計師自行選用。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31
msgid "Potential for use-after-free."
msgstr "可能會使用已釋放記憶體。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32
msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:"
msgstr "編譯器強制執行的範圍式管理，例如 Rust："

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33
msgid "Some upfront complexity."
msgstr "一開始較為複雜。"

#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34
msgid "Can reject valid programs."
msgstr "可能會拒絕有效程式。"

#: src/ownership.md:3
msgid ""
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error "
"to use a variable outside its scope:"
msgstr "所有變數繫結都會在特定「範圍」內有效，在範圍外使用變數會是錯誤："

#: src/ownership.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    {\n"
"        let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
"        println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    {\n"
"        let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
"        println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership.md:18
msgid ""
"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed."
msgstr "範圍結束時，變數會遭到「捨棄」，資料也會釋放。"

#: src/ownership.md:19
msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources."
msgstr "解構函式可在這時執行，用來釋放資源。"

#: src/ownership.md:20
msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
msgstr "我們會說變數「擁有」值。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:"
msgstr "指派會在變數之間轉移所有權："

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
"    let s2: String = s1;\n"
"    println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
"    // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
"    let s2: String = s1;\n"
"    println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
"    // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership."
msgstr "將 `s1` 指派給 `s2` 會轉移所有權。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15
msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible."
msgstr "資料已從 `s1`「移出」，`s1` 無法再供存取。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership."
msgstr "當 `s1` 超出範圍時，系統不會執行任何動作，因為 `s1` 沒有所有權。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17
msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed."
msgstr "當 `s2` 超出範圍時，系統會釋放字串資料。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:18
msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
msgstr "一律「只有」一個變數綁定會擁有值。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22
msgid ""
"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by "
"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)."
msgstr ""
"請說明這與 C++ 中的預設情形相反：您必須使用 `std::move`，且已定義移動建構函"
"式，系統才會根據值進行複製。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:24
msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
msgstr "在 Rust 中，克隆作業皆為明確設定，方法為使用 `clone`。"

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
"    let s2: String = s1;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
"    let s2: String = s1;\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`."
msgstr "系統會為 `s2` 重複使用 `s1` 的堆積資料。"

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
msgstr "當 `s1` 超出範圍時，系統不會執行任何動作，因為 `s1` 已移出。"

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
msgstr "移至 `s2` 前："

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                           :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| R  | u  | s  | t  |   :\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                           :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
":                           :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```bob\n"
" 堆疊                             堆積\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                           :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| R  | u  | s  | t  |   :\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                           :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
":                           :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
msgstr "移至 `s2` 後："

#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                           :\n"
":    s1 \"(inaccessible)\"    :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| R  | u  | s  | t  |   :\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :  |  :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :  |  :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :  |  :                           :\n"
":                           :  |  `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
":    s2                     :  |\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :  |\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--'\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :\n"
":                           :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```bob\n"
" 堆疊                             堆積\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                           :\n"
":    s1 \"(inaccessible)\"    :     :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| R  | u  | s  | t  |   :\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :  |  :   +----+----+----+----+   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :  |  :                           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :  |  :                           :\n"
":                           :  |  `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
":    s2                     :  |\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :  |\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--'\n"
":   | len       |     4 |   :\n"
":   | capacity  |     4 |   :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :\n"
":                           :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
msgstr "現代 C++ 可使用不同方式解決這個問題："

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
msgid ""
"```c++\n"
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
"std::string s2 = s1;  // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```c++\n"
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
"std::string s2 = s1;  // 重複 s1 中的資料。\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
msgid ""
"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy."
msgstr "`s1` 的堆積資料會重複，`s2` 會取得專屬的獨立副本。"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11
msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
msgstr "當 `s1` 和 `s2` 超出範圍時，皆會釋放自己的記憶體。"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
msgstr "複製指派前："

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                       :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| C  | p  | p  |    :\n"
":   | len       |     3 |   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | capacity  |     3 |   :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                       :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```bob\n"
" 堆疊                             堆積\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                       :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| C  | p  | p  |    :\n"
":   | len       |     3 |   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | capacity  |     3 |   :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                       :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
msgstr "複製指派後："

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                       :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| C  | p  | p  |    :\n"
":   | len       |     3 |   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | capacity  |     3 |   :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                       :\n"
":                           :     :                       :\n"
":    s2                     :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| C  | p  | p  |    :\n"
":   | len       |     3 |   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | capacity  |     3 |   :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                       :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```bob\n"
" 堆疊                             堆積\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
":                           :     :                       :\n"
":    s1                     :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+--+--+-->| C  | p  | p  |    :\n"
":   | len       |     3 |   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | capacity  |     3 |   :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                       :\n"
":                           :     :                       :\n"
":    s2                     :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| C  | p  | p  |    :\n"
":   | len       |     3 |   :     :   +----+----+----+    :\n"
":   | capacity  |     3 |   :     :                       :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :                       :\n"
":                           :     `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
msgid ""
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function "
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
msgstr "將值傳遞至函式時，該值會指派給函式參數。這麼做會轉移所有權："

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
"    println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
"    say_hello(name);\n"
"    // say_hello(name);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
"    println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
"    say_hello(name);\n"
"    // say_hello(name);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
msgid ""
"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. "
"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`."
msgstr ""
"首次呼叫 `say_hello` 時，`main` 會放棄 `name` 的所有權。之後，`name` 就無法"
"在 `main` 內使用。"

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21
msgid ""
"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the "
"`say_hello` function."
msgstr "為 `name` 配置的堆積記憶體會在 `say_hello` 函式結束時釋放。"

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22
msgid ""
"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and "
"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter."
msgstr ""
"如果 `main` 以參照的形式傳送 `name` (`&name`)，且 `say_hello` 能以參數的形式"
"接受參照，`main` 就可以保留所有權。"

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23
msgid ""
"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name."
"clone()`)."
msgstr "另外，`main` 可在首次呼叫 (`name.clone()`) 中傳遞 `name` 的克隆。"

#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24
msgid ""
"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move "
"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
msgstr ""
"在 Rust 中，移動語意為預設做法，且強制規定程式設計師必須明確設定克隆，因此不"
"小心建立副本的可能性就會低於在 C++ 中。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
msgid ""
"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
msgstr "雖然移動語意是預設做法，但某些型別的預設做法為複製："

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = 42;\n"
"    let y = x;\n"
"    println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = 42;\n"
"    let y = x;\n"
"    println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
msgstr "這些型別會實作 `Copy` 特徵。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
msgstr "您可以自行選擇加入型別，使用複製語意的做法："

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
"    let p2 = p1;\n"
"    println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
"    println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
"    let p2 = p1;\n"
"    println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
"    println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data."
msgstr "指派後，`p1` 和 `p2` 都會擁有自己的資料。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31
msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
msgstr "我們也能使用 `p1.clone()` 明確複製資料。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
msgstr "複製和克隆並不相同："

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
msgid ""
"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on "
"arbitrary objects."
msgstr "複製是指記憶體區域的按位元複製作業，不適用於任意物件。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38
msgid ""
"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)."
msgstr "複製不允許用於自訂邏輯，這與 C++ 中的複製建構函式不同。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39
msgid ""
"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by "
"implementing the `Clone` trait."
msgstr "克隆是較廣泛的作業，而且只要實作 `Clone` 特徵，即允許用於自訂行為。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40
msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
msgstr "複製不適用於實作 `Drop` 特徵的型別。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
msgstr "在上述範例中，請嘗試下列操作："

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
msgid ""
"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` "
"is not a `Copy` type."
msgstr ""
"將 `String` 欄位新增至 `struct Point`。由於 `String` 不屬於 `Copy` 型別，因此"
"不會編譯。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45
msgid ""
"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the "
"`println!` for  `p1`."
msgstr ""
"從 `derive` 屬性中移除 `Copy`。編譯器錯誤現在位於 `p1` 的 `println!` 中。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46
msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
msgstr "示範如果改為克隆 `p1`，就能正常運作。"

#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
msgid ""
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way "
"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default "
"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated."
msgstr ""
"如有學員問起 `derive`，只需回答這是在 Rust 編譯時間中產生程式碼的方式。在這種"
"情形下，系統會產生 `Copy` 和 `Clone` 特徵的預設實作方式。"

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
msgid ""
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a "
"function _borrow_ the value:"
msgstr "您可以不必在呼叫函式時轉移所有權，而是讓函式「借用」值："

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
"    Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
"    let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
"    let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
"    Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
"    let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
"    let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point."
msgstr "`add` 函式會「借用」兩個點，並傳回新的點。"

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23
msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
msgstr "呼叫端會保留輸入內容的所有權。"

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
msgstr "有關堆疊回傳的注意事項："

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
msgid ""
"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can "
"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses "
"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/). In the "
"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay "
"the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:"
msgstr ""
"示範因為編譯器可刪除複製操作，所以 `add` 回傳的成本較低。變更上述程式碼來顯示"
"堆疊位址，並在 [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) 上執行。在「DEBUG」"
"最佳化等級中，位址應變更，但在變更為「RELEASE」設定時，位址應維持不變："

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
"    let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
"    println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
"    p\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
"    let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
"    let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
"    println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
"    let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
"    println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
"    p\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
"    let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
"    let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
"    println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48
msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)."
msgstr "Rust 編譯器可以執行回傳值最佳化 (RVO)。"

#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49
msgid ""
"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because "
"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If "
"RVO did not happen, Rust will always performs a simple and efficient "
"`memcpy` copy."
msgstr ""
"在 C++ 中，複製省略必須定義在語言規格內，因為建構函式可能有連帶效果。在 Rust "
"中，這完全不是問題。如未發生 RVO，Rust 一律會執行簡單有效的 `memcpy` 複製作"
"業。"

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
msgstr "Rust 會限制借用值的方式："

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_"
msgstr "隨時擁有一或多個 `&T` 值，「或是」"

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6
msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
msgstr "只擁有一個 `&mut T` 值。"

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
"    let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
"        *c = 20;\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
"    println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
"    let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
"        *c = 20;\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
"    println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
msgid ""
"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through "
"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time."
msgstr ""
"上述程式碼不會編譯，因為系統會同時透過 `c` 和 `b`，以可變動項和不可變動項的格"
"式借用 `a`。"

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26
msgid ""
"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` "
"to make the code compile."
msgstr "請將 `b` 的 `println!` 陳述式移到導入 `c` 的範圍前，即可編譯程式碼。"

#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27
msgid ""
"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before "
"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow "
"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
msgstr ""
"經過該變更後，編譯器會發現系統使用 `b` 的時間，只會在新可變動項透過 `c` 借用 "
"`a` 之前。這是借用檢查器中的功能，稱為「非詞彙生命週期」(non-lexical "
"lifetimes)。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
msgstr "借用的值具有「生命週期」："

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`."
msgstr "生命週期可以採用隱含方式：`add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6
msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`."
msgstr "生命週期也可以採用明確方式：`&'a Point`、`&'document str`。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23
msgid ""
"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the "
"lifetime `a`\"."
msgstr "請將 `&'a Point` 讀做「至少對生命週期 `a` 有效的借用 `Point`」。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9
msgid ""
"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime "
"yourself."
msgstr "生命週期一律會由編譯器推論：您無法自行指派生命週期。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11
msgid ""
"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is "
"a valid solution."
msgstr "生命週期註解會建立限制；編譯器會驗證是否有有效的解決方案。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13
msgid ""
"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, "
"but Rust allows these to be elided in most cases with [a few simple rules]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)."
msgstr ""
"請務必完整指定函式引數和回傳值的生命週期，不過在大部分情況下，Rust 允許使用 "
"[一些簡單規則](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html) 省略"
"這些生命週期。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
msgid ""
"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed "
"value:"
msgstr "除了借用引數，函式也可以傳回借用的值："

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
"    if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
"    let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
"    let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
"    if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
"    let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
"    let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler."
msgstr "`'a` 是由編譯器推論的泛型參數。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22
msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name."
msgstr "生命週期的開頭為 `'`，一般預設名稱為 `'a`。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25
msgid ""
"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
msgstr "如果參數位於不同的範圍，「至少」一詞就至關重要。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
msgid ""
"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), "
"resulting in the following code:"
msgstr "將 `p2` 和 `p3` 的宣告移至新範圍 (`{ ... }`)，會產生以下程式碼："

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
"    if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
"    let p3: &Point;\n"
"    {\n"
"        let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
"        p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
"    if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
"    let p3: &Point;\n"
"    {\n"
"        let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
"        p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50
msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`."
msgstr "請注意，這在 `p3` 超越 `p2` 並繼續留存後，就沒有編譯。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52
msgid ""
"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, "
"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile "
"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear."
msgstr ""
"重設工作區，並將函式簽章變更為 `fn left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a "
"Point) -> &'b Point`。這不會編譯，因為生命週期 `'a` 和 `'b` 之間的關係不明"
"確。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53
msgid "Another way to explain it:"
msgstr "另一種說明方式："

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54
msgid ""
"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function "
"returns another reference."
msgstr "函式會借用兩個值的兩個參照，而函式會傳回另一個參照。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56
msgid ""
"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)."
msgstr "該參照必須來自這兩種輸入來源的其中之一 (或來自全域變數)。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57
msgid ""
"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the "
"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the "
"reference came from."
msgstr ""
"究竟是哪一個來源？編譯器需要知道來源為何，因此在呼叫點上，所傳回參照的使用時"
"間不會長於來自參照來源的變數。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
msgid ""
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
msgstr "如果資料型別會儲存借用的資料，則必須使用生命週期註解："

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
"\n"
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
"    println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
"\");\n"
"    let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
"    let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
"    // erase(text);\n"
"    println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
"    println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
"\n"
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
"    println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
"\");\n"
"    let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
"    let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
"    // erase(text);\n"
"    println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
"    println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
msgid ""
"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
"`Highlight` that uses that data."
msgstr ""
"在上述範例中，`Highlight` 的註解會強制執行以下規定：若是包含在內的 `&str` 的"
"基礎資料，留存時間應至少和使用該資料的所有 `Highlight` 例項一樣長。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26
msgid ""
"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
"the borrow checker throws an error."
msgstr ""
"如果在 `fox` (或 `dog`) 的生命週期結束前消耗 `text`，借用檢查器會擲回錯誤。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27
msgid ""
"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
"somewhat harder to use."
msgstr ""
"含有借用資料的型別會強制要求使用者保留原始資料。這在建立輕量檢視畫面可能很實"
"用，但通常也會增加使用難度。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28
msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly."
msgstr "請盡可能讓資料結構直接擁有資料。"

#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29
msgid ""
"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime "
"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime "
"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime "
"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
msgstr ""
"某些內含多個參照的結構體可擁有多個生命週期註解。如果除了結構體的生命週期之"
"外，還需要描述參照之間的生命週期關係，就可能有必要擁有多個生命週期註解。那些"
"是相當進階的用途。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "第 1 天：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
msgid "We will look at two things:"
msgstr "我們將著重在以下兩點："

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
msgid "A small book library,"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7
msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3
msgid ""
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For "
"now, you just need to know part of its API:"
msgstr ""
"明天我們會進一步講解結構體和 `Vec<T>` 型別。現階段，您只需要瞭解相關 API 的部"
"分內容："

#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
"    vec.push(30);\n"
"    let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n"
"    println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n"
"    for item in &vec {\n"
"        println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:18
msgid ""
"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to <https://"
"play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:21
msgid ""
"```rust,should_panic\n"
"struct Library {\n"
"    books: Vec<Book>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Book {\n"
"    title: String,\n"
"    year: u16,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Book {\n"
"    // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
"    fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
"        Book {\n"
"            title: String::from(title),\n"
"            year,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
"//\n"
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
"impl Library {\n"
"    fn new() -> Library {\n"
"        todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"\n"
"    //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"\n"
"    //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"\n"
"    //fn print_books(self) {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and "
"year\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"\n"
"    //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let library = Library::new();\n"
"\n"
"    //println!(\"The library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
"    //\n"
"    //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
"    //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
"1865));\n"
"    //\n"
"    //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
"    //\n"
"    //\n"
"    //library.print_books();\n"
"    //\n"
"    //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
"    //    Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
"    //    None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
"    //}\n"
"    //\n"
"    //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
"    //library.print_books();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102
msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
msgstr "[解決方案](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
msgid ""
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the "
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
"traits."
msgstr ""
"Rust 的擁有權模型會影響許多 API。[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"iter/trait.Iterator.html) 和 [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) 特徵就是一例。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28
msgid "`Iterator`"
msgstr "`Iterator`"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
msgid ""
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The "
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` "
"back:"
msgstr ""
"特徵就像介面一樣，可以說明型別的行為 (方法)。`Iterator` 特徵就是指您可以呼叫 "
"`next`，直到取回 `None` 為止："

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
"    type Item;\n"
"    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
msgstr "您可以像下方這樣使用這個特徵："

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
"    println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
"    println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
"    println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
msgstr "如要瞭解疊代器傳回的型別為何，不妨在這裡測試答案："

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
"\n"
"    let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
"    println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
msgid "Why is this type used?"
msgstr "思考一下，為什麼會使用這種型別？"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
msgid "`IntoIterator`"
msgstr "`IntoIterator`"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
msgid ""
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an "
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the "
"iterator:"
msgstr ""
"`Iterator` 特徵會告訴您如何在建立疊代器後進行「疊代」。相關特徵 "
"`IntoIterator` 則會說明如何建立疊代器："

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
"    type Item;\n"
"    type IntoIter: Iterator<Item = Self::Item>;\n"
"\n"
"    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
msgid ""
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must "
"declare two types:"
msgstr "這裡的語法表示每個 `IntoIterator` 的實作都必須宣告兩種型別："

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,"
msgstr "`Item`：進行疊代的型別，例如 `i8`。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66
msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
msgstr "`IntoIter`：`into_iter` 方法傳回的 `Iterator` 型別。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
msgid ""
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same "
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
msgstr ""
"請注意，`IntoIter` 和 `Item` 已建立連結：疊代器必須具有相同的 `Item` 型別，表"
"示會傳回 `Option<Item>`。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
msgid "Like before, what  is the type returned by the iterator?"
msgstr "和先前一樣，思考疊代器傳回的型別為何。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"\n"
"    let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
"    println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
msgid "`for` Loops"
msgstr "`for` 迴圈"

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
msgid ""
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` "
"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the "
"resulting iterator:"
msgstr ""
"現在我們已瞭解 `Iterator` 和 `IntoIterator`，可以建構 `for` 迴圈了。這會在運"
"算式上呼叫 `into_iter()`，並對產生的疊代器進行疊代："

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
"\n"
"    for word in &v {\n"
"        println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    for word in v {\n"
"        println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
msgstr "思考一下，每個迴圈中的 `word` 型別為何？"

#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
msgid ""
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl "
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) and [`impl "
"IntoIterator for Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E) to check your answers."
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Day 2"
msgstr "歡迎參加第 2 天課程"

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
msgstr "您目前對 Rust 已有相當程度的認識，接下來我們將繼續講解以下概念："

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
#, fuzzy
msgid "Structs, enums, methods."
msgstr "結構體和方法。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12
msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays."
msgstr "模式配對：解構列舉、結構和陣列。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9
msgid ""
"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and "
"`continue`."
msgstr ""
"控制流程結構：`if`、`if let`、`while`、`while let`、`break` 和 `continue`。"

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12
msgid ""
"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, "
"`Rc` and `Arc`."
msgstr ""
"標準程式庫：`String`、`Option` 和 `Result`、`Vec`、`HashMap`、`Rc` 和 `Arc`。"

#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15
msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
msgstr "模組：瀏覽權限、路徑和檔案系統階層。"

#: src/structs.md:3
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
msgstr "與 C 和 C++ 一樣，Rust 支援自訂結構體："

#: src/structs.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Person {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut peter = Person {\n"
"        name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
"        age: 27,\n"
"    };\n"
"    println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
"    \n"
"    peter.age = 28;\n"
"    println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
"    \n"
"    let jackie = Person {\n"
"        name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
"        ..peter\n"
"    };\n"
"    println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs.md:31 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:29 src/methods.md:30
#: src/methods/example.md:46 src/pattern-matching.md:25
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:42
msgid "Key Points:"
msgstr "重點："

#: src/structs.md:33
msgid "Structs work like in C or C++."
msgstr "結構體的運作方式與在 C 或 C++ 中類似。"

#: src/structs.md:34
msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type."
msgstr "不需要 typedef 即可定義型別。這與 C++ 類似，但與 C 不同。"

#: src/structs.md:35
msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs."
msgstr "與 C++ 不同的是，結構體之間沒有繼承關係。"

#: src/structs.md:36
msgid ""
"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following "
"slides."
msgstr "方法會在 `impl` 區塊中定義，我們將於接下來的投影片說明這點。"

#: src/structs.md:37
msgid ""
"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of "
"structs. "
msgstr "不妨趁此機會讓學員瞭解還有幾種不同的結構體。"

#: src/structs.md:38
msgid ""
"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a "
"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the "
"value itself. "
msgstr ""
"針對某些型別實作特徵時，可能會使用大小為零的結構體 `e.g., struct Foo;`，但其"
"中沒有任何需要儲存在值本身的資料。"

#: src/structs.md:39
msgid ""
"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are "
"not important."
msgstr "在下一張投影片中，我們會介紹元組結構體，可於欄位名稱不重要時使用。"

#: src/structs.md:40
msgid ""
"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the "
"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be "
"the last element."
msgstr ""
"`..peter` 語法可讓我們從舊的結構體中複製大部分欄位，而不必明確輸入所有欄位。"
"此元素一律須位於最後。"

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
msgstr "如果欄位名稱不重要，您可以使用元組結構體："

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p = Point(17, 23);\n"
"    println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
msgstr "這通常用於單一欄位的包裝函式 (稱為 newtypes)："

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n"
"struct Newtons(f64);\n"
"\n"
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n"
"    todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n"
"    // ...\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let force = compute_thruster_force();\n"
"    set_thruster_force(force);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
msgid ""
"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in "
"a primitive type, for example:"
msgstr ""
"如要對原始型別中值的額外資訊進行編碼，Newtypes 是絕佳的方式，舉例來說："

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38
msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above."
msgstr "此數字會採用某些測量單位：在上例中為 `Newtons`。"

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39
msgid ""
"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have "
"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`."
msgstr ""
"此值在建立時已通過某些驗證，因此往後不必在每次使用時再次驗證。例"
"如：'PhoneNumber(String)`或`OddNumber(u32)\\` 。"

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40
msgid ""
"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the "
"single field in the newtype."
msgstr ""
"示範如何透過存取 newtype 中的單一欄位，將 “f64” 值新增至 `Newtons` 類型。"

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41
msgid ""
"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or "
"for instance using booleans as integers."
msgstr "Rust 通常不太能接受不明確的內容，例如自動展開或使用布林值做為整數。"

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42
msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics). "
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
msgid ""
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the "
"struct using a shorthand:"
msgstr "如果您已有名稱相同的變數，可以透過簡寫 建立結構體："

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Person {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Person {\n"
"    fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n"
"        Person { name, age }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n"
"    println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
msgid ""
"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is "
"interchangeable with the struct type name"
msgstr ""
"您可以將 `Self` 用做型別來編寫 `new` 函式，因為它可和結構體型別名稱互通。"

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Person {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"impl Person {\n"
"    fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
"        Self { name, age }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41
msgid ""
"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the "
"default values for the other fields."
msgstr ""
"實作結構體的 `Default` 特徵。請定義部分欄位，並針對其他欄位使用預設值。"

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Person {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"impl Default for Person {\n"
"    fn default() -> Person {\n"
"        Person {\n"
"            name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n"
"            age: 0,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"fn create_default() {\n"
"    let tmp = Person {\n"
"        ..Default::default()\n"
"    };\n"
"    let tmp = Person {\n"
"        name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n"
"        ..Default::default()\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68
msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block."
msgstr "方法會在 `impl` 區塊中定義。"

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69
msgid ""
"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that "
"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards."
msgstr ""
"使用結構體更新語法，利用 `peter` 定義新結構。請注意，`peter` 這個變數之後將再"
"也無法存取。"

#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70
msgid ""
"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation."
msgstr "輸出結構體時，請使用 `{:#?}` 提出 `Debug` 表示法要求。"

#: src/enums.md:3
msgid ""
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different "
"variants:"
msgstr "`enum` 關鍵字可建立具有幾個不同變體的型別："

#: src/enums.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
"    // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n"
"    4  // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
"    Heads,\n"
"    Tails,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
"    let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
"    if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
"    // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n"
"    4  // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
"    Heads,\n"
"    Tails,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
"    let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
"    if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/enums.md:36
msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type"
msgstr "列舉可讓您在單一類別中收集一組值。"

#: src/enums.md:37
msgid ""
"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and "
"`Tail`. You might note the namespace when using variants."
msgstr ""
"本頁面提供列舉類別 `CoinFlip`，以及 `Heads` 和 `Tail` 這兩個變體。您可以在使"
"用變體時記下命名空間。"

#: src/enums.md:38
msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:"
msgstr "這或許是比較結構體和列舉的好時機："

#: src/enums.md:39
msgid ""
"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one "
"with different types of fields (variant payloads). "
msgstr ""
"無論使用何者，都能取得沒有欄位的簡易版本 (單元結構體)，或是具有不同欄位型別的"
"版本 (變體負載)。"

#: src/enums.md:40
msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block."
msgstr "無論使用何者，相關函式都會在 `impl` 區塊中定義。"

#: src/enums.md:41
msgid ""
"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate "
"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were "
"all defined in an enum. "
msgstr ""
"您甚至可以使用獨立的結構體實作列舉的不同變體，但比起在列舉中定義全部變體的情"
"況，這麼做會讓變體的型別有所不同。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
msgid ""
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use "
"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
msgstr ""
"您可以定義更豐富的列舉，讓列舉的變體攜帶資料。接著，您可以使用 `match` 陳述"
"式，從各個變體擷取資料："

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum WebEvent {\n"
"    PageLoad,                 // Variant without payload\n"
"    KeyPress(char),           // Tuple struct variant\n"
"    Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
"    match event {\n"
"        WebEvent::PageLoad       => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
"        WebEvent::KeyPress(c)    => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
"        WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
"    let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
"    let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n"
"\n"
"    inspect(load);\n"
"    inspect(press);\n"
"    inspect(click);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum WebEvent {\n"
"    PageLoad,                 // Variant without payload\n"
"    KeyPress(char),           // Tuple struct variant\n"
"    Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
"    match event {\n"
"        WebEvent::PageLoad       => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
"        WebEvent::KeyPress(c)    => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
"        WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
"    let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
"    let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n"
"\n"
"    inspect(load);\n"
"    inspect(press);\n"
"    inspect(click);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
msgid ""
"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern "
"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" "
"after the `=>`."
msgstr ""
"只有在與模式配對相符後，才能存取列舉變數中的值。此模式會將參照繫結至 `=>` 後"
"方「配對分支」中的欄位。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36
msgid ""
"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is "
"no fall-through like in C or C++."
msgstr ""
"系統會從上到下將運算式與模式進行配對。在 Rust 中，不會像在 C 或 C++ 中一樣出"
"現貫穿 (fall-through) 情形。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37
msgid ""
"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the "
"match arm which was executed."
msgstr "配對運算式具有值。此值是系統執行的配對分支中的最後一個運算式。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38
msgid ""
"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run "
"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. "
msgstr ""
"我們會從上方開始尋找符合該值的模式，然後執行箭頭後方的程式碼。一旦發現相符項"
"目，就會停止。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39
msgid ""
"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage "
"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. "
msgstr ""
"請示範非窮舉搜尋的情況。請確認系統處理所有案例的時間，指出 Rust 編譯器提供的"
"優勢。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40
msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`."
msgstr "`match` 會檢查 `enum` 中隱藏的判別值欄位。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41
msgid ""
"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::"
"discriminant()`"
msgstr "只要呼叫 `std::mem::discriminant()`，就有可能擷取該判別值。\\`"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42
msgid ""
"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where "
"comparing field values doesn't affect equality."
msgstr ""
"舉例來說，如果在為結構體實作 `PartialEq` 時，比較欄位值不會對相等性造成影響，"
"這種做法就很實用。"

#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43
msgid ""
"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::"
"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version "
"cannot implement traits, for example."
msgstr ""
"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` 與具有頂層 `struct Click { ... }` 的 `WebEvent::"
"Click(Click)` 並非完全相同。舉例來說，內嵌版本無法實作特徵。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into "
"account:"
msgstr "Rust 列舉會緊密封裝，並考量因對齊而造成的限制："

#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n"
"    ($t:ty) => {\n"
"        println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
"                 stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"enum Foo {\n"
"    A,\n"
"    B,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    dbg_size!(Foo);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n"
"    ($t:ty) => {\n"
"        println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
"                 stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"enum Foo {\n"
"    A,\n"
"    B,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    dbg_size!(Foo);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:25
msgid ""
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
"html)."
msgstr ""
"請參閱 [Rust 參考資料](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
"html)。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:31
msgid ""
"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum "
"variant."
msgstr "在內部，Rust 會使用欄位 (判別值) 追蹤列舉變體。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:33
msgid ""
"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):"
msgstr "您可以視需要控制判別值，例如為了與 C 相容："

#: src/enums/sizes.md:35
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
"enum Bar {\n"
"    A,  // 0\n"
"    B = 10000,\n"
"    C,  // 10001\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n"
"    println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n"
"    println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
"enum Bar {\n"
"    A,  // 0\n"
"    B = 10000,\n"
"    C,  // 10001\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n"
"    println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n"
"    println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:50
msgid ""
"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 "
"bytes."
msgstr ""
"如果沒有 `repr`，判別值型別會需要 2 個位元組，因為 10001 適合 2 個位元組。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:54
msgid "Try out other types such as"
msgstr "請嘗試其他型別，例如以下項目："

#: src/enums/sizes.md:56
msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes,"
msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`：大小為 1 個位元組，對齊：1 個位元組。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:57
msgid ""
"`dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, "
"see below),"
msgstr ""
"`dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`：大小為 1 個位元組，對齊：1 個位元組 (區位最佳化，"
"請見下文)。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:58
msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine),"
msgstr ""
"`dbg_size!(&i32)`：大小為 8 個位元組，對齊：8 個位元組 (在 64 位元機器上)。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:59
msgid ""
"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer "
"optimization, see below)."
msgstr ""
"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`：大小為 8 個位元組，對齊：8 個位元組 (空值指標最佳"
"化，請見下文)。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:61
msgid ""
"Niche optimization: Rust will merge use unused bit patterns for the enum "
"discriminant."
msgstr "區位最佳化：Rust 會為列舉判別值合併未使用的位元模式。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:64
msgid ""
"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::<T>()` equals "
"`size_of::<Option<T>>()`."
msgstr ""
"空值指標最佳化：針對[部分型別](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/"
"#representation)，Rust 保證 `size_of::<T>()` 等於 `size_of::<Option<T>>()`."

#: src/enums/sizes.md:68
msgid ""
"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look "
"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no "
"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe."
msgstr ""
"如果想示範位元表示法實際運作時「可能」的樣子，可以使用下列範例程式碼。請務必"
"注意，編譯器並無對這個表示法提供保證，因此這完全不安全。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:71
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
"    ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
"        println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
"    // representation of types.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
"    ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
"        println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
"    // representation of types.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:106
msgid ""
"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more "
"than 256 `Option`s together."
msgstr ""
"如果想討論將超過 256 個 `Option` 鏈結在一起的情況，可以使用下列更複雜的範例。"

#: src/enums/sizes.md:108
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
"\n"
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
"    ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
"        println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" "
"signs.\n"
"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n"
"macro_rules! many_options {\n"
"    ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
"    ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
"        Some(Some($value))\n"
"    };\n"
"    ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
"        many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
"    // representation of types.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
"        assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
"        assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), "
"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
"\n"
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"\n"
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
"    ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
"        println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// 在 2^n Some() 中包裝值的巨集，n 為「@」符號的數字。\n"
"// 評估此巨集時，必須提高遞迴限制。\n"
"macro_rules! many_options {\n"
"    ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
"    ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
"        Some(Some($value))\n"
"    };\n"
"    ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
"        many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
"    // representation of types.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
"        assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
"        assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), "
"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"        dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/methods.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with "
"an `impl` block:"
msgstr ""
"Rust 可讓您將函式與新型別建立關聯。您可以使用 `impl` 區塊來執行這項操作："

#: src/methods.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Person {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    age: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Person {\n"
"    fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
"        println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let peter = Person {\n"
"        name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
"        age: 27,\n"
"    };\n"
"    peter.say_hello();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods.md:31
msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions."
msgstr "導入方法時，若將方法比做函式，會很有幫助。"

#: src/methods.md:32
msgid ""
"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the "
"first parameter represents the instance as `self`."
msgstr ""
"系統會在型別的執行個體 (例如結構體或列舉) 上呼叫方法，第一個參數以 `self` 代"
"表執行個體。"

#: src/methods.md:33
msgid ""
"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver "
"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep "
"all the implementation code in one predictable place."
msgstr ""
"開發人員可以選擇透過方法來充分利用方法接收器語法，以更有條理的方式進行整理。"
"藉由使用方法，我們可以將所有實作程式碼存放在可預測的位置。"

#: src/methods.md:34
msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. "
msgstr ""

#: src/methods.md:35
msgid ""
"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how "
"the struct name could also be used. "
msgstr ""

#: src/methods.md:36
msgid ""
"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and "
"can be used elsewhere in the block."
msgstr "講解 `Self` 是 `impl` 區塊所屬型別的型別別名，可用於該區塊的其他位置。"

#: src/methods.md:37
msgid ""
"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to "
"refer to individual fields."
msgstr ""
"提醒學員如何以類似於其他結構體的方式來使用 `self`，並指出點標記法可用來參照個"
"別欄位，"

#: src/methods.md:38
msgid ""
"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` "
"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice."
msgstr ""
"這可能是示範 `&self` 和 `self` 差異的好時機，您只要修改程式碼並嘗試執行 "
"say_hello 兩次即可。"

#: src/methods.md:39
msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next."
msgstr "接下來我們將說明方法接收器之間的差異。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
msgid ""
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. "
"There are other possible receivers for a method:"
msgstr ""
"上述的 `&self` 表示方法會以不可變的方式借用物件。以下是其他可能的方法接收器："

#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
msgid ""
"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable "
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
msgstr ""
"`&self`：使用共用且不可變動的參照，從呼叫端借用物件。之後可以再次使用該物件。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:8
msgid ""
"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable "
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
msgstr ""
"`&mut self`：使用不重複且可變動的參照，從呼叫端借用物件。之後可以再次使用該物"
"件。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:10
msgid ""
"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The "
"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped "
"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly "
"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability."
msgstr ""
"`self`：取得物件擁有權，並將其移出呼叫端。方法會成為物件的擁有者。系統會在方"
"法傳回時捨棄物件 (取消分配)，但如果其擁有權已明確傳送的情況例外。具備完整擁有"
"權，不自動等同於具備可變動性。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:14
msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. "
msgstr "`mut self`：同上，但方法可以變動物件。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:15
msgid ""
"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to "
"create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
msgstr ""
"沒有接收器：這會成為結構體上的靜態方法，通常用於建立依慣例稱為 `new` 的建構函"
"式。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:18
msgid ""
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be "
"receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
msgstr ""
"除了 `self` 的變體以外，您還可以使用[特殊的包裝函式型別](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)做為接收器型別，例如 "
"`Box<Self>`。"

#: src/methods/receiver.md:24
msgid ""
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". "
"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, "
"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from "
"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it."
msgstr ""
"建議您強調「共用且不可變動」，以及「不重複且可變動」這兩個概念。由於借用檢查"
"器規則的關係，這些限制在 Rust 中一律會一起出現，而 `self` 也不例外。您無法從"
"多個位置參照結構體，並對其呼叫變異 (`&mut self`) 方法。"

#: src/methods/example.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Race {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    laps: Vec<i32>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Race {\n"
"    fn new(name: &str) -> Race {  // No receiver, a static method\n"
"        Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) {  // Exclusive borrowed read-write "
"access to self\n"
"        self.laps.push(lap);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn print_laps(&self) {  // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
"        println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
"        for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
"            println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn finish(self) {  // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
"        let total = self.laps.iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
"        println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, "
"total);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n"
"    race.add_lap(70);\n"
"    race.add_lap(68);\n"
"    race.print_laps();\n"
"    race.add_lap(71);\n"
"    race.print_laps();\n"
"    race.finish();\n"
"    // race.add_lap(42);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/methods/example.md:47
msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver."
msgstr "這裡的四個方法都使用不同的方法接收器。"

#: src/methods/example.md:48
msgid ""
"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the "
"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`."
msgstr ""
"您可以指出這會如何變更函式能對變數值執行的動作，以及可否/如何在 `main` 中再次"
"使用該函式。"

#: src/methods/example.md:49
msgid ""
"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice."
msgstr "您可以演示嘗試呼叫 `finish` 兩次時會出現什麼錯誤。"

#: src/methods/example.md:50
msgid ""
"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static "
"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic "
"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds "
"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature."
msgstr ""
"請注意，雖然方法接收器不同，但主體中非靜態函式的呼叫方式相同。Rust 會在呼叫方"
"法時啟用自動參照和取消參照功能，並自動加入 `&`、`*`、`muts`，讓該物件與方法簽"
"章相符。"

#: src/methods/example.md:51
msgid ""
"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated "
"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
msgstr ""
"您或許可以指出 `print_laps` 使用了不斷疊代的向量。我們會在下午詳細介紹向量。"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
msgid ""
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. "
"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
msgstr ""
"您可以使用 `match` 關鍵字，將值與一或多個「模式」配對。系統會從最上方往下依序"
"比對，並套用第一個比對成功的模式。"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
msgstr "模式可以是簡單的值，類似 C 和 C++ 中的 `switch`："

#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let input = 'x';\n"
"\n"
"    match input {\n"
"        'q'                   => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
"        'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
"        '0'..='9'             => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
"        _                     => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
msgstr "`_` 模式是可與任何值配對的萬用字元模式。"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
msgid ""
"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a "
"pattern"
msgstr "建議您特別指出某些特定字元在模式中的使用方式"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:27
msgid "`|` as an `or`"
msgstr "`|` 可做為 `or`"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:28
msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be"
msgstr "`..` 可以視需要展開"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:29
msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range"
msgstr "`1..=5` 代表含頭尾的範圍"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:30
msgid "`_` is a wild card"
msgstr "`_` 是萬用字元"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:31
msgid ""
"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a "
"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`."
msgstr ""
"示範綁定的運作方式可能會很有幫助，例如您可以將萬用字元取代為變數，或是移除 "
"`q` 前後的引號。"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:32
msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference."
msgstr "您可以在參照項目上示範如何配對。"

#: src/pattern-matching.md:33
msgid ""
"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, "
"as the term can show up in error messages."
msgstr ""
"這時候可能很適合提到「不可反駁的模式」這個概念，因為這個詞可能會出現在錯誤消"
"息中。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
msgid ""
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is "
"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple "
"`enum` type:"
msgstr ""
"模式也可用來將變數綁定至值的某些部分。您可以透過這個方式檢查型別的結構。首先"
"從簡單的 `enum` 型別開始吧："

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum Result {\n"
"    Ok(i32),\n"
"    Err(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n"
"    if n % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        Result::Ok(n / 2)\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let n = 100;\n"
"    match divide_in_two(n) {\n"
"        Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n"
"        Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
msgid ""
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first "
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second "
"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message."
msgstr ""
"這裡我們利用分支來「解構」`Result` 值。在第一個分支中，`half` 會與 `Ok` 變體"
"中的值綁定。在第二個分支中，`msg` 會綁定至錯誤訊息。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
msgid ""
"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with "
"a `match`."
msgstr "`if`/`else` 運算式會傳回列舉，之後列舉會透過 `match` 解除封裝。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37
msgid ""
"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the "
"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now "
"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints."
msgstr ""
"您可以嘗試在列舉定義中加入第三個變體，並在執行程式碼時顯示錯誤。請向學員指出"
"程式碼現在有哪些地方還不詳盡，並說明編譯器會如何嘗試給予提示。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
msgstr "您也可以解構 `struct`："

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Foo {\n"
"    x: (u32, u32),\n"
"    y: u32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n"
"    match foo {\n"
"        Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n"
"        Foo { y: 2, x: i }   => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n"
"        Foo { y, .. }        => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were "
"ignored\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns."
msgstr "請變更 `foo` 中的常值，與其他模式配對。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24
msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed."
msgstr "在 `Foo` 中新增一個欄位，並視需要變更模式。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25
msgid ""
"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to "
"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it "
"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
msgstr ""
"捕獲和常數運算式之間的區別可能不容易發現。請嘗試將第二個分支的 `2` 變更為變"
"數，您會發現它幾乎無法運作。現在將其變更為 `const`，您會看到它再次運作。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
msgid ""
"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
msgstr "您可以在陣列、元組和切片的元素上配對，藉此解構陣列、元組和切片："

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
"    println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
"    match triple {\n"
"        [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
"        [1, ..]   => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
"        _         => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
msgid ""
"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed "
"length."
msgstr "您可以解構未知長度的切片，同樣的方法也適用於固定長度的模式。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
"    inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n"
"    println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n"
"    match slice {\n"
"        &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
"        &[1, ..]   => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
"        _          => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41
msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. "
msgstr "建立使用 `_` 來代表元素的新模式。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42
msgid "Add more values to the array."
msgstr "在陣列中加入更多值。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43
msgid ""
"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of "
"elements."
msgstr "向學員指出為了因應不同元素數量的情況，`..` 會如何展開。"

#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44
msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
msgstr "向學員說明與模式 (`[.., b]` 和 `[a@..,b]`) 末端的配對情形。"

#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
msgid ""
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary "
"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
msgstr ""
"配對時，您可以為模式新增「守衛」。這是任意的布林運算式，會在模式配對成功時執"
"行："

#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let pair = (2, -2);\n"
"    println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
"    match pair {\n"
"        (x, y) if x == y     => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
"        (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
"        (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
"        _                    => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
msgid ""
"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when "
"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would "
"allow."
msgstr ""
"有些概念比模式本身所允許的更加複雜，如果我們希望簡要地表達這些想法，就必須把"
"配對守衛視為獨立的語法功能。"

#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24
msgid ""
"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. "
"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the "
"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't "
"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered."
msgstr ""
"這與配對分支內的個別 `if` 運算式不同。分支區塊中的 `if` 運算式 (位於 `=>` 之"
"後) 會在選取配對分支後發生。即使該區塊內的 `if` 條件失敗，系統也不會考量原始 "
"`match` 運算式的其他分支。"

#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26
msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression."
msgstr "您可以在 if 運算式中使用模式內定義的變數。"

#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27
msgid ""
"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern "
"with an `|`."
msgstr "只要運算式隸屬於具備 `|` 的模式之中，就會套用守衛定義的條件。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises"
msgstr "第 2 天：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
msgstr "我們會探討如何在以下兩種情況下實作方法："

#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7
msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
msgid ""
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
"you need to keep track of users' health statistics."
msgstr "您正在實作健康監控系統，因此須追蹤使用者的健康統計資料。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
msgid ""
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a "
"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods "
"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
msgstr ""
"您將從 `impl` 區塊中的部分虛設函式，以及 `User` 結構體定義著手，目標是在 "
"`impl` 區塊中定義的 `User` `struct` 上導入虛設常式方法。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
"methods:"
msgstr "請將以下程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang.org/>，並填入缺少的方法："

#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13
msgid ""
"```rust,should_panic\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"struct User {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    age: u32,\n"
"    weight: f32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl User {\n"
"    pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
"    println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_weight() {\n"
"    let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
"    assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_set_age() {\n"
"    let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
"    assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n"
"    bob.set_age(33);\n"
"    assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1
msgid "Polygon Struct"
msgstr "多邊形結構體"

#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3
msgid ""
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code "
"below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to "
"make the tests pass:"
msgstr ""
"我們會建立一個包含某幾個點的 `Polygon` 結構體。請將下方程式碼複製到 <https://"
"play.rust-lang.org/>，並填入缺少的方法，設法通過測試："

#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Point {\n"
"    // add fields\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Point {\n"
"    // add methods\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
"    // add fields\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Polygon {\n"
"    // add methods\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Circle {\n"
"    // add fields\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Circle {\n"
"    // add methods\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub enum Shape {\n"
"    Polygon(Polygon),\n"
"    Circle(Circle),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
"mod tests {\n"
"    use super::*;\n"
"\n"
"    fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
"        (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
"        assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_point_dist() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
"        let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
"        assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_point_add() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
"        let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
"        assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
"        let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
"\n"
"        let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
"        poly.add_point(p1);\n"
"        poly.add_point(p2);\n"
"        assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
"        let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
"\n"
"        let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
"        poly.add_point(p1);\n"
"        poly.add_point(p2);\n"
"\n"
"        let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"        assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
"        let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
"        poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
"        poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
"        poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
"        let shapes = vec![\n"
"            Shape::from(poly),\n"
"            Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
"        ];\n"
"        let perimeters = shapes\n"
"            .iter()\n"
"            .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
"            .map(round_two_digits)\n"
"            .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"        assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
"fn main() {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117
msgid ""
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key "
"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify "
"the tests."
msgstr ""
"由於問題陳述式缺少方法簽章，因此練習的關鍵部分就是正確指定這些簽章。您不需要"
"修改測試。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
msgstr "練習中的其他有趣部分如下："

#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122
msgid ""
"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes "
"don't borrow their arguments."
msgstr "針對部分結構體衍生 `Copy` 特徵，因為在測試中，方法有時不會借用其引數。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123
msgid ""
"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable "
"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
msgstr ""
"發現必須實作 `Add` 特徵才能透過「+」新增兩個物件。請注意，我們在第 3 天以前不"
"會討論泛型。"

#: src/control-flow.md:3
msgid ""
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally "
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then "
"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions "
"work similarly in Rust."
msgstr ""
"如同我們所見，`if` 是 Rust 中的一種表達式。它可以用來根據條件執行兩個區塊之中"
"的一個，而區塊的執行結果可以進一步轉變成 `if` 表達式的賦值。其他控制流程表達"
"式在 Rust 中也有類似的用法。"

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
msgid ""
"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of "
"the block:"
msgstr ""
"Rust 中的區塊 (Block) 包含一個數值以及一個型別：數值即為該區塊中的最後一行表"
"達式："

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = {\n"
"        let y = 10;\n"
"        println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
"        let z = {\n"
"            let w = {\n"
"                3 + 4\n"
"            };\n"
"            println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
"            y * w\n"
"        };\n"
"        println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
"        z - y\n"
"    };\n"
"    println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = {\n"
"        let y = 10;\n"
"        println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
"        let z = {\n"
"            let w = {\n"
"                3 + 4\n"
"            };\n"
"            println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
"            y * w\n"
"        };\n"
"        println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
"        z - y\n"
"    };\n"
"    println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25
msgid ""
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the "
"return value:"
msgstr "同樣的規則也適用於函式：函式的數值即為函式本體的回傳值："

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
"    x + x\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
"    x + x\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:38
msgid ""
"However if the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and "
"type is `()`."
msgstr "然而，如果最後一行表達式的結尾為 `;`，則最後的數值及型別皆為 `()`。"

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43
msgid ""
"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in "
"Rust. "
msgstr "這張投影片所表達的重點在於 Rust 中的區塊具有一個數值以及一個型別。"

#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44
msgid ""
"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in "
"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`."
msgstr ""
"你可以藉由改變區塊中的最後一行來觀察區塊數值的變化。舉例來說，新增或刪除一個"
"分號，或者使用 `return`。"

#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
msgid "`if` expressions"
msgstr "`if` 表達式"

#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
msgstr ""
"你可以像在其他語言中使用 `if` 陳述式那樣地使用 [`if` 表達式](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions)："

#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        x = x / 2;\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        x = x / 2;\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
msgid ""
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each "
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
msgstr ""
"此外，你也可以將 `if` 當作表達式使用。每個區塊中的最後一行式子將成為 `if` 表"
"達式的賦值："

#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        x / 2\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        3 * x + 1\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"        x / 2\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        3 * x + 1\n"
"    };\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35
msgid ""
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its "
"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you "
"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
msgstr ""
"因為 `if` 被當作表達式使用，它必須擁有一個特定的型別，因此兩個分支區塊必須擁"
"有同樣的型別。試著在第二個範例中的 `x / 2` 之後加上 `;`，並觀察其結果。"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
msgid "`if let` expressions"
msgstr "`if let` 運算式"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-"
"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on "
"whether a value matches a pattern:"
msgstr ""
"[`if let` 運算式](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr."
"html#if-let-expressions)可讓您根據值是否符合模式，執行不同的程式碼："

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
"    if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
"        println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
"    if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
"        println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23
msgid ""
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns "
"in Rust."
msgstr ""
"如要進一步瞭解 Rust 中的模式，請參閱「[模式比對](../pattern-matching.md)」。"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
msgid ""
"`if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is "
"interesting. In contrast, `match` requires all branches to be covered."
msgstr ""
"`if let` 可以比 `match` 更為精簡，例如只有一個有趣案例時。相對地，`match` 必"
"須涵蓋所有分支。"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24
msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`."
msgstr "常見用途是在使用 `Option` 時處理 `Some` 值。"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25
msgid ""
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching."
msgstr "與 `match` 不同，`if let` 不會為模式比對支援成立條件子句。"

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26
msgid ""
"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/"
"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring "
"assignment, or if it fails, have a non-returning block branch (panic/return/"
"break/continue):"
msgstr ""
"自 1.65 版起，類似的 [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/"
"flow_control/let_else.html) 結構可以解構指派項目，或在失敗時具有不會傳回的區"
"塊分支 (panic/return/break/continue)："

#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n"
"}\n"
" \n"
"fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option<String> {\n"
"    let mut it = s.split(' ');\n"
"    let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n"
"        return None;\n"
"    };\n"
"    Some(item.to_uppercase())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n"
"}\n"
" \n"
"fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option<String> {\n"
"    let mut it = s.split(' ');\n"
"    let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n"
"        return None;\n"
"    };\n"
"    Some(item.to_uppercase())\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
msgid "`while` loops"
msgstr "`while` 迴圈"

#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:"
msgstr ""
"[`while` 關鍵字](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
"html#predicate-loops)的運作方式與其他語言非常相似："

#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    while x != 1 {\n"
"        x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"            x / 2\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            3 * x + 1\n"
"        };\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    while x != 1 {\n"
"        x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"            x / 2\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            3 * x + 1\n"
"        };\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
msgid "`while let` loops"
msgstr "`while let` 迴圈"

#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which "
"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
msgstr ""
"和 `if let` 的情況一樣，有一個 [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) 變數可針對模式"
"重複測試值："

#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"\n"
"    while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
"        println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"\n"
"    while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
"        println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
msgid ""
"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on "
"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which "
"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all "
"items."
msgstr ""
"`v.iter()` 傳回的疊代器會在每次呼叫 `next()` 時傳回 `Option<i32>`。疊代器會在"
"完成後才傳回 `Some(x)`，之後則會傳回 `None`。`while let` 可讓我們持續疊代所有"
"項目。"

#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26
msgid ""
"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value "
"matches the pattern."
msgstr "請指出只要值符合模式，`while let` 迴圈就會持續運作。"

#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27
msgid ""
"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if "
"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. "
"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario."
msgstr ""
"您可以將 `while let` 迴圈重寫為無限迴圈，並加上會在無法為 `iter.next()` 取消"
"包裝值的情況下結束的 if 陳述式。`while let` 可為上述情況提供語法糖。"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
msgid "`for` loops"
msgstr "`for` 迴圈"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely "
"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expression.md). It will "
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
msgstr ""
"[`for` 迴圈](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html)與 [`while let` "
"迴圈](while-let-expression.md)密切相關，會自動在運算式上呼叫 `into_iter()`，"
"然後對其進行疊代："

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"\n"
"    for x in v {\n"
"        println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    \n"
"    for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
"        println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"\n"
"    for x in v {\n"
"        println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    \n"
"    for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
"        println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
msgstr "您可以照常使用 `break` 和 `continue`。"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25
msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case."
msgstr "在 Rust 中，索引疊代不是只適用於該情況的特殊語法。"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26
msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. "
msgstr "`(0..10)` 是實作 `Iterator` 特徵的範圍。"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27
msgid ""
"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other "
"element. "
msgstr "`step_by` 這個方法會傳回另一個略過其他所有元素的 `Iterator`。"

#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28
msgid ""
"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change "
"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
msgstr ""
"請修改向量中的元素，並說明編譯器錯誤。將向量 `v` 變更為可變動項，並將 for 迴"
"圈變更為 `for x in v.iter_mut()`。"

#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
msgid "`loop` expressions"
msgstr "`loop` 運算式"

#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop."
msgstr ""
"最後，有一個 [`loop` 關鍵字](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
"loop-expr.html#infinite-loops)會建立無限迴圈。"

#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
msgstr "這時您必須執行 `break` 或 `return` 來停止迴圈："

#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"            x / 2\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            3 * x + 1\n"
"        };\n"
"        if x == 1 {\n"
"            break;\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut x = 10;\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
"            x / 2\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            3 * x + 1\n"
"        };\n"
"        if x == 1 {\n"
"            break;\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"    println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27
msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out."
msgstr "請使用 `break 8` 等值中斷 `loop`，然後顯示出來。"

#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28
msgid ""
"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial "
"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike "
"`while` and `for` loops)."
msgstr ""
"請注意，`loop` 是唯一會傳回重要值的迴圈結構。這是因為系統保證至少會輸入一次此"
"迴圈結構，這一點不同於 `while` 和 `for` 迴圈。"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
msgid "`match` expressions"
msgstr "`match` 運算式"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-"
"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that "
"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:"
msgstr ""
"[`match` 關鍵字](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-expr."
"html)是用來將值與一或多個模式進行比對。因此，這個關鍵字的運作方式類似於一系列"
"的 `if let` 運算式："

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
"        Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
"        Some(\"ls\")  => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
"        Some(\"mv\")  => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
"        Some(\"rm\")  => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
"        None        => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
"        _           => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
"        Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
"        Some(\"ls\")  => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
"        Some(\"mv\")  => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
"        Some(\"rm\")  => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
"        None        => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
"        _           => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20
msgid ""
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last "
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
msgstr ""
"和 `if let` 一樣，每個比對臂都必須具有相同型別。型別是區塊的最後一個運算式 "
"(如有)。在上述範例中，型別為 `()`。"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out."
msgstr "請將比對運算式儲存為變數，然後顯示出來。"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29
msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error."
msgstr "請移除 `.as_deref()` 並說明錯誤。"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30
msgid ""
"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot match "
"against `String`."
msgstr ""
"`std::env::args().next()` 會傳回 `Option<String>`，但我們無法與`String` 進行"
"比對。"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31
msgid ""
"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, "
"this turns `Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`."
msgstr ""
"`as_deref()` 會將 `Option<T>` 轉換成 `Option<&T::Target>`。在我們的案例中，這"
"會將 `Option<String>` 轉換成`Option<&str>`。"

#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32
msgid ""
"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`."
msgstr "我們現在可以使用模式比對，與 `Option` 內的 `&str` 進行比對。"

#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
msgid "`break` and `continue`"
msgstr "`break` 和 `continue`"

#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
msgid ""
"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions),"
msgstr ""
"如果你想提早跳出迴圈，可以使用 [`break`]((https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions))，"

#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4
msgid ""
"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)."
msgstr ""
"如果你想立即進入下一次迭代，可以使用 [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)。"

#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
msgid ""
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is "
"used to break out of nested loops:"
msgstr ""
"`continue` 以及 `break` 都可以選擇性地接收一個迴圈標籤，用來跳出巢狀迴圈中的"
"某一層："

#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"    'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
"        println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"        let mut i = 0;\n"
"        while i < x {\n"
"            println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
"            i += 1;\n"
"            if i == 3 {\n"
"                break 'outer;\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
"    'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
"        println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
"        let mut i = 0;\n"
"        while i < x {\n"
"            println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
"            i += 1;\n"
"            if i == 3 {\n"
"                break 'outer;\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28
msgid ""
"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
msgstr "在這個範例中，內層迴圈經過三次迭代後，我們使用 `break` 跳出外層迴圈。"

#: src/std.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common "
"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work "
"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
msgstr ""
"Rust 提供標準函式庫，可用於建立供 Rust 函式庫和程式使用的常用型別集。如此一"
"來，兩個函式庫會使用相同的 `String` 型別，因此能夠順暢搭配運作。"

#: src/std.md:7
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
msgstr "常見的詞彙型別包括："

#: src/std.md:9
msgid ""
"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional "
"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)."
msgstr ""
"[`Option` 和 `Result`](std/option-result.md) 型別：用於選擇性的值和[錯誤處理]"
"(error-handling.md)。"

#: src/std.md:12
msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data."
msgstr "[`String`](std/string.md)：用於自有資料的預設字串型別。"

#: src/std.md:14
msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector."
msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md)：標準的可延伸向量。"

#: src/std.md:16
msgid ""
"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing "
"algorithm."
msgstr "[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md)：採用可設定雜湊演算法的雜湊映射型別。"

#: src/std.md:19
msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data."
msgstr "[`Box`](std/box.md)：堆積配置資料的擁有所有權的指標。"

#: src/std.md:21
msgid ""
"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated "
"data."
msgstr "[`Rc`](std/rc.md)：堆積配置資料的共用參考指標。"

#: src/std.md:25
msgid ""
"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, "
"`alloc` and `std`. "
msgstr "Rust 實際上含有多種層級的標準函式庫，分別是 `core`、`alloc` 和 `std`。"

#: src/std.md:26
msgid ""
"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on "
"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. "
msgstr ""
"`core` 包括最基本的型別與函式，這些型別與函式不依附於 `libc`、配置器或作業系"
"統。"

#: src/std.md:28
msgid ""
"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, "
"`Box` and `Arc`."
msgstr "`alloc` 包括需要全域堆積配置器的型別，例如 `Vec`、`Box` 和 `Arc`。"

#: src/std.md:29
msgid ""
"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
msgstr "嵌入式 Rust 應用程式通常只使用 `core`，偶爾會使用 `alloc`。"

#: src/std/option-result.md:1
msgid "`Option` and `Result`"
msgstr "`Option` 和 `Result`"

#: src/std/option-result.md:3
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
msgstr "這些型別代表選擇性的資料："

#: src/std/option-result.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
"    println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let idx: Result<usize, usize> = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
"    println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/option-result.md:18
msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library."
msgstr "`Option` 和 `Result` 這兩種型別的使用範圍很廣，不侷限於標準函式庫。"

#: src/std/option-result.md:19
msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`."
msgstr "相較於 `&T`，`Option<&T>` 的空間開銷為零。"

#: src/std/option-result.md:20
msgid ""
"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on "
"Day 3."
msgstr "`Result` 是實作錯誤處理的標準型別，我們將在第 3 天的課程中介紹。"

#: src/std/option-result.md:21
msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result<usize, usize>`."
msgstr "`binary_search` 會回傳 `Result<usize, usize>`。"

#: src/std/option-result.md:22
msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found."
msgstr "如果找到該元素，`Result::Ok` 會保留該元素所在位置的索引。"

#: src/std/option-result.md:23
msgid ""
"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be "
"inserted."
msgstr "如果沒有找到，`Result::Err` 會包含應插入這類元素的索引。"

#: src/std/string.md:3
msgid ""
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the "
"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
msgstr ""
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) 是標準堆"
"積配置的可成長 UTF-8 字串緩衝區："

#: src/std/string.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
"    s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
"    println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n"
"\n"
"    let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
"    s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
"    s2.push('!');\n"
"    println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n"
"\n"
"    let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
"    println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
"             s3.chars().count());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/string.md:22
msgid ""
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call "
"all `str` methods on a `String`."
msgstr ""
"`String` 會實作 [`Deref<Target = str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/"
"struct.String.html#deref-methods-str)。也就是說，您可以在 `String` 上呼叫所"
"有 `str` 方法。"

#: src/std/string.md:30
msgid ""
"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when "
"you know how much data you want to push to the string."
msgstr ""
"`String::new` 會傳回新的空白字串，如果您知道要向字串推送多少資料，請使用 "
"`String::with_capacity`。"

#: src/std/string.md:31
msgid ""
"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be "
"different from its length in characters)."
msgstr ""
"`String::len` 會傳回 `String` 的大小 (以位元組為單位，可能與以字元為單位的長"
"度不同)。"

#: src/std/string.md:32
msgid ""
"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a "
"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due "
"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/"
"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)."
msgstr ""
"`String::chars` 會傳回實際字元的疊代器。請注意，由於[字形叢集](https://docs."
"rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)的"
"關係，`char` 和一般人所認為的「字元」可能不同。"

#: src/std/string.md:33
msgid ""
"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or "
"`String`."
msgstr "提到字串時，一般人可能是指 `&str` 或 `String`。"

#: src/std/string.md:34
msgid ""
"When a type implements `Deref<Target = T>`, the compiler will let you "
"transparently call methods from `T`."
msgstr ""
"當型別實作 `Deref<Target = T>` 時，編譯器可讓您以公開透明的方式呼叫 `T` 中的"
"方法。"

#: src/std/string.md:35
msgid ""
"`String` implements `Deref<Target = str>` which transparently gives it "
"access to `str`'s methods."
msgstr ""
"`String` 會實作 `Deref<Target = str>`，後者能以公開透明的方式授予前者 `str` "
"方法的存取權。"

#: src/std/string.md:36
msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and  `let s3 = &*s1`;."
msgstr "編寫及比較 `let s3 = s1.deref();` 和 `let s3 = &*s1`;。"

#: src/std/string.md:37
msgid ""
"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the "
"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but "
"with some extra guarantees."
msgstr ""
"`String` 是以包裝函式的形式在位元組向量的四周實作，許多在向量上支援的作業也適"
"用於 `String`，但需要某些額外保證。"

#: src/std/string.md:38
msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:"
msgstr "請比較各種為 `String` 建立索引的方法："

#: src/std/string.md:39
msgid ""
"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, "
"out-of-bounds."
msgstr "使用 `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` 變為字元，其中 `i` 代表是否出界。"

#: src/std/string.md:40
msgid ""
"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character "
"boundaries or not."
msgstr "使用 `s3[0..4]` 變為子字串，其中該切片會位於字元邊界上，也可能不會。"

#: src/std/vec.md:1
msgid "`Vec`"
msgstr "`Vec`"

#: src/std/vec.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard "
"resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
msgstr ""
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) 是可調整大小的標準"
"堆積配置緩衝區："

#: src/std/vec.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
"    v1.push(42);\n"
"    println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n"
"\n"
"    let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
"    v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
"    v2.push(9999);\n"
"    println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n"
"\n"
"    // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
"    let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n"
"\n"
"    // Retain only the even elements.\n"
"    v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
"    println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
"    v3.dedup();\n"
"    println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/vec.md:29
msgid ""
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice "
"methods on a `Vec`."
msgstr ""
"`Vec` 會實作 [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D)。也就是說，您可以在 `Vec` 上呼叫切片方"
"法。"

#: src/std/vec.md:37
msgid ""
"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data "
"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't "
"need to be  known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime."
msgstr ""
"`Vec` 是一種集合型別，與 `String` 和 `HashMap` 都一樣。`Vec` 內含的資料會儲存"
"在堆積上。這表示在編譯期間無需得知資料量，可在執行階段増量或減量。"

#: src/std/vec.md:40
msgid ""
"Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` "
"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established "
"during the first `push` call."
msgstr ""
"請留意 `Vec<T>` 也能做為泛型型別，但您不必明確指定 `T`。和往常的 Rust 型別推"
"論一樣，系統會在第一次 `push` 呼叫期間建立 `T`。"

#: src/std/vec.md:42
msgid ""
"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it "
"supports adding initial elements to the vector."
msgstr ""
"`vec![...]` 是用於取代 `Vec::new()` 的標準巨集，且支援在向量中加入初始元素。"

#: src/std/vec.md:44
msgid ""
"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. "
"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will "
"remove the last element."
msgstr ""
"如要為向量建立索引，請使用 `[` `]`，但如果超出範圍會引發恐慌。或者，使用 "
"`get` 則可傳回 `Option`。`pop` 函式會移除最後一個元素。"

#: src/std/vec.md:46
msgid ""
"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e "
"+= 50; }`"
msgstr "示範如何對向量進行疊代並修改值：`for e in &mut v { *e += 50; }`"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46
msgid "`HashMap`"
msgstr "`HashMap`"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
msgstr "標準雜湊映射，可防範 HashDoS 攻擊："

#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n"
"    page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), "
"207);\n"
"    page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n"
"    page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n"
"\n"
"    if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
"        println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
"                 page_counts.len());\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in "
"Wonderland\"] {\n"
"        match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
"            Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
"            None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
"    for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in "
"Wonderland\"] {\n"
"        let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())."
"or_insert(0);\n"
"        *page_count += 1;\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
msgid ""
"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope."
msgstr "我們一開始並未定義 `HashMap`，因此現在需要將其納入課程範圍。"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:39
msgid ""
"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the "
"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert "
"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found."
msgstr ""
"請嘗試使用以下幾行程式碼。第一行會查看書籍是否在雜湊表中，如果不在，系統會傳"
"回替代值。如果系統找不到書籍，第二行會在雜湊表中插入替代值。"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:41
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"  let pc1 = page_counts\n"
"      .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
"      .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
"  let pc2 = page_counts\n"
"      .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
"      .or_insert(374);\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/hashmap.md:49
msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro."
msgstr "可惜的是，並沒有所謂標準的 `hashmap!` 巨集。這點與 `vec!` 不同。"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:50
msgid ""
"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-"
"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows "
"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:"
msgstr ""
"不過，自 Rust 1.56 起，HashMap 會實作 [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-From%3C%5B(K,+V);"
"+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E)，以便讓我們能從常值陣列初始化雜"
"湊映射："

#: src/std/hashmap.md:52
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"  let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
"    (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
"    (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
"  ]);\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/hashmap.md:59
msgid ""
"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-"
"value tuples."
msgstr "或者，您也可以透過任何能產生鍵/值元組的 `Iterator` 建立 HashMap。"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:60
msgid ""
"We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make "
"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, "
"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker."
msgstr ""
"我們示範的是 `HashMap<String, i32>`，請避免使用 `&str 做為鍵，讓範例變得更簡"
"單。當然，也可以在集合中使用參照，但這可能會使借用檢查器變得複雜。"

#: src/std/hashmap.md:62
msgid ""
"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still "
"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?"
msgstr ""
"請嘗試從上述範例中移除 `to_string()`，看看是否仍可編譯。您認為我們可能會在哪"
"裡遇到問題？"

#: src/std/box.md:1
msgid "`Box`"
msgstr "`Box`"

#: src/std/box.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned "
"pointer to data on the heap:"
msgstr ""
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) 是具有所有權的指"
"向堆積上的資料的指標："

#: src/std/box.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let five = Box::new(5);\n"
"    println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/box.md:13
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                     Heap\n"
".- - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - -.\n"
":             :     :             :\n"
":    five     :     :             :\n"
":   +-----+   :     :   +-----+   :\n"
":   | o---|---+-----+-->|  5  |   :\n"
":   +-----+   :     :   +-----+   :\n"
":             :     :             :\n"
":             :     :             :\n"
"`- - - - - - -'     `- - - - - - -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/box.md:26
msgid ""
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call "
"methods from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/"
"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)."
msgstr ""
"`Box<T>` 會實作 `Deref<Target = T>`。也就是說，您可以[直接在 `Box<T>` 上透過 "
"`T` 呼叫方法](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-"
"deref-coercion)。"

#: src/std/box.md:34
msgid ""
"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be "
"not null. "
msgstr ""
"`Box` 就像是 C++ 中的 `std::unique_ptr`，兩者的差別在於 `Box` 不會是空值。"

#: src/std/box.md:35
msgid ""
"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` "
"statement thanks to `Deref`. "
msgstr "上面的範例使用 `Deref`，因此 `println!` 陳述式甚至可以省略 `*`。"

#: src/std/box.md:36
msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:"
msgstr "在以下情況下，您可以使用 `Box`："

#: src/std/box.md:37
msgid ""
"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust "
"compiler wants to know an exact size."
msgstr "編譯時遇到不知道大小為何的型別，但 Rust 編譯器需要知道確切大小。"

#: src/std/box.md:38
msgid ""
"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large "
"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` "
"so only the pointer is moved."
msgstr ""
"想要轉移大量資料的所有權。為避免在堆疊上複製大量資料，請改將資料儲存在 `Box` "
"的堆積上，這樣系統就只會移動指標。"

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures"
msgstr "包含遞迴資料結構的 Box"

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
msgid ""
"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
msgstr "遞迴資料型別或含有動態大小的資料型別必須使用 `Box`："

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum List<T> {\n"
"    Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),\n"
"    Nil,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::"
"new(List::Nil))));\n"
"    println!(\"{list:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                           Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- -.\n"
":                         :     :                                               :\n"
":    "
"list                 :     :                                               :\n"
":   +------+----+----+    :     :    +------+----+----+    +------+----+----"
"+   :\n"
":   | Cons | 1  | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2  | o--+--->| Nil  | // | // "
"|   :\n"
":   +------+----+----+    :     :    +------+----+----+    +------+----+----"
"+   :\n"
":                         :     :                                               :\n"
":                         :     :                                               :\n"
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -'     '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- -'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
msgid ""
"If the `Box` was not used here and we attempted to embed a `List` directly "
"into the `List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct "
"in memory, it would look infinite."
msgstr ""
"如果這裡未使用 `Box`，且我們要將 `List` 直接嵌入 `List`，編譯器就不會計算出固"
"定的結構體記憶體大小，結構體看起來會像是無限大。"

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36
msgid ""
"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and "
"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap."
msgstr ""
"`Box` 大小與一般指標相同，並且只會指向堆積中的下一個 `List` 元素，因此可以解"
"決這個問題。"

#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39
msgid ""
"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. "
"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or "
"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly."
msgstr ""
"將 `Box` 從 List 定義中移除後，畫面上會顯示編譯器錯誤。如果您看到「Recursive "
"with indirection」錯誤訊息，建議您使用 Box 或其他種類的參考，而不是直接儲存"
"值。"

#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
msgid ""
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This "
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
msgstr ""
"`Box` 不能空白，因此指標會一律有效，而且不會是 `null`。這樣一來，編譯器可以將"
"記憶體配置最佳化："

#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                           Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"-.\n"
":                         :     :                                             :\n"
":    "
"list                 :     :                                             :\n"
":   +----+----+           :     :    +----+----+    +----+------"
"+             :\n"
":   | 1  | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2  | o--+--->| // | null "
"|             :\n"
":   +----+----+           :     :    +----+----+    +----+------"
"+             :\n"
":                         :     :                                             :\n"
":                         :     :                                             :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -'     '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"-'\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/rc.md:1
msgid "`Rc`"
msgstr "`Rc`"

#: src/std/rc.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-"
"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data "
"from multiple places:"
msgstr ""
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) 是參考計數的共用指"
"標。如要在多個位置參考相同的資料，可以使用這個指標："

#: src/std/rc.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n"
"    let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
"    println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/std/rc.md:18
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the "
"data in a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc."
"md)."
msgstr ""
"如要在 `Rc` 內修改資料，必須將資料加入 [`Cell` 或 `RefCell`](../concurrency/"
"shared_state/arc.md) 等型別中。\\* 如果是多執行緒的環境，請參閱 [`Arc`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)。\\* 您可以將共用指標"
"「降級」為 [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) 指標，"
"建立之後會捨棄的循環。"

#: src/std/rc.md:20
msgid ""
"See [`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are "
"in a multi-threaded context."
msgstr ""

#: src/std/rc.md:19
msgid ""
"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped."
msgstr ""
"您可以將共用指標「降級」為 [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct."
"Weak.html) 指標，以便建立之後會捨棄的循環。"

#: src/std/rc.md:31
msgid ""
"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there "
"are references."
msgstr "`Rc` 的計數可確保只要有參考，內含的值就會保持有效。"

#: src/std/rc.md:32
msgid "Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`."
msgstr "Rust 的 `Rc` 就好比是 C++ 的 `std::shared_ptr`。"

#: src/std/rc.md:33
msgid ""
"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and "
"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally "
"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code."
msgstr ""
"`Rc::clone` 的成本很低：這個做法會建立指向相同配置的指標，並增加參考計數，而"
"不會產生深克隆，尋找程式碼效能問題時通常可以忽略。"

#: src/std/rc.md:34
msgid ""
"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") "
"and returns a mutable reference."
msgstr ""
"`make_mut` 實際上會在必要時克隆內部值 (「clone-on-write」)，並回傳可變動的參"
"考。"

#: src/std/rc.md:35
msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count."
msgstr "使用 `Rc::strong_count` 可查看參考計數。"

#: src/std/rc.md:36
msgid ""
"Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable borrows "
"that are enforced at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable borrows "
"that are enforced at run time and will panic if it fails at runtime."
msgstr ""
"比較提及的不同資料型別。`Box` 可啟用在編譯時強制執行的可變/不可變借用。"
"`RefCell` 可啟用在執行階段強制執行的可變/不可變借用，如果在執行階段失敗，將觸"
"發恐慌。"

#: src/std/rc.md:37
msgid ""
"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create "
"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)."
msgstr ""
"`Rc::downgrade` 提供的「弱參考計數」物件，建立之後會適當捨棄的循環 (可能會搭"
"配 `RefCell`)。"

#: src/std/rc.md:41
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n"
"use std::cell::RefCell;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Node {\n"
"    value: i64,\n"
"    parent: Option<Weak<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
"    children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
"        value: 42,\n"
"        parent: None,\n"
"        children: vec![],\n"
"    }));\n"
"    let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
"        value: 43,\n"
"        children: vec![],\n"
"        parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n"
"    }));\n"
"    root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md:3
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
msgstr "我們已介紹 `impl` 區塊如何讓我們將函式的命名空間建立為型別。"

#: src/modules.md:5
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
msgstr "同樣地，`mod` 可讓我們建立型別和函式的命名空間："

#: src/modules.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"mod foo {\n"
"    pub fn do_something() {\n"
"        println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"mod bar {\n"
"    pub fn do_something() {\n"
"        println!(\"In the bar module\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    foo::do_something();\n"
"    bar::do_something();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules.md:28
msgid ""
"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that "
"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates."
msgstr ""
"套件會提供功能，並收錄 `Cargo.toml` 檔案，用於說明如何建構含有超過 1 個 "
"Crate 的組合。"

#: src/modules.md:29
msgid ""
"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and "
"a library crate compiles to a library."
msgstr ""
"Crate 是模組的樹狀結構，其中二進位檔 Crate 會建立執行檔，而程式庫 Crate 則會"
"編譯至程式庫。"

#: src/modules.md:30
msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
msgstr "模組不僅會定義組織、範圍，同時也是本節重點。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
msgstr "我們可將模組視為隱私邊界："

#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)."
msgstr "模組項目預設為不公開 (會隱藏實作詳細資料)。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:6
msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible."
msgstr "父項和同層項目一律會顯示。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:7
msgid ""
"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all "
"the descendants of `foo`."
msgstr "換句話說，如果項目顯示在 `foo` 模組中，則會出現在 `foo` 的所有子系中。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"mod outer {\n"
"    fn private() {\n"
"        println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn public() {\n"
"        println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    mod inner {\n"
"        fn private() {\n"
"            println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        pub fn public() {\n"
"            println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
"            super::private();\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    outer::public();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
msgstr "使用 `pub` 關鍵字將模組設為公開。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
msgid ""
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope "
"of public visibility."
msgstr "此外，您也可以使用進階的 `pub(...)` 指定碼來限制公開的瀏覽權限範圍。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
msgid ""
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-"
"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)."
msgstr ""
"請參閱 [Rust 參考資料](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-"
"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:44
msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern."
msgstr "設定 `pub(crate)` 瀏覽權限是一種常見模式。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:45
msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path."
msgstr "您也可以授予特定路徑的瀏覽權限，但這較不常見。"

#: src/modules/visibility.md:46
msgid ""
"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of "
"its descendants)."
msgstr "無論如何，都請務必將瀏覽權限授予祖系模組 (及其所有子系)。"

#: src/modules/paths.md:3
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
msgstr "路徑的解析方式包括："

#: src/modules/paths.md:5
msgid "As a relative path:"
msgstr "做為相對路徑："

#: src/modules/paths.md:6
msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,"
msgstr "`foo` 或 `self::foo` 是指目前模組中的 `foo`。"

#: src/modules/paths.md:7
msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module."
msgstr "`super::foo` 是指父項模組中的 `foo`。"

#: src/modules/paths.md:9
msgid "As an absolute path:"
msgstr "做為絕對路徑："

#: src/modules/paths.md:10
msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,"
msgstr "`crate::foo` 是指目前 Crate 根目錄中的 `foo`。"

#: src/modules/paths.md:11
msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
msgstr "`bar::foo` 是指 `bar` Crate 中的 `foo`。"

#: src/modules/paths.md:13
msgid ""
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You "
"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
msgstr ""
"模組可以使用 `use` 將其他模組的符號帶進範圍內。您通常會在每個模組的頂端看到類"
"似下方的內容："

#: src/modules/paths.md:16
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::collections::HashSet;\n"
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
msgid "The module content can be omitted:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"mod garden;\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11
msgid "`src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12
msgid "`src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16
msgid "`src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17
msgid "`src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
msgstr "`crate` 根層級位於："

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)"
msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (適用於程式庫 Crate)"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15
msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
msgstr "`src/main.rs` (適用於二進位檔 Crate)"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17
msgid ""
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc "
"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a "
"module."
msgstr ""
"您也可以使用 \"inner doc comments\" 記錄檔案中定義的模組。這些會記錄包含它們"
"的項目，在本例中就是模組。"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant "
"germination\n"
"//! implementation.\n"
"\n"
"// Re-export types from this module.\n"
"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n"
"pub use garden::Garden;\n"
"\n"
"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n"
"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec<SeedPacket>) { todo!() }\n"
"\n"
"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n"
"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44
msgid ""
"The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of "
"submodules in Rust 2018. (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:47
msgid "The following is valid:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:49
msgid ""
"```ignore\n"
"src/\n"
"├── main.rs\n"
"├── top_module.rs\n"
"└── top_module/\n"
"    └── sub_module.rs\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:57
msgid ""
"The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, "
"which can be hard to distinguish in IDEs."
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:60
msgid ""
"Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but "
"this can be changed with a compiler directive:"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:63
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
"mod some_module { }\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59
msgid ""
"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module "
"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
msgstr ""
"舉例來說，如果您想將模組的測試放在名為 `some_module_test.rs` 的檔案中 (類似 "
"Go 中的慣例)，這就會很實用。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "第 2 天：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
msgstr "今天下午的練習著重在字串和疊代器。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3
msgid ""
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used "
"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and "
"does the following to validate the credit card number:"
msgstr ""
"[盧恩演算法](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm)可用於驗證信用卡號"
"碼。這個演算法會將字串做為輸入內容，並執行下列操作來驗證信用卡號碼："

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7
msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits."
msgstr "忽略所有空格。拒絕少於兩位數的號碼。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:9
msgid ""
"Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`, "
"we double `3` and `1`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:12
msgid ""
"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which "
"becomes `5`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15
msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits."
msgstr "將所有數字 (無論是否已乘二) 相加。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17
msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
msgstr "如果加總所得數字的末位是 `0`，代表信用卡卡號有效。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19
msgid ""
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
"function:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
"    unimplemented!()\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"  \"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"    \"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
"fn main() {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
msgid ""
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. "
"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched "
"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character "
"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
msgstr ""
"在本次練習中，您將實作網路伺服器的路由元件。伺服器設定了多個與「要求路徑」__"
"相符的「路徑前置字元」__。路徑前置字元可包含與完整片段相符的萬用字元。請參閱"
"下方的單元測試。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
msgid ""
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests "
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
msgstr ""
"將下列程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang.org/>，然後設法通過測試。請盡量避"
"免為中繼結果分配 `Vec`："

#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
"    unimplemented!()\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
"abc-123\"));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
"books\"));\n"
"\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
"publishers\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
"publishers\"));\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Day 3"
msgstr "歡迎參加第 3 天課程"

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
msgstr "今天我們會探討一些有關 Rust 的進階主題："

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
msgid ""
"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library "
"traits."
msgstr "特徵：衍生特徵、預設方法，以及重要的標準程式庫特徵。"

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8
msgid ""
"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait "
"objects."
msgstr "泛型：泛型資料型別、泛型方法、單型，以及特徵物件。"

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11
msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`."
msgstr "錯誤處理：恐慌、`Result`，以及 try 運算子 `?`。"

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13
msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests."
msgstr "測試：單元測試、說明文件測試，以及整合測試。"

#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15
msgid ""
"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern "
"functions."
msgstr "不安全的 Rust：原始指標、靜態變數、不安全的函式，以及 extern 函式。"

#: src/generics.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract an algorithm (such as "
"sorting) over the types used in the algorithm."
msgstr ""
"Rust 支援泛型 (Generics)，因此可以將一個演算法 (例如：排序) 抽象化而不需要依"
"賴特定型別。"

#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
msgstr "你可以使用泛型將具體的欄位型別抽象化："

#: src/generics/data-types.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point<T> {\n"
"    x: T,\n"
"    y: T,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n"
"    let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n"
"    println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/data-types.md:21
msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`."
msgstr "試著宣告一個新的變數 `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`."

#: src/generics/data-types.md:23
msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types."
msgstr "修改程式碼，讓 points 能擁有不同型別的元素。"

#: src/generics/methods.md:3
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
msgstr "你可以將 `impl` 區塊宣告為泛型型別："

#: src/generics/methods.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Point<T>(T, T);\n"
"\n"
"impl<T> Point<T> {\n"
"    fn x(&self) -> &T {\n"
"        &self.0  // + 10\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p = Point(5, 10);\n"
"    println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/methods.md:25
msgid ""
"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that "
"redundant?"
msgstr "_問題：_ 為什麼 `T` 在 `impl<T> Point<T> {}` 中重複出現了兩次？"

#: src/generics/methods.md:26
msgid ""
"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. "
"They are independently generic."
msgstr ""
"因為這是一個泛型型別 `T` 的 `Point` 實作，而 `Point` 的型別為泛型 `T`。它們是"
"各自獨立的泛型。"

#: src/generics/methods.md:27
msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`."
msgstr "這表示這個方法是為了任意型別 `T` 而定義的。"

#: src/generics/methods.md:28
msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. "
msgstr "你可以寫成 `impl Point<u32> { .. }`。"

#: src/generics/methods.md:29
msgid ""
"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this "
"block will only be available for `Point<u32>`."
msgstr ""
"由於 `Point` 仍然是泛型型別，你可以使用 `Point<f64>`，但這個方法將只適用於 "
"`Point<u32>`。"

#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
msgstr ""
"Rust 在編譯時進行單型化 (Monomorphization)，根據不同呼叫者，將泛型程式碼轉換"
"成實際型別的程式碼："

#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let integer = Some(5);\n"
"    let float = Some(5.0);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
msgstr "以上程式碼等同於下方的程式碼"

#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
"    Some(i32),\n"
"    None,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"enum Option_f64 {\n"
"    Some(f64),\n"
"    None,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n"
"    let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
msgid ""
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you "
"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
msgstr ""
"這是一種零成本抽象：單型化的結果，等同於不使用抽象化並手動寫出資料結構的實際"
"型別。"

#: src/traits.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
msgstr "Rust 可讓您依據特徵對型別進行抽象化處理，這與介面相似："

#: src/traits.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"trait Pet {\n"
"    fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Dog {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Cat;\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
"    fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
"        self.name.clone()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
"    fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
"        String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it "
"anyway.\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn greet<P: Pet>(pet: &P) {\n"
"    println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n"
"    greet(&fido);\n"
"\n"
"    let captain_floof = Cat;\n"
"    greet(&captain_floof);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3
msgid ""
"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a "
"collection:"
msgstr "特徵物件可接受不同型別的值，舉例來說，在集合中會是這樣："

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"trait Pet {\n"
"    fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Dog {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Cat;\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
"    fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
"        self.name.clone()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
"    fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
"        String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it "
"anyway.\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let pets: Vec<Box<dyn Pet>> = vec![\n"
"        Box::new(Cat),\n"
"        Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n"
"    ];\n"
"    for pet in pets {\n"
"        println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
msgstr "以下是配置 `pets` 後的記憶體配置："

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42
msgid ""
"```bob\n"
" Stack                             Heap\n"
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.     .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- -.\n"
":                           :     :                                             :\n"
":    "
"pets                   :     :                                             :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :   +-----+-----"
"+                             :\n"
":   | ptr       |   o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
"|                             :\n"
":   | len       |     2 |   :     :   +-|-|-+-|-|-"
"+                             :\n"
":   | capacity  |     2 |   :     :     | |   | |   +---------------"
"+           :\n"
":   +-----------+-------+   :     :     | |   | '-->| name: \"Fido\"  "
"|           :\n"
":                           :     :     | |   |     +---------------"
"+           :\n"
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'     :     | |   "
"|                                 :\n"
"                                  :     | |   |     +----------------------"
"+    :   \n"
"                                  :     | |   '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" "
"|    :\n"
"                                  :     | |         +----------------------"
"+    : \n"
"                                  :     | "
"|                                     : \n"
"                                  :     | |   +-"
"+                               :   \n"
"                                  :     | '-->|"
"\\|                               :     \n"
"                                  :     |     +-"
"+                               :    \n"
"                                  :     "
"|                                       : \n"
"                                  :     |     +----------------------"
"+          : \n"
"                                  :     '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" "
"|          : \n"
"                                  :           +----------------------"
"+          :\n"
"                                  :                                             :\n"
"                                  '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
"- -'\n"
"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72
msgid ""
"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it "
"impossible to have things like `Vec<Pet>` in the example above."
msgstr ""
"如果型別會實作特定特徵，大小可能會不同。因此在上例中就不可能出現 `Vec<Pet>` "
"這類項目。"

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73
msgid ""
"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that "
"implements `Pet`."
msgstr "可透過 `dyn Pet` 這個方法向編譯器告知實作 `Pet` 的動態大小型別。"

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74
msgid ""
"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. "
"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object "
"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of "
"that particular object."
msgstr ""
"在本例中，`pets` 會保留指向物件的「虛指標」__，而物件會實作 `Pet`。虛指標包含"
"兩個元件，指向實際物件的指標，以及指向該特定物件中 `Pet` 實作項目的虛擬方法表"
"格。"

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75
msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:"
msgstr "比較上述範例的輸出內容："

#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"    println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
"<Cat>());\n"
"    println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
"<&Cat>());\n"
"    println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n"
"    println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Pet>>());\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:"
msgstr "您可以讓編譯器衍生多種特徵："

#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
"struct Player {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    strength: u8,\n"
"    hit_points: u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Player::default();\n"
"    let p2 = p1.clone();\n"
"    println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n"
"             if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
msgstr "特徵可以依照其他特徵方法來實作行為："

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"trait Equals {\n"
"    fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
"    fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
"        !self.equal(other)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Centimeter(i16);\n"
"\n"
"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n"
"    fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n"
"        self.0 == other.0\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let a = Centimeter(10);\n"
"    let b = Centimeter(20);\n"
"    println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n"
"    println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32
msgid ""
"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users "
"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations "
"can rely on required methods."
msgstr ""
"特徵可能會指定預先實作的 (預設) 方法，以及使用者必須自行實作的方法。採用預設"
"實作項目的方法可以信賴必要方法。"

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35
msgid "Move method `not_equal` to a new trait `NotEqual`."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37
msgid "Make `NotEqual` a super trait for `Equal`."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:38
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"trait NotEqual: Equals {\n"
"    fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
"        !self.equal(other)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46
msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEqual` for `Equal`."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:47
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"trait NotEqual {\n"
"    fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl<T> NotEqual for T where T: Equals {\n"
"    fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
"        !self.equal(other)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58
msgid ""
"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `NotEqual` as a super "
"trait for `Equal`."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3
msgid ""
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement "
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
msgstr ""
"使用泛型時，您通常會需要該型別實作 某些特徵，這樣才能呼叫該特徵的方法。"

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
msgstr "您可以使用 `T: Trait` 或 `impl Trait` 執行此操作："

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn duplicate<T: Clone>(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
"    (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
"//   fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into<i32>) -> i32 {\n"
"    x.into() + 42_000_000\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// struct NotClonable;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n"
"    let pair = duplicate(foo);\n"
"    println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
"    println!(\"{many}\");\n"
"    let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
"    println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
msgstr "顯示 `where` 子句，學生在閱讀程式碼時會看到此內容。"

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
"where\n"
"    T: Clone,\n"
"{\n"
"    (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
"where\n"
"    T: Clone,\n"
"{\n"
"    (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46
msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters."
msgstr "如果您有多個參數，這個子句可以整理函式簽名。"

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47
msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful."
msgstr "這個子句具有額外功能，因此效能也更強大。"

#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48
msgid ""
"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can "
"be arbitrary, like `Option<T>`."
msgstr ""
"如果有人提問，請說明額外功能是指 \":\" 左側的類別可為任意值，例如 "
"`Option<T>`。"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1
msgid "`impl Trait`"
msgstr "`impl Trait`"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3
msgid ""
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function "
"arguments and return values:"
msgstr "與特徵界限類似，`impl Trait` 語法可用於 函式引數和回傳值中："

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::fmt::Display;\n"
"\n"
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n"
"    format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n"
"    println!(\"{x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19
msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
msgstr "`impl Trait` 可讓您使用無法命名的型別。"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23
msgid ""
"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
msgstr "`impl Trait` 的涵義會因使用位置而有些微不同。"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25
msgid ""
"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a "
"trait bound."
msgstr "對參數來說，`impl Trait` 就像是具有特徵界限的匿名泛型參數。"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27
msgid ""
"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that "
"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you "
"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API."
msgstr ""
"對回傳型別來說，`impl Trait` 代表回傳型別就是實作特徵的 某些具體型別，因而不"
"必指名特定型別。如果您不想在公用 API 中公開具體型別， 這就非常有用。"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31
msgid ""
"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks "
"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A "
"function returning a generic type like `collect<B>() -> B` can return any "
"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with "
"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::"
"<Vec<_>>()`."
msgstr ""
"在回傳位置進行推論並不容易。回傳 `impl Foo` 的函式 會挑選自身回傳的具體型別，"
"而不必在來源中寫出此資訊。回傳泛型型別 (例如 `collect<B>() -> B`) 的函式則可"
"回傳 符合 `B` 的任何型別 ，而呼叫端可能需要選擇一個型別，例如使用 `let x: "
"Vec<_> = foo.collect()` 或 Turbofish：`foo.collect::<Vec<_>>()`。"

#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37
msgid ""
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to "
"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` "
"type. If we used a single  `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint "
"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for "
"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what "
"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd "
"need two independent generic parameters."
msgstr ""
"這個例子非常好，因為 `impl Display` 使用了兩次。這有助於說明此處沒有 任何項目"
"會強制使用「相同的」`impl Display` 型別。如果我們使用單一的  `T: Display`，則"
"會強制限制「輸入」`T` 和「回傳」`T` 屬於同一型別。 但這並不適合這個特定函式，"
"因為我們預期做為「輸入」的型別不一定 會是 `format!` 回傳的內容。如要透過 `: "
"Display` 語法執行相同操作，我們會 需要兩個獨立的泛型參數。"

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
msgid ""
"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard "
"library:"
msgstr "現在來探討 Rust 標準程式庫最常見的幾個特徵："

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
msgid ""
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
"used in `for` loops,"
msgstr ""
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) 和 "
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
"用於 `for` 迴圈。"

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6
msgid ""
"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert "
"values,"
msgstr ""
"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) 和 [`Into`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) 用來轉換值。"

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7
msgid ""
"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO,"
msgstr ""
"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) 和 [`Write`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) 用於 IO。"

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8
msgid ""
"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator "
"overloading, and"
msgstr ""
"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html)、[`Mul`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html) 等用於運算子超載。"

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9
msgid ""
"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for "
"defining destructors."
msgstr ""
"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) 用於定義解構函"
"式。"

#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10
msgid ""
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used "
"to construct a default instance of a type."
msgstr ""
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) 用於建"
"構型別的預設執行個體。"

#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
msgid "Iterators"
msgstr "疊代器"

#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
msgid ""
"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait."
"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:"
msgstr ""
"您可以自行在型別上實作 [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait."
"Iterator.html) 特徵："

#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
"    curr: u32,\n"
"    next: u32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n"
"    type Item = u32;\n"
"\n"
"    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {\n"
"        let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
"        self.curr = self.next;\n"
"        self.next = new_next;\n"
"        Some(self.curr)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n"
"    for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n"
"        println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
msgid ""
"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming "
"operations over collections  (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is "
"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these "
"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative "
"implementations."
msgstr ""
"`Iterator` 特徵會對集合實作許多常見的函式程式操作，例如 `map`、`filter`、  "
"`reduce` 等等。您可以藉由此特徵找出所有相關的說明文件。在 Rust 中，這些  函式"
"會產生程式碼，且應與對應的命令式實作項目一樣有效率。"

#: src/traits/iterator.md:37
msgid ""
"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by "
"collection types such as `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` "
"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a "
"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
msgstr ""
"`IntoIterator` 是迫使 for 迴圈運作的特徵。此特徵由集合型別(例如 `Vec<T>`)   "
"和相關參照 (`&Vec<T>` 與 `&[T]`) 實作而成。此外，範圍也會實作這項特徵。  這就"
"說明了您為何可以透過 `for i in some_vec { .. }` 對向量進行疊代，即使沒有 "
"`some_vec.next()` 也無妨。"

#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
msgid ""
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)."
msgstr ""
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
"可讓您透過 [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
"html) 建構集合。"

#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
"    let prime_squares = primes\n"
"        .into_iter()\n"
"        .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
"        .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
msgid ""
"`Iterator` implements `fn collect<B>(self) -> B where B: FromIterator<Self::"
"Item>, Self: Sized`"
msgstr ""
"`Iterator` implements `fn collect<B>(self) -> B where B: FromIterator<Self::"
"Item>, Self: Sized`"

#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
msgid ""
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an "
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
msgstr ""
"您也可以利用部分實作項目完成某些酷炫操作，例如將 `Iterator<Item = Result<V, "
"E>>` 轉換成 `Result<Vec<V>, E>`。"

#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
msgid "`From` and `Into`"
msgstr "`From` 和 `Into`"

#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
msgid ""
"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From."
"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to "
"facilitate type conversions:"
msgstr ""
"型別會實作 [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) "
"和 [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) 以利型別轉"
"換作業執行："

#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
"    let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
"    let one = i16::from(true);\n"
"    let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
"    println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
msgid ""
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is "
"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:"
msgstr ""
"實作 [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) 時，"
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) 也會自動實"
"作："

#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
"    let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
"    let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
"    let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
"    println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
msgid ""
"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get "
"`Into` implementation too."
msgstr "這就是為什麼通常只需實作 `From`，因為型別也會實作 `Into`。"

#: src/traits/from-into.md:30
msgid ""
"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be "
"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. "
"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ "
"implement `Into`."
msgstr ""
"如要宣告函式引數輸入型別 (例如「任何可轉換成 `String` 的型別」)，規則便會相"
"反，此時請使用 `Into`。 您的函式會接受實作 `From` 的型別，以及「僅」實作 "
"`Into` 的型別。"

#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
msgid "`Read` and `Write`"
msgstr "`Read` 和 `Write`"

#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
msgid ""
"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and "
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can "
"abstract over `u8` sources:"
msgstr ""
"使用 [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) 和 "
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html) 即可對 `u8` "
"來源進行抽象化處理："

#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n"
"\n"
"fn count_lines<R: Read>(reader: R) -> usize {\n"
"    let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n"
"    buf_reader.lines().count()\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
"    let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n"
"    println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n"
"\n"
"    let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
"    println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
msgid ""
"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets "
"you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
msgstr ""
"同樣地，[`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) 則可讓您"
"將 `u8` 接收器抽象化："

#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n"
"\n"
"fn log<W: Write>(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n"
"    writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n"
"    writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
"    let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n"
"    log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n"
"    log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n"
"    println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/drop.md:1
msgid "The `Drop` Trait"
msgstr "`Drop` 特徵"

#: src/traits/drop.md:3
msgid ""
"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop."
"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
msgstr ""
"如果值實作了 [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html)，即"
"可在超出範圍時指定要執行哪個程式碼："

#: src/traits/drop.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"struct Droppable {\n"
"    name: &'static str,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Drop for Droppable {\n"
"    fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
"        println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n"
"    {\n"
"        let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n"
"        {\n"
"            let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n"
"            let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n"
"            println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n"
"        }\n"
"        println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    drop(a);\n"
"    println!(\"Exiting main\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26
msgid "Discussion points:"
msgstr "討論要點："

#: src/traits/drop.md:36
msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?"
msgstr "為什麼 `Drop::drop` 不使用 `self`？"

#: src/traits/drop.md:37
msgid ""
"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the "
"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!"
msgstr ""
"簡答：如果這樣的話，系統會在 區塊結尾呼叫 `std::mem::drop`，進而觸發另一個對 "
"`Drop::drop` 的呼叫並造成堆疊 溢位！"

#: src/traits/drop.md:40
msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
msgstr "請嘗試將 `drop(a)` 替換為 `a.drop()`。"

#: src/traits/default.md:1
msgid "The `Default` Trait"
msgstr "`Default` 特徵"

#: src/traits/default.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait "
"produces a default value for a type."
msgstr ""
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) 特徵會"
"產生型別的預設值。"

#: src/traits/default.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
"struct Derived {\n"
"    x: u32,\n"
"    y: String,\n"
"    z: Implemented,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Implemented(String);\n"
"\n"
"impl Default for Implemented {\n"
"    fn default() -> Self {\n"
"        Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n"
"    println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
"        y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
"        ..Default::default()\n"
"    };\n"
"    println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n"
"\n"
"    let nothing: Option<Derived> = None;\n"
"    println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/default.md:40
msgid ""
"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`."
msgstr "這可以直接實作，也可以透過 `#[derive(Default)]` 衍生得出。"

#: src/traits/default.md:41
msgid ""
"Derived implementation will produce an instance where all fields are set to "
"their default values."
msgstr "衍生的實作項目會產生一個執行個體，其中欄位全都設為預設值。"

#: src/traits/default.md:42
msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too."
msgstr "也就是說，該結構體中的所有型別也都必須實作 `Default`。"

#: src/traits/default.md:43
msgid ""
"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. "
"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)."
msgstr ""
"標準的 Rust 型別通常會以合理的值 (例如 `0`、`\"\"` 等等) 實作 `Default`。"

#: src/traits/default.md:44
msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default."
msgstr "部分結構體副本可與預設值完美搭配運作。"

#: src/traits/default.md:45
msgid ""
"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and "
"provides convenience methods that use it."
msgstr ""
"Rust 標準程式庫瞭解型別可能會實作 `Default`，因此提供了便利的使用方式。"

#: src/traits/operators.md:1
msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..."
msgstr "`Add`、`Mul`..."

#: src/traits/operators.md:3
msgid ""
"Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):"
msgstr ""
"運算子超載會透過 [`std::ops`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html): "
"內的特徵實作："

#: src/traits/operators.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n"
"\n"
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
"    type Output = Self;\n"
"\n"
"    fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
"        Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n"
"    let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n"
"    println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/operators.md:28
msgid ""
"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? "
msgstr "您可以針對 `&Point` 實作 `Add`。但這能在哪些情況派上用場？"

#: src/traits/operators.md:29
msgid ""
"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading "
"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for "
"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site."
msgstr ""
"回答：`Add:add` 會耗用 `self`。如果您要超載運算子的型別 `T` 不是         "
"`Copy`，建議您一併為 `&T` 超載運算子。這可避免呼叫點中出現不必要        的複"
"製作業。"

#: src/traits/operators.md:33
msgid ""
"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the "
"method?"
msgstr "為什麼 `Output` 是關聯型別？可將其用做方法的型別參數嗎？"

#: src/traits/operators.md:34
msgid ""
"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but "
"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a "
"trait."
msgstr ""
"簡答：函式型別參數是由呼叫端控管，但 `Output` 這類關聯型別則由特徵        實"
"作者控管。"

#: src/traits/operators.md:37
msgid ""
"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, "
"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`."
msgstr ""
"您可以針對兩種不同型別實作 `Add`，舉例來說，  `impl Add<(i32, i32)> for "
"Point` 會將元組新增至 `Point`。"

#: src/traits/closures.md:1
msgid "Closures"
msgstr "閉包"

#: src/traits/closures.md:3
msgid ""
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, "
"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn."
"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and "
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
msgstr ""
"無論是閉包還是 lambda 運算式，都含有無法命名的型別。不過，這兩者 都會實作特殊"
"的 [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html)、 [`FnMut`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html) 和 [`FnOnce`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) 特徵："

#: src/traits/closures.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
"    println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
"    func(input)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n"
"    let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
"    println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/closures.md:25
msgid ""
"If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume "
"captured values."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/closures.md:27
msgid ""
"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times "
"but not concurrently."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/closures.md:29
msgid ""
"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures "
"nothing at all, so it can be called multiple times concurrently."
msgstr ""

#: src/traits/closures.md:43
msgid ""
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. "
"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can "
"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for."
msgstr ""
"`FnMut` 是 `FnOnce` 的子型別，而 `Fn` 是 `FnMut` 和 `FnOnce` 的子型別。換句話"
"說，您可以在任何需要呼叫 `FnOnce` 的地方使用 `FnMut`，而在任何需要呼叫 "
"`FnMut` 或 `FnOnce` 的地方 使用 `Fn`。"

#: src/traits/closures.md:36
msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises"
msgstr "第 3 天：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
msgid ""
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and "
"trait objects."
msgstr "我們對特徵和特徵物件有了新的瞭解，現在來設計經典的 GUI 程式庫吧！"

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
msgstr "我們的程式庫中會有許多小工具："

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets."
msgstr "`Window`：有 `title` 且包含其他小工具。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9
msgid ""
"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the "
"button is pressed."
msgstr "`Button`：含有 `label` 和回呼函式，按下按鈕就會叫用這個函式。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11
msgid "`Label`: has a `label`."
msgstr "`Label`：含有 `label`。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
msgstr "小工具會實作 `Widget` 特徵，請參閱下文。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing "
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
msgstr ""
"請將以下程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang.org/>，並填入缺少的 `draw_into` "
"方法，以便實作 `Widget` 特徵："

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18
msgid ""
"```rust,should_panic\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"pub trait Widget {\n"
"    /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
"\n"
"    /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
"\n"
"    /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
"    fn draw(&self) {\n"
"        let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
"        self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
"        println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Label {\n"
"    label: String,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Label {\n"
"    fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
"        Label {\n"
"            label: label.to_owned(),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Button {\n"
"    label: Label,\n"
"    callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Button {\n"
"    fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
"        Button {\n"
"            label: Label::new(label),\n"
"            callback,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Window {\n"
"    title: String,\n"
"    widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Window {\n"
"    fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
"        Window {\n"
"            title: title.to_owned(),\n"
"            widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
"        self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        std::cmp::max(\n"
"            self.title.chars().count(),\n"
"            self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
"        )\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
"    window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo."
"\")));\n"
"    window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
"        \"Click me!\",\n"
"        Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
"    )));\n"
"    window.draw();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
msgstr "上方程式的輸出內容可以很簡單，像下面這樣："

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
msgid ""
"```text\n"
"========\n"
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
"========\n"
"\n"
"This is a small text GUI demo.\n"
"\n"
"| Click me! |\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142
msgid ""
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In "
"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) "
"and how you can control alignment:"
msgstr ""
"如要繪製對齊的文字，可以使用 [fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"fmt/index.html#fillalignment) 格式化運算子。請特別注意如何使用不同的字元 (此"
"處為 `'/'`) 設定邊框間距，以及可以如何控制對齊方式："

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let width = 10;\n"
"    println!(\"left aligned:  |{:/<width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
"    println!(\"centered:      |{:/^width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
"    println!(\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156
msgid ""
"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
msgstr "使用這種對齊技巧，您可以產生如下的輸出內容："

#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158
msgid ""
"```text\n"
"+--------------------------------+\n"
"|       Rust GUI Demo 1.23       |\n"
"+================================+\n"
"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n"
"| +-----------+                  |\n"
"| | Click me! |                  |\n"
"| +-----------+                  |\n"
"+--------------------------------+\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling.md:3
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
msgstr "在 Rust 中，是透過明確的控制流程完成錯誤處理作業："

#: src/error-handling.md:5
msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,"
msgstr "可能含有錯誤的函式會在回傳型別中列出相關資訊。"

#: src/error-handling.md:6
msgid "There are no exceptions."
msgstr "沒有任何例外。"

#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
msgstr "如果執行階段發生重大錯誤，Rust 就會觸發恐慌："

#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors."
msgstr "恐慌代表發生無法復原的非預期錯誤。"

#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13
msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program."
msgstr "恐慌可以反映程式中的錯誤。"

#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14
msgid ""
"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
msgstr "如果無法接受程式崩潰，請使用不會觸發恐慌的 API，例如 `Vec::get`。"

#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding"
msgstr "擷取解開堆疊的動作"

#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
msgid ""
"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be "
"caught:"
msgstr "根據預設，恐慌會造成解開堆疊。您可以擷取這類動作："

#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::panic;\n"
"\n"
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
"    println!(\"hello!\");\n"
"});\n"
"assert!(result.is_ok());\n"
"\n"
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
"    panic!(\"oh no!\");\n"
"});\n"
"assert!(result.is_err());\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::panic;\n"
"\n"
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
"    println!(\"hello!\");\n"
"});\n"
"assert!(result.is_ok());\n"
"\n"
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
"    panic!(\"oh no!\");\n"
"});\n"
"assert!(result.is_err());\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21
msgid ""
"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single "
"request crashes."
msgstr ""
"如果伺服器需要持續運作 (即使有單一要求崩潰也不例外)，這種做法就能派上用場。"

#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23
msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
msgstr "如果您在 `Cargo.toml` 中設定 `panic = 'abort'`，就無法採取此做法。"

#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
msgstr "使用 `Result` 進行結構化錯誤處理"

#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
msgid ""
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors "
"are expected as part of normal operation:"
msgstr ""
"我們先前介紹了 `Result` 列舉。當正常運作過程中預期發生錯誤時，普遍都會使用這"
"個列舉："

#: src/error-handling/result.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::fs::File;\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n"
"    match file {\n"
"        Ok(mut file) => {\n"
"            let mut contents = String::new();\n"
"            file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n"
"            println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n"
"        },\n"
"        Err(err) => {\n"
"            println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::fs::File;\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n"
"    match file {\n"
"        Ok(mut file) => {\n"
"            let mut contents = String::new();\n"
"            file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n"
"            println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n"
"        },\n"
"        Err(err) => {\n"
"            println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
msgid ""
"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the "
"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the "
"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be "
"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too."
msgstr ""
"就跟使用 `Option` 一樣，成功的值會在 Result 內部，這會強制開發人員明確擷取該"
"值，進而有利於檢查錯誤。在應該絕對不會發生錯誤的情況下，可以呼叫 `unwrap()` "
"或 `expect()`，這也是開發人員意圖的訊號。"

#: src/error-handling/result.md:30
msgid ""
"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it "
"is worth mentioning.  It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions "
"that help functional-style programming. "
msgstr ""
"建議您參閱 `Result` 說明文件。這不涵蓋在課程內，但值得一提。這份文件收錄許多"
"方便的方法和函式，有助於您進行函式程式設計。"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`"
msgstr "使用 `?` 傳播錯誤"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
msgid ""
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you "
"turn the common"
msgstr "try 運算子 `?` 用於將錯誤傳回呼叫端，讓您將下列常見的程式碼："

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"match some_expression {\n"
"    Ok(value) => value,\n"
"    Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"match some_expression {\n"
"    Ok(value) => value,\n"
"    Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
msgid "into the much simpler"
msgstr "轉換成以下較簡潔的程式碼："

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"some_expression?\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"some_expression?\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handing code:"
msgstr "我們可以使用這個運算子，簡化錯誤處理程式碼："

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::fs;\n"
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {\n"
"    let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n"
"    let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
"        Ok(file) => file,\n"
"        Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
"    };\n"
"\n"
"    let mut username = String::new();\n"
"    match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
"        Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
"        Err(err) => Err(err),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
"    let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
"    println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::fs;\n"
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {\n"
"    let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n"
"    let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
"        Ok(file) => file,\n"
"        Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
"    };\n"
"\n"
"    let mut username = String::new();\n"
"    match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
"        Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
"        Err(err) => Err(err),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
"    let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
"    println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`."
msgstr "`username` 變數可以是 `Ok(string)` 或 `Err(error)`。"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53
msgid ""
"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty "
"file, file with username."
msgstr ""
"請使用 `fs::write` 呼叫來測試以下不同情況：沒有檔案、空白檔案、含使用者名稱的"
"檔案。"

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
msgid ""
"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously "
"indicated:"
msgstr "比起先前提到的下列程式碼，`?` 的有效擴展稍微更複雜一點："

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"expression?\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"expression?\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
msgid "works the same as"
msgstr "運作方式與以下程式碼相同："

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"match expression {\n"
"    Ok(value) => value,\n"
"    Err(err)  => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"match expression {\n"
"    Ok(value) => value,\n"
"    Err(err)  => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
msgid ""
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the "
"type returned by the function:"
msgstr ""
"這裡的 `From::from` 呼叫意味著，我們嘗試將錯誤型別轉換成函式回傳的型別："

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    IoError(io::Error),\n"
"    EmptyUsername(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n"
"\n"
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
"        match self {\n"
"            Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n"
"            Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username "
"in {filename}\"),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
"        ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
"    println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    IoError(io::Error),\n"
"    EmptyUsername(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n"
"\n"
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
"        match self {\n"
"            Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n"
"            Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username "
"in {filename}\"),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
"        ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
"    println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
msgid ""
"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, "
"which requires `Debug` and `Display`. It's generally helpful for them to "
"implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to make life easier for tests "
"and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because "
"`io::Error` doesn't implement them."
msgstr ""

#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
msgid ""
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create "
"an error enum like we did on the previous page:"
msgstr ""
"[thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate 很常用來建立錯誤列舉，我們在上"
"一頁就曾這麼做："

#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
"    IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
"    #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
"    EmptyUsername(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
"        Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
"        Err(err)     => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
"    #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
"    IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
"    #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
"    EmptyUsername(String),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
"        Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
"        Err(err)     => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
msgid ""
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and "
"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and "
"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs."
msgstr ""
"`thiserror` 的衍生巨集會自動實作 `std::error::Error`，並視情況實作 `Display` "
"(如果提供了 `#[error(...)]` 屬性的話) 和 `From` (如果新增了 `#[from]` 屬性的"
"話)。上述原則也適用於結構體。"

#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
msgstr "這個不會影響你的公用API，因此這對程式庫很好。"

#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
msgid ""
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing "
"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` "
"makes this easy."
msgstr ""
"我們有時會想允許傳回任何型別的錯誤，而不是自行編寫涵蓋所有不同可能性的列舉。"
"`std::error::Error` 可讓這項工作更輕鬆。"

#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
"        Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
"        Err(err)     => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
"        Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
"        Err(err)     => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
msgid ""
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different "
"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good "
"idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of a library, but it can be a "
"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message "
"somewhere."
msgstr ""
"這可少用一些程式碼，但犧牲掉的是無法在程式中以不同方式乾淨地處理各種錯誤情"
"況。因此，在程式庫的公用 API 中使用 `Box<dyn Error>`，通常不是一個理想方式，"
"但如果您只想在程式中的某處顯示錯誤訊息，它可能是不錯的選擇。"

#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
msgid ""
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add "
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom "
"error types:"
msgstr ""
"透過廣泛使用的 [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate，您可以為錯誤添加背景"
"資訊，並減少自訂錯誤型別的數量："

#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    fs::File::open(path)\n"
"        .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
"        .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
"        .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
"        Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
"        Err(err)     => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
"use std::io::Read;\n"
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
"\n"
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String> {\n"
"    let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
"    fs::File::open(path)\n"
"        .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
"        .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
"        .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
"    if username.is_empty() {\n"
"        bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"    Ok(username)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
"        Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
"        Err(err)     => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
msgid "`anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`."
msgstr "`anyhow::Result<V>` 是 `Result<V, anyhow::Error>` 的型別別名。"

#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36
msgid ""
"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such "
"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but "
"is widely used in applications."
msgstr ""
"`anyhow::Error` 基本上是 `Box<dyn Error>` 周遭的包裝函式。因此，通常也是不建"
"議程式庫的公用 API 使用，但可在應用程式中廣泛使用。"

#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38
msgid ""
"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary."
msgstr "必要時，可以擷取其中的實際錯誤類型進行檢查。"

#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39
msgid ""
"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go "
"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, "
"error)` from Go."
msgstr ""
"Go 開發人員可能會覺得 `anyhow::Result<T>` 提供的功能似曾相識，因為該功能提供"
"了與 Go 中的 `(T, error)` 類似的使用模式和人體工學。"

#: src/testing.md:3
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
msgstr "Rust 和 Cargo 提供了一個簡單的單元測試 (unit test) 框架："

#: src/testing.md:5
msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code."
msgstr "在你的程式碼的任何地方都可添加單元測試。"

#: src/testing.md:7
msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
msgstr "整合測試 (integration test) 則可放置在 `tests/` 資料夾下。"

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
msgstr "用 `#[test]` 標記單元測試："

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,ignore\n"
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
"    match text.find(' ') {\n"
"        Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
"        None => &text,\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_empty() {\n"
"    assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
"    assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
"    assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
msgstr "用 `cargo test` 尋找並執行單元測試。"

#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
msgid ""
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]"
"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
msgstr ""
"單元測試通常會位於巢狀模組中 (在 [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) 上"
"執行測試)："

#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
"    format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
"mod tests {\n"
"    use super::*;\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_helper() {\n"
"        assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers."
msgstr "這有助於您對私人輔助程式進行單元測試。"

#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27
msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
msgstr "只有在執行 `cargo test` 時，`#[cfg(test)]` 屬性才會生效。"

#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
msgstr "Rust 內建說明文件測試相關支援："

#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
"///\n"
"/// ```\n"
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
"/// ```\n"
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
"    &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code."
msgstr "系統會自動將 `///` 註解中的程式碼區塊視為 Rust 程式碼。"

#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19
msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`."
msgstr "系統會編譯程式碼，執行 `cargo test` 時會一併執行這些程式碼。"

#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20
msgid ""
"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
msgstr ""
"請在 [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0) "
"上測試上述程式碼。"

#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
msgstr "如果您要以用戶端身分測試程式庫，請採用整合測試。"

#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
msgstr "在 `tests/` 之下建立一個 `.rs` 檔案："

#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"use my_library::init;\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_init() {\n"
"    assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
msgstr "這些測試只能存取 crate 的公用 API。"

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1
msgid "Useful crates for writing tests"
msgstr "有助於編寫測試的 crate"

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
msgstr "Rust 只提供基本的編寫測試支援。"

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
msgstr "以下列出幾個額外的 crate，建議您在編寫測試時使用："

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7
msgid ""
"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion "
"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++."
msgstr ""
"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest)：這是全面性的測試斷言程式庫，沿用了 "
"GoogleTest (適用於 C++) 的傳統運作方式。"

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8
msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust."
msgstr ""
"[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest)：讓您對 Rust 執行以屬性為基礎的測試。"

#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9
msgid ""
"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised "
"tests."
msgstr "[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest)：支援 Fixture 和參數化測試。"

#: src/unsafe.md:3
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
msgstr "Rust 語言包含兩個部分："

#: src/unsafe.md:5
msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible."
msgstr "\\*\\*安全的 Rust：\\*\\*可確保記憶體安全，無法觸發未定義的行為。"

#: src/unsafe.md:6
msgid ""
"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are "
"violated."
msgstr "\\*\\*不安全的 Rust：\\*\\*如果違反先決條件，便可能觸發未定義的行為。"

#: src/unsafe.md:8
msgid ""
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to "
"know what Unsafe Rust is."
msgstr "雖然本課程中出現的大多都是安全的 Rust，但瞭解不安全的 Rust 也很重要。"

#: src/unsafe.md:11
msgid ""
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be "
"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
msgstr ""
"不安全的程式碼通常都很簡短、受到隔離，而且封裝在安全的抽象層中。您應該仔細記"
"錄這類程式碼的正確性。"

#: src/unsafe.md:14
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
msgstr "透過不安全的 Rust，可以使用五項新功能："

#: src/unsafe.md:16
msgid "Dereference raw pointers."
msgstr "對裸指標解參考。"

#: src/unsafe.md:17
msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables."
msgstr "存取或修改可變的靜態變數。"

#: src/unsafe.md:18
msgid "Access `union` fields."
msgstr "存取 `union` 欄位。"

#: src/unsafe.md:19
msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions."
msgstr "呼叫 `unsafe` 函式 (包括 `extern` 函式)。"

#: src/unsafe.md:20
msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits."
msgstr "實作 `unsafe` 特徵。"

#: src/unsafe.md:22
msgid ""
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see "
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-"
"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
msgstr ""
"接下來將簡單介紹不安全的功能。如需瞭解詳情，請參閱 [Rust Book 的第 19.1 章]"
"(https://rust-lang.tw/book-tw/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)，以及 [Rustonomicon]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)。"

#: src/unsafe.md:28
msgid ""
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code "
"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
"rules."
msgstr ""
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code "
"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
"rules."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
msgstr "建立指標相當安全，不過對指標解參考就需要使用 `unsafe`："

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut num = 5;\n"
"\n"
"    let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
"    let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n"
"\n"
"    // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n"
"    // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects "
"underlying\n"
"    // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n"
"    // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
"    // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
"        *r1 = 10;\n"
"        println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27
msgid ""
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it "
"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing."
msgstr ""
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it "
"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31
msgid ""
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be "
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
msgstr ""
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be "
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
msgid "The pointer must be non-null."
msgstr "The pointer must be non-null."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35
msgid ""
"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
"allocated object)."
msgstr ""
"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
"allocated object)."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36
msgid "The object must not have been deallocated."
msgstr "The object must not have been deallocated."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37
msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location."
msgstr "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38
msgid ""
"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory."
msgstr ""
"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory."

#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
msgstr "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."

#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
msgstr "您可以放心讀取不可變的靜態變數："

#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
msgid ""
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable "
"static variables:"
msgstr "不過，讀取並寫入可變的靜態變數並不安全，因為可能發生資料競爭："

#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n"
"\n"
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n"
"    unsafe { COUNTER += inc; }  // Potential data race!\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    add_to_counter(42);\n"
"\n"
"    unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); }  // Potential data race!\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
msgid ""
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a "
"heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
msgstr ""
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a "
"heap allocator or working with some C APIs."

#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
msgstr "聯合體和列舉很像，但您需要自行追蹤可用欄位："

#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"#[repr(C)]\n"
"union MyUnion {\n"
"    i: u8,\n"
"    b: bool,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n"
"    println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n"
"    println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b });  // Undefined behavior!\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
msgid ""
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs."
msgstr ""
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs."

#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
msgid ""
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want "
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/"
"crates/zerocopy) crate."
msgstr ""
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want "
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/"
"crates/zerocopy) crate."

#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
msgid ""
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions "
"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
msgstr ""
"如果函式或方法具有額外先決條件，而您必須遵循這些條件才能避免未定義的行為，那"
"麼就可以將該函式或方法標示為 `unsafe`："

#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n"
"\n"
"    // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds "
"of\n"
"    // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
"        println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
"        println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n"
"\n"
"    // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
"    // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
"    // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n"
"    s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
msgid ""
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular "
"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
msgstr ""
"如果您的函式必須滿足特定條件才能避免未定義的行為，您可以將其標示為 `unsafe`。"

#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
"///\n"
"/// # Safety\n"
"///\n"
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
"    let temp = *a;\n"
"    *a = *b;\n"
"    *b = temp;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut a = 42;\n"
"    let mut b = 66;\n"
"\n"
"    // Safe because ...\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
msgid ""
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely "
"with references."
msgstr ""
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely "
"with references."

#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
msgid ""
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. "
"Try adding it and see what happens."
msgstr ""
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. "
"Try adding it and see what happens."

#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
msgid "Calling External Code"
msgstr "呼叫外部程式碼"

#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
msgid ""
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling "
"them is thus unsafe:"
msgstr "其他語言的函式可能會違反 Rust 保證，因此呼叫這類函式並不安全："

#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"extern \"C\" {\n"
"    fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
"        println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
msgid ""
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with "
"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C "
"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances."
msgstr ""
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with "
"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C "
"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances."

#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
msgid ""
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
msgstr ""
"此例中的 `\"C\"` 為 ABI；[您也可以使用其他 ABI](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"reference/items/external-blocks.html)。"

#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
msgid ""
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation "
"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
msgstr ""
"與函式類似，如果實作程序必須保證符合特定條件才能避免未定義的行為，您可以將特"
"徵標示為 `unsafe`。"

#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
msgid ""
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something "
"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
msgstr ""
"舉例來說，`zerocopy` crate 就具有不安全的特徵，如[這個頁面](https://docs.rs/"
"zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html)所示："

#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
"use std::slice;\n"
"\n"
"/// ...\n"
"/// # Safety\n"
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n"
"    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n"
"        unsafe {\n"
"            slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, "
"size_of_val(self))\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
msgid ""
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented."
msgstr ""
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented."

#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
msgid ""
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
"complicated."
msgstr ""
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
"complicated."

#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
msgstr "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."

#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "第 3 天：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
msgstr "我們來建構用於讀取目錄內容的安全包裝函式吧！"

#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14
msgid ""
"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-"
"afternoon.md) provided."
msgstr "完成練習後，您可以看看我們提供的[解決方案](solutions-afternoon.md)。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function "
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` "
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
msgstr ""
"Rust 對透過「外部函式介面」__(FFI) 呼叫函式的做法提供強大支援。我們會利用這點"
"來為 `libc` 函式建立安全的包裝函式，這是您在 C 語言中用來讀取目錄檔案名稱的函"
"式。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
msgstr "建議您參閱以下手冊頁面："

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)"
msgstr "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10
msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)"
msgstr "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11
msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
msgstr "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
msgid ""
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the "
"exercise:"
msgstr ""
"建議您一併瀏覽 [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/) 模組。其中會"
"有練習需用到的幾個字串型別："

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
msgid "Encoding"
msgstr "編碼"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
msgid "Use"
msgstr "使用"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
msgid ""
"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)"
msgstr ""
"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) 和 [`String`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
msgid "UTF-8"
msgstr "UTF-8"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
msgid "Text processing in Rust"
msgstr "在 Rust 中處理文字"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
msgid ""
"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)"
msgstr ""
"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) 和 [`CString`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
msgid "NUL-terminated"
msgstr "空字串結尾"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
msgid "Communicating with C functions"
msgstr "與 C 函式通訊"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
msgid ""
"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and "
"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)"
msgstr ""
"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) 和 "
"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
msgid "OS-specific"
msgstr "特定 OS"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
msgid "Communicating with the OS"
msgstr "與 OS 通訊"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
msgstr "您將在以下所有型別之間轉換："

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24
msgid ""
"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` "
"character,"
msgstr "`&str` 到 `CString`：您需要為結尾的 `\\0` 字元分配空間。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25
msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,"
msgstr "`CString` 到 `*const i8`：您需要指標才能呼叫 C 函式。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26
msgid ""
"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` "
"character,"
msgstr "`*const i8` 到 `&CStr`：您需要一些可以找到結尾 `\\0` 字元的內容。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27
msgid ""
"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some "
"unknow data\","
msgstr "`&CStr` 到 `&[u8]`：位元組切片是「某些未知資料」的通用介面。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28
msgid ""
"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it,"
msgstr ""
"`&[u8]` 到 `&OsStr`：`&OsStr` 是通往 `OsString` 的一步，請以 [`OsStrExt`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) 建立。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31
msgid ""
"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to "
"return it and call `readdir` again."
msgstr ""
"`&OsStr` 到 `OsString`：您需複製 `&OsStr` 中的資料，才能傳回資料並再次呼叫 "
"`readdir`。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34
msgid ""
"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very "
"useful chapter about FFI."
msgstr ""
"[Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) 也有關於 FFI 的實用章節"
"可供參閱。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
"functions and methods:"
msgstr ""
"請將以下程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang.org/>，並填入缺少的函式和方法："

#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48
msgid ""
"```rust,should_panic\n"
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
"\n"
"mod ffi {\n"
"    use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
"    #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
"    use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};\n"
"\n"
"    // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
"    #[repr(C)]\n"
"    pub struct DIR {\n"
"        _data: [u8; 0],\n"
"        _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-"
"gnu.\n"
"    #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
"    #[repr(C)]\n"
"    pub struct dirent {\n"
"        pub d_ino: c_long,\n"
"        pub d_off: c_ulong,\n"
"        pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
"        pub d_type: c_char,\n"
"        pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Layout as per man entry for dirent\n"
"    #[cfg(target_os = \"macos\")]\n"
"    #[repr(C)]\n"
"    pub struct dirent {\n"
"        pub d_ino: u64,\n"
"        pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
"        pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
"        pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
"        pub d_type: u8,\n"
"        pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    extern \"C\" {\n"
"        pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
"        pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
"        pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    path: CString,\n"
"    dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
"        // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
"        // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    type Item = OsString;\n"
"    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
"        // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
"        // Call closedir as needed.\n"
"        unimplemented!()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
"    let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
"    println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android"
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means "
"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as "
"extending existing services."
msgstr ""

#: src/android.md:7
msgid ""
"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to "
"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code "
"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something "
"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md:3
msgid ""
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you "
"have access to one or create a new one with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md:6
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n"
"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
"$ acloud create\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/setup.md:12
msgid ""
"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/"
"setup/start) for details."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
msgstr "Android 的建構系統 (Soong) 透過以下模組支援 Rust："

#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
msgid "Module Type"
msgstr "模組型態"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
msgid "Description"
msgstr "敘述"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
msgid "`rust_binary`"
msgstr "`rust_binary`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
msgid "Produces a Rust binary."
msgstr "生成一個 Rust 執行檔。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
msgid "`rust_library`"
msgstr "`rust_library`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants."
msgstr "生成一個 Rust 函式庫，及其對應的 `rlib` 和 `dylib` 變體。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
msgid "`rust_ffi`"
msgstr "`rust_ffi`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
msgid ""
"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
"and shared variants."
msgstr "生成一個可被 `cc` 模組使用的 Rust C 函式庫，及其對應的靜態和共享變體。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
msgid "`rust_proc_macro`"
msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
msgid ""
"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
"plugins."
msgstr "生成一個 `proc-macro` Rust 函式庫，類似於編譯器 擴充。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
msgid "`rust_test`"
msgstr "`rust_test`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness."
msgstr "使用Rust自動化測試框架，生成一個 Rust 測試檔。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
msgid "`rust_fuzz`"
msgstr "`rust_fuzz`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`."
msgstr "生成一個使用 `libfuzzer` 的 Rust 模糊測試執行檔。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
msgid "`rust_protobuf`"
msgstr "`rust_protobuf`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
msgid ""
"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
"a particular protobuf."
msgstr "生成對應 protobuf 介面的 Rust 原始碼及函式庫。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
msgid "`rust_bindgen`"
msgstr "`rust_bindgen`"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
msgid ""
"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
"libraries."
msgstr "生成用於連接 C 函式庫的 Rust 原始碼及函式庫。"

#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
msgstr "接下來我們會探討 `rust_binary` 及 `rust_library`。"

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
msgid "Rust Binaries"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
msgid ""
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, "
"create the following files:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
"    name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"//! Rust demo.\n"
"\n"
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m hello_rust\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
"Hello from Rust!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
msgid "Rust Libraries"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below,"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8
msgid ""
"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]"
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/"
"crates/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
"    name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\n"
"        \"libgreetings\",\n"
"        \"libtextwrap\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"    prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"rust_library {\n"
"    name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Rust demo.\n"
"\n"
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
"\n"
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Greeting library.\n"
"\n"
"/// Greet `name`.\n"
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
"    format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
"tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
"nice to meet you!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl.md:3
msgid ""
"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android."
"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl.md:6
msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl.md:7
msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
msgid "AIDL Interfaces"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
msgid ""
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
"\n"
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
"    /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
"    String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"aidl_interface {\n"
"    name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
"    unstable: true,\n"
"    backend: {\n"
"        rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
"            enabled: true,\n"
"        },\n"
"    },\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
msgid ""
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the "
"vendor partition."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
msgid "Service Implementation"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
"\n"
"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
"pub struct BirthdayService;\n"
"\n"
"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n"
"\n"
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n"
"    fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::"
"Result<String> {\n"
"        Ok(format!(\n"
"            \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!"
"\"\n"
"        ))\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37
msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_library {\n"
"    name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
"    crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
"    rustlibs: [\n"
"        \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
"        \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
msgid "AIDL Server"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Birthday service.\n"
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
"\n"
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
"\n"
"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n"
"    let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n"
"        birthday_service,\n"
"        binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n"
"    );\n"
"    binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder."
"as_binder())\n"
"        .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n"
"    binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
"    name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\n"
"        \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
"        \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
"        \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"    prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m birthday_server\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/"
"tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
"Result: Parcel(\n"
"  0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
"  0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
"  0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
"  0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
"  0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
"  0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
"  0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
"  0x00000070: 00210073 00000000                   's.!.....        ')\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
msgid "AIDL Client"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Birthday service.\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
"\n"
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
"\n"
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
"pub fn connect() -> Result<binder::Strong<dyn IBirthdayService>, binder::"
"StatusCode> {\n"
"    binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Call the birthday service.\n"
"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n"
"    let name = std::env::args()\n"
"        .nth(1)\n"
"        .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n"
"    let years = std::env::args()\n"
"        .nth(2)\n"
"        .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::<i32>().ok())\n"
"        .unwrap_or(42);\n"
"\n"
"    binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
"    let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to "
"BirthdayService\");\n"
"    let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
"    println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
"    name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\n"
"        \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
"        \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"    prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m birthday_client\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/"
"tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
msgid ""
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients "
"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:"
msgstr "讓我們為這個 API 擴充更多功能：我們想要讓用戶能在生日卡上指定幾行字："

#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
"\n"
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
"    /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
"    String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```java\n"
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
"\n"
"/** 生日功能介面 */\n"
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
"    /** 生成一段生日快樂的祝賀訊息 */\n"
"    String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/android/logging.md:3
msgid ""
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) "
"or `stdout` (on-host):"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:6
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:8
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
"    name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\n"
"        \"liblog_rust\",\n"
"        \"liblogger\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"    prefer_rlib: true,\n"
"    host_supported: true,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:22
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:24
msgid ""
"```rust,ignore\n"
"//! Rust logging demo.\n"
"\n"
"use log::{debug, error, info};\n"
"\n"
"/// Logs a greeting.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    logger::init(\n"
"        logger::Config::default()\n"
"            .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n"
"            .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n"
"    );\n"
"    debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n"
"    info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n"
"    error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:44
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m hello_rust_logs\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/"
"tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:50
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/logging.md:52
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ adb logcat -s rust\n"
"09-08 08:38:32.454  2420  2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
"09-08 08:38:32.454  2420  2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going "
"fine.\n"
"09-08 08:38:32.454  2420  2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went "
"wrong!\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This "
"means that you can:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md:7
msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
msgid ""
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a "
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
msgid "Interoperability with C"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. "
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"extern \"C\" {\n"
"    fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let x = -42;\n"
"    let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n"
"    println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
msgid ""
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/"
"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
msgid ""
"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for "
"production."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
msgid "We will look at better options next."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
msgid "Using Bindgen"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
msgid ""
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) "
"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
msgid "First create a small C library:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"typedef struct card {\n"
"  const char* name;\n"
"  int years;\n"
"} card;\n"
"\n"
"void print_card(const card* card);\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#include <stdio.h>\n"
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
"\n"
"void print_card(const card* card) {\n"
"  printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
"  printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n"
"  printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n"
"  printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"cc_library {\n"
"    name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
msgid ""
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this "
"example):"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_bindgen {\n"
"    name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
"    wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
"    source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
"    static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_binary {\n"
"    name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"//! Bindgen demo.\n"
"\n"
"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n"
"    let card = card {\n"
"        name: name.as_ptr(),\n"
"        years: 42,\n"
"    };\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        print_card(&card as *const card);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m print_birthday_card\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/"
"tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_test {\n"
"    name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
"    srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
"    crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
"    test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
"    auto_gen_config: true,\n"
"    clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
"    lints: \"none\",\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
msgid "Calling Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
"\n"
"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n"
"\n"
"/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n"
"    if x < y {\n"
"        println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n"
"    } else {\n"
"        println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
"\n"
"extern \"C\" {\n"
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#endif\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_ffi {\n"
"    name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
"    include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
msgid ""
"```c\n"
"#include \"analyze.h\"\n"
"\n"
"int main() {\n"
"  analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n"
"  analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n"
"  return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"cc_binary {\n"
"    name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
"    static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m analyze_numbers\n"
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/"
"tmp\"\n"
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
msgid ""
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol "
"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = "
"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
msgid ""
"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe "
"interoperability between Rust and C++."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
msgid ""
"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of "
"using this."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
msgid "Interoperability with Java"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
msgid ""
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/"
"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
"\n"
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
"\n"
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
"    env: JNIEnv,\n"
"    _class: JClass,\n"
"    name: JString,\n"
") -> jstring {\n"
"    let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
"    let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
"    let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
"    output.into_inner()\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
"    name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
"    crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
msgid ""
"```java\n"
"class HelloWorld {\n"
"    private static native String hello(String name);\n"
"\n"
"    static {\n"
"        System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
"        String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
"        System.out.println(output);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
msgid ""
"```javascript\n"
"java_binary {\n"
"    name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
"    main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
"    required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
msgstr ""

#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
"$ adb sync  # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
msgid ""
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with "
"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8
msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
msgid ""
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone "
"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:3
msgid ""
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people "
"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the "
"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-"
"metal programming in some other language such as C."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:7
msgid ""
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS "
"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:10
msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:11
msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:12
msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:13
msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:15
msgid ""
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]"
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://"
"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller "
"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and "
"an on-board SWD debugger."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:20
msgid ""
"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:22
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-"
"config qemu-system-arm\n"
"rustup update\n"
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:30
msgid ""
"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:32
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", "
"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
"  sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:38
msgid "On MacOS:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal.md:40
msgid ""
"```bash\n"
"xcode-select --install\n"
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
"rustup update\n"
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
msgid "`no_std`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7
msgid "`core`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1
msgid "`alloc`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17
msgid "`std`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24
msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25
msgid "`NonZeroU8`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26
msgid "`Option`, `Result`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27
msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29
msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30
msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31
msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32
msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33
msgid "`Duration`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38
msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39
msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40
msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45
msgid "`Error`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47
msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48
msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49
msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50
msgid "`Path`, `OsString`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51
msgid "`net`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52
msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53
msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54
msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62
msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63
msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1
msgid "A minimal `no_std` program"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17
msgid "This will compile to an empty binary."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18
msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19
msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20
msgid ""
"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to "
"avoid an error about `eh_personality`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22
msgid ""
"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to "
"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and "
"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3
msgid ""
"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate alloc;\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use alloc::string::ToString;\n"
"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n"
"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n"
"\n"
"#[global_allocator]\n"
"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n"
"\n"
"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n"
"\n"
"pub fn entry() {\n"
"    // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called "
"once.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
"        HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n"
"            .lock()\n"
"            .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
"    let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
"    v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39
msgid ""
"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy "
"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or "
"hook into your existing allocator."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41
msgid ""
"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. "
"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43
msgid ""
"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have "
"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in "
"the top-level binary crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45
msgid ""
"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` "
"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47
msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3
msgid ""
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for "
"Cortex M microcontrollers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"mod interrupts;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21
msgid ""
"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of "
"abstraction."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25
msgid ""
"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -"
"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27
msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3
msgid ""
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try "
"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"mod interrupts;\n"
"\n"
"use core::mem::size_of;\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"\n"
"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n"
"\n"
"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n"
"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n"
"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n"
"\n"
"// PIN_CNF fields\n"
"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n"
"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n"
"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n"
"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n"
"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
"    let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut "
"u32;\n"
"    let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut "
"u32;\n"
"    // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, "
"and\n"
"    // no aliases exist.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n"
"            DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | "
"SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
"        );\n"
"        pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n"
"            DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | "
"SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
"        );\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
"    let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n"
"    let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n"
"    // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, "
"and\n"
"    // no aliases exist.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n"
"        gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64
msgid ""
"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 "
"to the first row."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34
msgid "Run the example with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin mmio\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1
msgid "Peripheral Access Crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3
msgid ""
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust "
"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/"
"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
"    let gpio0 = p.P0;\n"
"\n"
"    // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
"    gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n"
"        w.dir().output();\n"
"        w.input().disconnect();\n"
"        w.pull().disabled();\n"
"        w.drive().s0s1();\n"
"        w.sense().disabled();\n"
"        w\n"
"    });\n"
"    gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n"
"        w.dir().output();\n"
"        w.input().disconnect();\n"
"        w.pull().disabled();\n"
"        w.drive().s0s1();\n"
"        w.sense().disabled();\n"
"        w\n"
"    });\n"
"\n"
"    // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
"    gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n"
"    gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n"
"\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49
msgid ""
"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by "
"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51
msgid ""
"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, "
"descriptions, addresses and so on."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53
msgid ""
"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects "
"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated "
"crates."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55
msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56
msgid ""
"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin "
"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin pac\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1
msgid "HAL crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3
msgid ""
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around "
"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]"
"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n"
"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n"
"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
"    let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
"\n"
"    // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
"    let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n"
"    let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
"\n"
"    // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
"    col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
"    row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39
msgid ""
"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40
msgid ""
"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various "
"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin hal\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1
msgid "Board support crates"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3
msgid ""
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific "
"board for convenience."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
"use microbit::Board;\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
"    board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28
msgid ""
"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, "
"and a bit of initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30
msgid ""
"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the "
"microcontroller itself."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32
msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin board_support\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1
msgid "The type state pattern"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
"    let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
"\n"
"    let pin: P0_01<Disconnected> = gpio0.p0_01;\n"
"\n"
"    // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
"    let pin_input: P0_01<Input<Floating>> = pin.into_floating_input();\n"
"    if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n"
"        // ...\n"
"    }\n"
"    let mut pin_output: P0_01<Output<OpenDrain>> = pin_input\n"
"        .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, "
"Level::Low);\n"
"    pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n"
"    // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
"\n"
"    let _pin2: P0_02<Output<OpenDrain>> = gpio0\n"
"        .p0_02\n"
"        .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, "
"Level::Low);\n"
"    let _pin3: P0_03<Output<PushPull>> = gpio0.p0_03."
"into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
"\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32
msgid ""
"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can "
"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34
msgid ""
"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you "
"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36
msgid ""
"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, "
"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into "
"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain "
"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are "
"caught at compile time."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40
msgid ""
"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but "
"not vice-versa."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41
msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1
msgid "`embedded-hal`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a "
"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6
msgid "GPIO"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7
msgid "ADC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8
msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9
msgid "RNG"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10
msgid "Timers"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11
msgid "Watchdogs"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13
msgid ""
"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/"
"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an "
"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19
msgid ""
"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other "
"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21
msgid ""
"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it "
"isn't stable yet."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1
msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3
msgid ""
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, "
"like OpenOCD but better integrated."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
msgid "SWD"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft "
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
msgid "DAP"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
msgid " server"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8
msgid "Cargo integration"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10
msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log "
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11
msgid "RTT"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11
msgid ""
" output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your "
"project directory."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16
msgid ""
"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is "
"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the "
"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the "
"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19
msgid ""
"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link "
"is a range from SEGGER."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21
msgid ""
"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin "
"Serial Wire Debug."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22
msgid ""
"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you "
"want to."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23
msgid ""
"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-"
"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any "
"supported microcontroller."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25
msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26
msgid ""
"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug "
"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3
msgid "Embed.toml:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[default.general]\n"
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
"\n"
"[debug.gdb]\n"
"enabled = true\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-"
"command=\"target remote :1337\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29
msgid ""
"```gdb\n"
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n"
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n"
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n"
"c\n"
"c\n"
"c\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1
msgid "Other projects"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3
msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4
msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5
msgid ""
"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6
msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7
msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8
msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9
msgid ""
"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit "
"support"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10
msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11
msgid ""
"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, "
"unprivileged drivers, IPC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12
msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13
msgid ""
"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs."
"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18
msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19
msgid "It doesn't include any HALs."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20
msgid ""
"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for "
"scheduling rather than a proper kernel."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22
msgid "Cortex-M only."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23
msgid ""
"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24
msgid ""
"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing "
"applications."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3
msgid ""
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
"serial port."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3
msgid ""
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or "
"use the buttons somehow."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6
msgid "Hints:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8
msgid ""
"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/"
"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/"
"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit."
"org/hardware/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11
msgid ""
"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12
msgid ""
"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13
msgid ""
"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::"
"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/"
"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17
msgid ""
"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/"
"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19
msgid ""
"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi."
"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for "
"this exercise."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23
msgid ""
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
"look in the `compass` directory for the following files."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19
msgid "`src/main.rs`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n"
"\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    // Configure serial port.\n"
"    let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
"        board.UARTE0,\n"
"        board.uart.into(),\n"
"        Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
"        Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
"    );\n"
"\n"
"    // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
"    // TODO\n"
"\n"
"    writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
"        // TODO\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385
msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[workspace]\n"
"\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"compass\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85
msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[default.general]\n"
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
"\n"
"[debug.gdb]\n"
"enabled = true\n"
"\n"
"[debug.reset]\n"
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985
msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[build]\n"
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
"\n"
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118
msgid ""
"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120
msgid ""
"```sh\n"
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1
msgid "Application processors"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3
msgid ""
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. "
"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work "
"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/"
"virt.html) board."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9
msgid ""
"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of "
"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application "
"processors do."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11
msgid ""
"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each "
"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real "
"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1
msgid "Inline assembly"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3
msgid ""
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with "
"Rust code. For example, to make an "
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4
msgid "HVC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4
msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"use core::arch::asm;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"\n"
"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n"
"    // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
"    // anything with memory.\n"
"    unsafe {\n"
"        asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n"
"            inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n"
"            inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n"
"            options(nomem, nostack)\n"
"        );\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39
msgid ""
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/"
"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43
msgid ""
"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of "
"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is "
"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46
msgid ""
"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the "
"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use "
"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the "
"contents of the registers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49
msgid ""
"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because "
"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51
msgid ""
"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally "
"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. "
"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern "
"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 "
"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything "
"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
"examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1
msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3
msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4
msgid "Never hold a reference."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5
msgid ""
"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate "
"reference."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9
msgid ""
"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent "
"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11
msgid ""
"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the "
"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just "
"written, and not bother actually reading memory."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13
msgid ""
"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but "
"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to "
"dereference it."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15
msgid ""
"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the "
"struct."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1
msgid "Let's write a UART driver"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3
msgid ""
"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/"
"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n"
"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n"
"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n"
"\n"
"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Uart {\n"
"    base_address: *mut u8,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Uart {\n"
"    /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
"the\n"
"    /// given base address.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// # Safety\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
"a\n"
"    /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
"process\n"
"    /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
"    pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n"
"        Self { base_address }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
"    pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
"        // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
"        while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n"
"\n"
"        // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe {\n"
"            // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
"            self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
"        while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)."
"read_volatile() }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55
msgid ""
"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is "
"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety "
"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the "
"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then "
"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the "
"necessary preconditions."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60
msgid ""
"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but "
"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every "
"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63
msgid ""
"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving "
"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller "
"number of places."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1
msgid "More traits"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3
msgid ""
"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more "
"traits too."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
"\n"
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
"    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
"        for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
"            self.write_byte(*c);\n"
"        }\n"
"        Ok(())\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
"// accessed from any context.\n"
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24
msgid ""
"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our "
"`Uart` type."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
"examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1
msgid "A better UART driver"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3
msgid ""
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/"
"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding "
"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to "
"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a "
"structured way."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
msgid "Offset"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
msgid "Register name"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
msgid "Width"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
msgid "0x00"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
msgid "DR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
msgid "12"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
msgid "0x04"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
msgid "RSR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
msgid "4"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
msgid "0x18"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
msgid "FR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
msgid "9"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12
msgid "0x20"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12
msgid "ILPR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
msgid "8"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13
msgid "0x24"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13
msgid "IBRD"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
msgid "16"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14
msgid "0x28"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14
msgid "FBRD"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
msgid "6"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
msgid "0x2c"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
msgid "LCR_H"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
msgid "0x30"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
msgid "CR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
msgid "0x34"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
msgid "IFLS"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18
msgid "0x38"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18
msgid "IMSC"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
msgid "11"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
msgid "0x3c"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
msgid "RIS"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20
msgid "0x40"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20
msgid "MIS"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
msgid "0x44"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
msgid "ICR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
msgid "0x48"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
msgid "DMACR"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
msgid "3"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26
msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for "
"working with bitflags."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
"\n"
"bitflags! {\n"
"    /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
"    #[repr(transparent)]\n"
"    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
"    struct Flags: u16 {\n"
"        /// Clear to send.\n"
"        const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
"        /// Data set ready.\n"
"        const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
"        /// Data carrier detect.\n"
"        const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
"        /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
"        const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
"        /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
"        const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
"        /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
"        const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
"        /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
"        const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
"        /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
"        const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
"        /// Ring indicator.\n"
"        const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37
msgid ""
"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along "
"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1
msgid "Multiple registers"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3
msgid ""
"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
"struct Registers {\n"
"    dr: u16,\n"
"    _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
"    rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
"    _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
"    fr: Flags,\n"
"    _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
"    ilpr: u8,\n"
"    _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
"    ibrd: u16,\n"
"    _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
"    fbrd: u8,\n"
"    _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
"    lcr_h: u8,\n"
"    _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
"    cr: u16,\n"
"    _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
"    ifls: u8,\n"
"    _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
"    imsc: u16,\n"
"    _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
"    ris: u16,\n"
"    _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
"    mis: u16,\n"
"    _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
"    icr: u16,\n"
"    _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
"    dmacr: u8,\n"
"    _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41
msgid ""
"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, "
"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a "
"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to "
"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Uart {\n"
"    registers: *mut Registers,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Uart {\n"
"    /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
"the\n"
"    /// given base address.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// # Safety\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
"a\n"
"    /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
"process\n"
"    /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
"    pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
"        Self {\n"
"            registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
"    pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
"        // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
"        while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
"\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe {\n"
"            // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
"            addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
"        while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
"received.\n"
"    pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
"        if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
"            None\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)."
"read_volatile() };\n"
"            // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
"            Some(data as u8)\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64
msgid ""
"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual "
"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1
msgid "Using it"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3
msgid ""
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, "
"and echo incoming bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::error;\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
"    // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
"device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
"    let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"\n"
"    writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        if let Some(b) = uart.read_byte() {\n"
"            uart.write_byte(b);\n"
"            match b {\n"
"                b'\\r' => {\n"
"                    uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n"
"                }\n"
"                b'q' => break,\n"
"                _ => {}\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51
msgid ""
"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` "
"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker "
"notes there for details."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3
msgid ""
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]"
"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the "
"`Log` trait."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
"\n"
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
"    uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"struct Logger {\n"
"    uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
"    fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
"        true\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
"        writeln!(\n"
"            self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
"            \"[{}] {}\",\n"
"            record.level(),\n"
"            record.args()\n"
"        )\n"
"        .unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn flush(&self) {}\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), "
"SetLoggerError> {\n"
"    LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
"\n"
"    log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
"    log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50
msgid ""
"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling "
"`set_logger`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod logger;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
"    // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
"device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
"    let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"    logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n"
"\n"
"    assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n"
"\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
"    error!(\"{info}\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46
msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47
msgid ""
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
"examples`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3
msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4
msgid "\"coreboot without the C\""
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5
msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6
msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7
msgid ""
"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8
msgid ""
"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, "
"exception handling, page tables"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:9
msgid "Not all very well written, so beware."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10
msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:11
msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3
msgid ""
"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal "
"programming."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1
msgid "`zerocopy`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides "
"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other "
"types."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n"
"\n"
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
"enum RequestType {\n"
"    #[default]\n"
"    In = 0,\n"
"    Out = 1,\n"
"    Flush = 4,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[repr(C)]\n"
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
"    request_type: RequestType,\n"
"    reserved: u32,\n"
"    sector: u64,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
"        request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n"
"        sector: 42,\n"
"        ..Default::default()\n"
"    };\n"
"\n"
"    assert_eq!(\n"
"        request.as_bytes(),\n"
"        &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n"
"    );\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40
msgid ""
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), "
"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by "
"DMA, or sent over some external interface."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45
msgid ""
"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is "
"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47
msgid ""
"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because "
"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not "
"all byte patterns are valid."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49
msgid ""
"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50
msgid ""
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
"dependency.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1
msgid "`aarch64-paging`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3
msgid ""
"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets "
"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System "
"Architecture."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use aarch64_paging::{\n"
"    idmap::IdMap,\n"
"    paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"const ASID: usize = 1;\n"
"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n"
"\n"
"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n"
"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n"
"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n"
"idmap.map_range(\n"
"    &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n"
"    Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n"
").unwrap();\n"
"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n"
"idmap.activate();\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28
msgid ""
"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should "
"be straightforward to add."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30
msgid ""
"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android."
"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/"
"pvmfw/)."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31
msgid ""
"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware "
"or under QEMU."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1
msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3
msgid ""
"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) "
"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can "
"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/"
"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]"
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use "
"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for "
"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO "
"space for PCI BARs:"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n"
"use core::alloc::Layout;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n"
"    allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n"
"\n"
"    let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n"
"    let bar = allocator\n"
"        .alloc_aligned(layout)\n"
"        .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n"
"    println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26
msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27
msgid ""
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
"dependency.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1
msgid "`tinyvec`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3
msgid ""
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without "
"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides "
"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically "
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used "
"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n"
"    println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
"    numbers.push(7);\n"
"    println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
"    numbers.remove(1);\n"
"    println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23
msgid ""
"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for "
"initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24
msgid ""
"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1
msgid "`spin`"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3
msgid ""
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` "
"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or "
"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7
msgid ""
"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based "
"equivalents of many of these primitives."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
"\n"
"static counter: SpinMutex<u32> = SpinMutex::new(0);\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
"    *counter.lock() += 2;\n"
"    println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23
msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24
msgid ""
"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, "
"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`;  and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26
msgid ""
"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some "
"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to "
"`spin::once::Once`."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28
msgid ""
"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3
msgid ""
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a "
"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` "
"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` "
"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7
msgid ""
"```soong\n"
"rust_ffi_static {\n"
"    name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
"    defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n"
"    crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
"    srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
"    rustlibs: [\n"
"        \"libvmbase\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"cc_binary {\n"
"    name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
"    defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n"
"    srcs: [\n"
"        \"idmap.S\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"    static_libs: [\n"
"        \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"    linker_scripts: [\n"
"        \"image.ld\",\n"
"        \":vmbase_sections\",\n"
"    ],\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"raw_binary {\n"
"    name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n"
"    stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n"
"    src: \":vmbase_example\",\n"
"    enabled: false,\n"
"    target: {\n"
"        android_arm64: {\n"
"            enabled: true,\n"
"        },\n"
"    },\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3
msgid ""
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android."
"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/"
"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the "
"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"use vmbase::{main, println};\n"
"\n"
"main!(main);\n"
"\n"
"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n"
"    println!(\"Hello world\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21
msgid ""
"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` "
"entry point."
msgstr ""

#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22
msgid ""
"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a "
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3
msgid "RTC driver"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3
msgid ""
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/"
"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, "
"you should write a driver for it."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6
msgid ""
"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the "
"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8
msgid ""
"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given "
"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10
msgid ""
"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by "
"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://"
"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12
msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13
msgid ""
"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::"
"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16
msgid ""
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod logger;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
"    // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
"device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
"    let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"    logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
"\n"
"    // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the "
"base\n"
"    // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
"    // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
"    let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, "
"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"    gic.setup();\n"
"\n"
"    // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n"
"\n"
"    // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n"
"\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
"    error!(\"{info}\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75
msgid ""
"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of "
"the exercise):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
"use log::{error, info, trace};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    trace!(\"irq_current\");\n"
"    let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending "
"interrupt\");\n"
"    info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
"    error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149
msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
"\n"
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
"    uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"struct Logger {\n"
"    uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
"    fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
"        true\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
"        writeln!(\n"
"            self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
"            \"[{}] {}\",\n"
"            record.level(),\n"
"            record.args()\n"
"        )\n"
"        .unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn flush(&self) {}\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), "
"SetLoggerError> {\n"
"    LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
"\n"
"    log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
"    log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210
msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"#![allow(unused)]\n"
"\n"
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
"\n"
"bitflags! {\n"
"    /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
"    #[repr(transparent)]\n"
"    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
"    struct Flags: u16 {\n"
"        /// Clear to send.\n"
"        const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
"        /// Data set ready.\n"
"        const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
"        /// Data carrier detect.\n"
"        const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
"        /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
"        const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
"        /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
"        const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
"        /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
"        const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
"        /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
"        const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
"        /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
"        const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
"        /// Ring indicator.\n"
"        const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
"\n"
"bitflags! {\n"
"    /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
"    #[repr(transparent)]\n"
"    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
"    struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n"
"        /// Framing error.\n"
"        const FE = 1 << 0;\n"
"        /// Parity error.\n"
"        const PE = 1 << 1;\n"
"        /// Break error.\n"
"        const BE = 1 << 2;\n"
"        /// Overrun error.\n"
"        const OE = 1 << 3;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
"struct Registers {\n"
"    dr: u16,\n"
"    _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
"    rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
"    _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
"    fr: Flags,\n"
"    _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
"    ilpr: u8,\n"
"    _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
"    ibrd: u16,\n"
"    _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
"    fbrd: u8,\n"
"    _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
"    lcr_h: u8,\n"
"    _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
"    cr: u16,\n"
"    _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
"    ifls: u8,\n"
"    _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
"    imsc: u16,\n"
"    _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
"    ris: u16,\n"
"    _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
"    mis: u16,\n"
"    _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
"    icr: u16,\n"
"    _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
"    dmacr: u8,\n"
"    _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Uart {\n"
"    registers: *mut Registers,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Uart {\n"
"    /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
"the\n"
"    /// given base address.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// # Safety\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
"a\n"
"    /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
"process\n"
"    /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
"    pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
"        Self {\n"
"            registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
"    pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
"        // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
"        while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
"\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe {\n"
"            // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
"            addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
"        while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
"received.\n"
"    pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
"        if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
"            None\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)."
"read_volatile() };\n"
"            // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
"            Some(data as u8)\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
"\n"
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
"    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
"        for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
"            self.write_byte(*c);\n"
"        }\n"
"        Ok(())\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
"// accessed from any context.\n"
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[workspace]\n"
"\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"rtc\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n"
"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n"
"log = \"0.4.17\"\n"
"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n"
"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n"
"\n"
"[build-dependencies]\n"
"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410
msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"use cc::Build;\n"
"use std::env;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n"
"    env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n"
"    #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n"
"    env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n"
"\n"
"    Build::new()\n"
"        .file(\"entry.S\")\n"
"        .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n"
"        .file(\"idmap.S\")\n"
"        .compile(\"empty\")\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446
msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n"
"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n"
"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n"
"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n"
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n"
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n"
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n"
".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n"
".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n"
"\n"
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n"
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n"
"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation "
"fault instead. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n"
"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n"
".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n"
"/*\n"
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate "
"write-allocate\n"
" * cacheable.\n"
" */\n"
".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n"
"/*\n"
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate "
"write-allocate\n"
" * cacheable.\n"
" */\n"
".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n"
"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n"
".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n"
".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ."
"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n"
".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ."
"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n"
"\n"
"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n"
"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n"
"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n"
"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n"
"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n"
"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n"
"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n"
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << "
"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n"
".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ."
"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n"
".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ."
"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations "
"required to prepare the\n"
" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using "
"registers x25 and above,\n"
" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception "
"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n"
" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n"
" */\n"
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
".global entry\n"
"entry:\n"
"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU "
"and caches. */\n"
"\tadrp x30, idmap\n"
"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
"\n"
"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any "
"potentially stale\n"
"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\ttlbi vmalle1\n"
"\tic iallu\n"
"\tdsb nsh\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
"this has completed.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
"\tisb\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n"
"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n"
"\tb.hs 1f\n"
"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
"\tb 0b\n"
"\n"
"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n"
"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
"\tmov sp, x30\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n"
"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n"
"\tbl main\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
"2:\twfi\n"
"\tb 2b\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595
msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 "
"instructions\n"
" * left.\n"
" *\n"
" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 "
"respectively,\n"
" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent "
"call.\n"
" */\n"
".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n"
"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n"
"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n"
"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n"
"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n"
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving "
"18\n"
" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n"
" * instructions to spare.\n"
" */\n"
".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n"
"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n"
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n"
"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n"
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
"using\n"
" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, "
"doing\n"
" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n"
" *\n"
" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n"
" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can "
"implement\n"
" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n"
" */\n"
".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n"
"\tmsr spsel, #1\n"
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
"\tbl \\handler\n"
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
"\tmsr spsel, #0\n"
"\teret\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
"/**\n"
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
"using\n"
" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores "
"volatile\n"
" * registers, then returns.\n"
" *\n"
" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n"
" * non-volatile registers.\n"
" *\n"
" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n"
" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the "
"whole\n"
" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n"
" */\n"
".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n"
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
"\tbl \\handler\n"
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
"\teret\n"
".endm\n"
"\n"
".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n"
".global vector_table_el1\n"
".balign 0x800\n"
"vector_table_el1:\n"
"sync_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_cur_sp0:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"sync_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_cur_spx:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"sync_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_lower_64:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"sync_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"irq_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"fiq_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
"\n"
".balign 0x80\n"
"serr_lower_32:\n"
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780
msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784
msgid ""
"```armasm\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n"
".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE,  0x3\n"
".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n"
"\n"
"/* Access flag. */\n"
".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n"
"/* Not global. */\n"
".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n"
".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n"
"\n"
".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n"
".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner "
"shareable\n"
"\n"
".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n"
".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n"
"\n"
".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n"
".global idmap\n"
".align 12\n"
"idmap:\n"
"\t/* level 1 */\n"
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t    // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n"
"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n"
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829
msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833
msgid ""
"```ld\n"
"/*\n"
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
" *\n"
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
" *\n"
" *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
" *\n"
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
" * limitations under the License.\n"
" */\n"
"\n"
"/*\n"
" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of "
"the\n"
" * image.\n"
" */\n"
"ENTRY(entry)\n"
"\n"
"MEMORY\n"
"{\n"
"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"SECTIONS\n"
"{\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Collect together the code.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n"
"\t\t*(.init.*)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\t.text : {\n"
"\t\t*(.text.*)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\ttext_end = .;\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\t.got : {\n"
"\t\t*(.got)\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\trodata_end = .;\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n"
"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.data.*)\n"
"\t\t/*\n"
"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n"
"\t\t * bytes long.\n"
"\t\t */\n"
"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n"
"\t\tdata_end = .;\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\n"
"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n"
"\tbin_end = .;\n"
"\n"
"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n"
"\t.bss : ALIGN(16)  {\n"
"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n"
"\t\t*(COMMON)\n"
"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n"
"\t\tbss_end = .;\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\n"
"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n"
"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n"
"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n"
"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n"
"\t} >image\n"
"\n"
"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n"
"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n"
"\n"
"\t/*\n"
"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n"
"\t */\n"
"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n"
"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n"
"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n"
"\t\t*(.hash)\n"
"\t\t*(.interp)\n"
"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n"
"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n"
"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n"
"\t}\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940
msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944
msgid ""
"```makefile\n"
"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"#\n"
"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"#\n"
"#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"#\n"
"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"# limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n"
"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n"
"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n"
"else\n"
"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n"
"endif\n"
"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n"
"\n"
".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n"
"\n"
"all: rtc.bin\n"
"\n"
"build:\n"
"\tcargo build\n"
"\n"
"rtc.bin: build\n"
"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n"
"\n"
"qemu: rtc.bin\n"
"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio "
"-display none -kernel $< -s\n"
"\n"
"clean:\n"
"\tcargo clean\n"
"\trm -f *.bin\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[build]\n"
"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n"
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
msgstr ""

#: src/concurrency.md:1
msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
msgstr "歡迎使用 Rust 的並行程式設計"

#: src/concurrency.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and "
"channels."
msgstr "Rust 使用 OS 執行緒搭配著互斥鎖和通道來完整支援並行處理。"

#: src/concurrency.md:6
msgid ""
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs "
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since "
"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
msgstr ""
"在將許多執行期並行錯誤轉換為編譯期錯誤的過程中，Rust 型別系統扮演了 重要角"
"色。這通常稱為「無懼並行」，因為你可以依賴編譯器， 確保執行期能夠正確運作。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
msgstr "Rust 執行緒的運作方式與其他語言類似："

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    thread::spawn(|| {\n"
"        for i in 1..10 {\n"
"            println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
"            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
"        }\n"
"    });\n"
"\n"
"    for i in 1..5 {\n"
"        println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
"        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    thread::spawn(|| {\n"
"        for i in 1..10 {\n"
"            println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
"            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
"        }\n"
"    });\n"
"\n"
"    for i in 1..5 {\n"
"        println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
"        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them."
msgstr "執行緒都是 daemon 執行緒，主執行緒不會等待這類執行緒完成運作。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25
msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other."
msgstr "執行緒恐慌均為各自獨立，並非彼此相關。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26
msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
msgstr "如果恐慌附帶酬載，可使用 `downcast_ref` 解除封裝。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
msgid ""
"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is "
"not waiting."
msgstr ""
"請注意，執行緒會在達到 10 之前停止運作，因為主執行緒不會 等待其完成運作。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35
msgid ""
"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for "
"the thread to finish."
msgstr ""
"請依序使用 `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` 和 `handle.join()`，等待 執行緒"
"完成運作。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38
msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`."
msgstr "在執行緒中觸發恐慌，請注意，這不會影響 `main`。"

#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40
msgid ""
"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the "
"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/any/index.html)."
msgstr ""
"使用 `handle.join()` 的 `Result` 傳回值，取得恐慌酬載的 存取權。這個階段是提"
"起 [`Any`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html) 的好時機。"

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
msgstr "一般執行緒無法借用環境的資源："

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
"    thread::spawn(|| {\n"
"        println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
"    });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
"    thread::spawn(|| {\n"
"        println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
"    });\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
msgid ""
"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/"
"fn.scope.html) for this:"
msgstr ""
"但是，你可以使用[限定範圍執行緒](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn."
"scope.html)執行這項功能："

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
"    thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
"        scope.spawn(|| {\n"
"            println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
"        });\n"
"    });\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
"\n"
"    thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
"        scope.spawn(|| {\n"
"            println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
"        });\n"
"    });\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37
msgid ""
"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all "
"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data."
msgstr ""
"原因在於 `thread::scope` 函式完成時，能保證所有執行緒都已加入，因此能夠傳回借"
"用的資料。"

#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:38
msgid ""
"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one "
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads."
msgstr ""
"適用 Rust 一般借用規則：可以由一個執行緒以可變方式借用，或者由任意數量的執行"
"緒以不可變方式借用。"

#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two "
"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
msgstr ""
"Rust 通道分為兩個部分：`Sender<T>` 和 `Receiver<T>`。這兩個部分 透過通道相"
"連，但你只能看到端點。"

#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
"    tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
"    tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"    println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"\n"
"    let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
"    tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
"    println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
"    tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
"    tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"    println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"\n"
"    let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
"    tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
"    println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
msgid ""
"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` "
"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does "
"not."
msgstr ""
"`mpsc` 代表多重生產者、唯一消費者。`Sender` 和 `SyncSender` 會實作 `Clone` "
"(用於製作多重生產者)，但 `Receiver` 不會。"

#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29
msgid ""
"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the "
"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
msgstr ""
"`send()` 和 `recv()` 會傳回 `Result`。如果傳回的是 `Err`，表示對應的 "
"`Sender` 或 `Receiver` 已釋放，且通道已關閉。"

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
msgstr "你可以使用 `mpsc::channel()` 取得無界限的非同步通道："

#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
"    thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"        let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
"        for i in 1..10 {\n"
"            tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
"            println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
"        }\n"
"        println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
"    });\n"
"    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
"    for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
"        println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
"\n"
"    thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"        let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
"        for i in 1..10 {\n"
"            tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
"            println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
"        }\n"
"        println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
"    });\n"
"    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
"    for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
"        println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:"
msgstr "有界限的同步通道可讓 `send` 阻擋現行執行緒："

#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
"\n"
"    thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"        let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
"        for i in 1..10 {\n"
"            tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
"            println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
"        }\n"
"        println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
"    });\n"
"    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
"    for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
"        println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
"\n"
"    thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"        let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
"        for i in 1..10 {\n"
"            tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
"            println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
"        }\n"
"        println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
"    });\n"
"    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"\n"
"    for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
"        println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
msgid "`Send` and `Sync`"
msgstr "`Send` 和 `Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
msgid ""
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in "
"two traits:"
msgstr "Rust 如何得知要禁止在執行緒間共享存取權？答案就在以下兩個特徵中："

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
msgid ""
"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` "
"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary."
msgstr ""
"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html)：如果可以將 "
"`T` 在執行緒界線間安全轉移，型別 `T` 就會是 `Send`。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7
msgid ""
"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` "
"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary."
msgstr ""
"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html)：如果可以將 "
"`&T` 在執行緒界線間安全轉移，型別 `T` 就會是 `Sync`。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
msgid ""
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The "
"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only "
"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
"you know it is valid."
msgstr ""
"`Send` 和 `Sync` 是 [不安全的特徵](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md)。如果你的型別"
"只包含其他有 `Send` 和 `Sync` 的型別， 編譯器就會自動根據型別為你產生 `Send` "
"和 `Sync`。或許如果你知道你的型別是適用的， 也可以手動實作。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
msgid ""
"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-"
"safety properties."
msgstr "這些特徵可視為標記，表示該型別含有特定執行緒安全屬性。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21
msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits."
msgstr "這些特徵就像一般特徵，可用於泛型條件約束。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
msgid "`Send`"
msgstr "`Send`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
msgid ""
"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) "
"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
msgstr ""
"如果可以將 `T` 值安全轉移至其他執行緒，型別 `T` 就會是 [`Send`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html)。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
msgid ""
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will "
"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one "
"thread and deallocate it in another."
msgstr ""
"將所有權轉移到其他執行緒的結果，就是「destructors」會在該執行緒中 執行。因此"
"問題是，何時能在一個執行緒中配置一個值， 並在另一個執行緒中釋放這個值的記憶"
"體。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
msgid ""
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from "
"a single thread."
msgstr "舉例來說，與 SQLite 資料庫的連線必須只能透過單一執行緒 存取。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
msgid "`Sync`"
msgstr "`Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
msgid ""
"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) "
"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time."
msgstr ""
"如果可以同時從多個執行緒存取 `T` 值， 型別 `T` 就會是 [`Sync`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html)。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
msgstr "更精確的定義如下："

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
msgstr "`&T` 必須為 `Send`，`T` 才會是 `Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
msgid ""
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is "
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
"across threads."
msgstr ""
"這定義簡單的表示，若一個型別可以在確保執行緒安全的情況下被共用，這型別的參考"
"值也可以安全的被傳遞於其他的執行緒。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
msgid ""
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across "
"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization "
"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type "
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
"be accessed from any thread safely."
msgstr ""
"原因在於如果型別為 Sync，表示能在多個執行緒之間共用，沒有資料競爭或其他同步問"
"題的風險，因此可以安全轉移到其他執行緒。此外，由於可以從任何執行緒安全存取型"
"別參考的資料，型別參考也能安全地轉移到其他執行緒。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
msgid "`Send + Sync`"
msgstr "`Send + Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
msgstr "你遇到的多數型別會是 `Send + Sync`："

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..."
msgstr "`i8`、`f32`、`bool`、`char`、`&str`、..."

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8
msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..."
msgstr "`(T1, T2)`、`[T; N]`、`&[T]`、`struct { x: T }`、..."

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9
msgid "`String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ..."
msgstr "`String`、`Option<T>`、`Vec<T>`、`Box<T>`、..."

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10
msgid "`Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count."
msgstr "`Arc<T>`：透過原子參考計數明確防護執行緒安全。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11
msgid "`Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking."
msgstr "`Mutex<T>`：透過內部鎖定系統明確防護執行緒安全。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12
msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
msgstr "`AtomicBool`、`AtomicU8`、...：使用特殊原子性指示。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
msgid ""
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are "
"`Send + Sync`."
msgstr "如果型別參數是 `Send + Sync`， 一般型別通常就會是 `Send + Sync`。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
msgid "`Send + !Sync`"
msgstr "`Send + !Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
msgid ""
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. "
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
msgstr ""
"以下型別可以轉移到其他執行緒，但不會防護執行緒安全。 原因通常在於內部可變性："

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
msgid "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"
msgstr "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23
msgid "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"
msgstr "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24
msgid "`Cell<T>`"
msgstr "`Cell<T>`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25
msgid "`RefCell<T>`"
msgstr "`RefCell<T>`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
msgid "`!Send + Sync`"
msgstr "`!Send + Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
msgid ""
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
msgstr "以下型別會防護執行緒安全，但無法轉移至其他執行緒："

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
msgid ""
"`MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the "
"thread which created them."
msgstr ""
"`MutexGuard<T>`：使用 OS 層級的原始元件，這類元件必須在建立該元件的 執行緒上"
"釋放記憶體。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
msgid "`!Send + !Sync`"
msgstr "`!Send + !Sync`"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
msgstr "以下型別不會防護執行緒安全，也無法轉移至其他執行緒："

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
msgid ""
"`Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a non-"
"atomic reference count."
msgstr ""
"`Rc<T>`：每個 `Rc<T>` 都有一個 `RcBox<T>` 參考，其中包含一個 非原子參考計數。"

#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40
msgid ""
"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency "
"considerations."
msgstr "`*const T`、`*mut T`：Rust 會假定原始指標可能有特殊的 並行考量。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is "
"primarily done via two types:"
msgstr "Rust 會使用型別系統強制同步共享的資料，主要透過兩種型別 執行："

#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
msgid ""
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic "
"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to "
"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,"
msgstr ""
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html)，原子參考計數"
"為 `T`：處理執行緒間的共享狀態， 並且在最後參考被丟棄時負責釋放 `T` 的記憶"
"體。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8
msgid ""
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures "
"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
msgstr ""
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)：確保能提"
"供 `T` 值的可變專屬存取權。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
msgid "`Arc`"
msgstr "`Arc`"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared "
"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
msgstr ""
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) 可透過 `Arc::"
"clone` 取得共享唯讀存取權："

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
"    let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
"    for _ in 1..5 {\n"
"        let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
"        handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"            let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
"            println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
"        }));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
"    let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
"    for _ in 1..5 {\n"
"        let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
"        handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"            let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
"            println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
"        }));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
msgid ""
"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` "
"that uses atomic operations."
msgstr ""
"`Arc` 代表「原子參考計數」，這個 `Rc` 的執行緒安全版本會採用原子性 運算。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31
msgid ""
"`Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` "
"and `Sync` iff `T` implements them both."
msgstr ""
"`Arc<T>` 會實作 `Clone`，與 `T` 無關。如果 `T` 同時實作 `Send` 和 `Sync`， "
"`Arc<T>` 也會實作這兩者。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33
msgid ""
"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but "
"after that the use of the `T` is free."
msgstr ""
"`Arc::clone()` 會導致執行原子性運算的費用，但之後使用得到的 `T` 不需任何費"
"用。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35
msgid ""
"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect "
"them."
msgstr "留意參考循環，`Arc` 並不使用垃圾收集器進行偵測。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36
msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help."
msgstr "`std::sync::Weak` 可協助執行這項功能。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
msgid "`Mutex`"
msgstr "`Mutex`"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures "
"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only "
"interface:"
msgstr ""
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) 可確保執行"
"互斥功能，「並」在唯讀介面背後授予 `T` 的可變存取權："

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
"    println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        guard.push(40);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
"    println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        guard.push(40);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
msgid ""
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket "
"implementation."
msgstr ""
"請留意我們如何進行 [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang."
"org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) 的概括性 實作。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
msgid ""
"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the "
"protected data."
msgstr "Rust 中的 `Mutex` 就像是只有一個元素的集合，也就是受保護的資料。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32
msgid ""
"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the "
"protected data."
msgstr "必須先取得互斥鎖，才能存取受保護的資料。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33
msgid ""
"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The "
"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held."
msgstr ""
"只要使用這個鎖，就能從 `&Mutex<T>` 取得 `&mut T`。`MutexGuard` 可確保 `&mut "
"T` 的壽命不會超過所持有的鎖。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35
msgid "`Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff `T` implements `Send`."
msgstr "如果 `T` 實作 `Send`，`Mutex<T>` 才會實作 `Send` 和 `Sync`。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36
msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`."
msgstr "可讀寫的對應鎖 - `RwLock`。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37
msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? "
msgstr "為何 `lock()` 會傳回 `Result`？"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38
msgid ""
"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes "
"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an "
"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a "
"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). "
"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless."
msgstr ""
"如果持有 `Mutex` 的執行緒發生恐慌，`Mutex` 就會「中毒」，指出 其保護的資料可"
"能處於不一致的狀態。如果對已中毒的互斥鎖呼叫 `lock()`， 會發生 "
"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html) "
"錯誤。無論如何，你都可以對錯誤呼叫 `into_inner()` 來復原 資料。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
msgstr "我們來看看 `Arc` 和 `Mutex` 的實際應用情形："

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
"        v.push(10);\n"
"    });\n"
"    v.push(1000);\n"
"\n"
"    handle.join().unwrap();\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
"    let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
"        v.push(10);\n"
"    });\n"
"    v.push(1000);\n"
"\n"
"    handle.join().unwrap();\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
msgid "Possible solution:"
msgstr "可能的解決方案："

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
msgid ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
"\n"
"    let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
"    let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"        let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        v2.push(10);\n"
"    });\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        v.push(1000);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    handle.join().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""
"```rust,editable\n"
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
"\n"
"    let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
"    let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"        let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        v2.push(10);\n"
"    });\n"
"\n"
"    {\n"
"        let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        v.push(1000);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    handle.join().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
msgid "Notable parts:"
msgstr "重要部分："

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
msgid ""
"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are "
"orthogonal."
msgstr "`v` 已同時納入 `Arc` 和 `Mutex`，因為兩者的考量互不相關。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52
msgid ""
"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state "
"between threads."
msgstr "將 `Mutex` 納入 `Arc`，是在執行緒間共享可變狀態的常見模式。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53
msgid ""
"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another "
"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature."
msgstr ""
"`v: Arc<_>` 需要複製成 `v2`，才能轉移到其他執行緒。請注意，`move` 已新增至 "
"lambda 簽章。"

#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54
msgid ""
"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
"possible."
msgstr "采用區塊，盡量縮小 `LockGuard` 的範圍。"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5
msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7
msgid ""
"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to "
"download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5
msgid ""
"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has "
"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish "
"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each "
"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can "
"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two "
"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, "
"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put "
"down both forks."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13
msgid ""
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill "
"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"struct Fork;\n"
"\n"
"struct Philosopher {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    // left_fork: ...\n"
"    // right_fork: ...\n"
"    // thoughts: ...\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Philosopher {\n"
"    fn think(&self) {\n"
"        self.thoughts\n"
"            .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
"            .unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn eat(&self) {\n"
"        // Pick up forks...\n"
"        println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
"        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
"    &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // Create forks\n"
"\n"
"    // Create philosophers\n"
"\n"
"    // Make them think and eat\n"
"\n"
"    // Output their thoughts\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3
msgid ""
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It "
"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It "
"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this "
"until all pages have been validated."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8
msgid ""
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/"
"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo new link-checker\n"
"$ cd link-checker\n"
"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17
msgid ""
"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the "
"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20
msgid ""
"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs."
"rs/scraper/) for that:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo add scraper\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26
msgid ""
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]"
"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo add thiserror\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33
msgid ""
"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"publish = false\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
"tls\"] }\n"
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50
msgid ""
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://"
"www.google.org/`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n"
"use reqwest::Url;\n"
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
"enum Error {\n"
"    #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
"    ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result<Vec<Url>, Error> {\n"
"    let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
"    let document = response.text()?;\n"
"    let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n"
"    let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n"
"    for element in html.select(&selector) {\n"
"        if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n"
"            match base_url.join(href) {\n"
"                Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n"
"                Err(err) => {\n"
"                    println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: "
"{err} (ignored)\",);\n"
"                }\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    Ok(valid_urls)\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n"
"    let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n"
"    match extract_links(response) {\n"
"        Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n"
"        Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:100
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo run\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:108
msgid ""
"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a "
"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:110
msgid ""
"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google."
"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up "
"being blocked by the site."
msgstr ""

#: src/async.md:1
msgid "Async Rust"
msgstr "非同步的 Rust"

#: src/async.md:3
msgid ""
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed "
"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to "
"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a "
"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the "
"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide "
"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed."
msgstr ""
"「非同步（async）」是一種將多個任務併行執行的模式。在這樣的模式中，當其中一個"
"任務進入阻塞狀態時，系統會去執行至另一個可執行的任務。這種模式允許在執行緒數"
"量有限的環境下執行大量的任務，這是因為每個任務所造成的開銷通常都很低，而且作"
"業系統提供的基本功能能夠有效地辨識可處理的 I/O。"

#: src/async.md:10
msgid ""
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work "
"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they "
"signal that they are complete."
msgstr ""
"Rust 的非同步操作是透過「future」來處理，代表可能在未來完成的工作。Future 會"
"處在被「輪詢（poll）」的狀態，直到它送出信號來表示工作已經處理完成。"

#: src/async.md:14
msgid ""
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are "
"available."
msgstr "Future 會被非同步的執行環境（runtime）輪詢，而執行環境有許多種可選擇。"

#: src/async.md:17
msgid "Comparisons"
msgstr "比較"

#: src/async.md:19
msgid ""
"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is "
"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", "
"similar to a runtime in Rust."
msgstr ""
"Python 有一個類似的模型 `asyncio`。不過 `asyncio` 的 `Future` 類型是根據回呼"
"函數（callback）而非輪詢。非同步的 Python 程式需要「迴圈（loop）」來處理，類"
"似於 Rust 的執行環境。"

#: src/async.md:23
msgid ""
"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language "
"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise "
"resolution are hidden."
msgstr ""
"JavaScript 的 `Promise` 也是類似的概念，但仍是基於回呼函數。JavaScript 的語言"
"執行環境實作了事件迴圈（event loop），所以隱藏了很多關於 Promise 的處理細節。"

#: src/async/async-await.md:1
msgid "`async`/`await`"
msgstr "`async`/`await`"

#: src/async/async-await.md:3
msgid ""
"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential "
"code:"
msgstr ""
"從高層次的角度來看，非同步的 Rust 程式碼看起來很像「一般的」同步程式碼："

#: src/async/async-await.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use futures::executor::block_on;\n"
"\n"
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
"    for i in 1..=count {\n"
"        println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n"
"    count_to(count).await;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    block_on(async_main(10));\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/async-await.md:27
msgid ""
"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long "
"running operation or any real concurrency in it!"
msgstr ""
"注意這只是一個簡化過的程式碼，目的是要示範程式語法。這份範例程式碼當中並沒有"
"需要長時間運行的操作，也沒有真正的併行處理！"

#: src/async/async-await.md:30
msgid "What is the return type of an async call?"
msgstr "如何得知非同步函數的回傳型別？"

#: src/async/async-await.md:31
msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type."
msgstr "在 `main` 函數中使用 `let feature: () = async_main(10);` 以查看型態。"

#: src/async/async-await.md:33
msgid ""
"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return "
"type with a future. "
msgstr ""
"「async」這個關鍵字只是個程式碼語法糖。編譯器會將函數回傳型態以 future 取代。"

#: src/async/async-await.md:36
msgid ""
"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the "
"compiler on how to use the returned future."
msgstr ""
"你不能把 `main` 函數標示成非同步函數，除非你對編譯器額外設定了如何處理回傳的 "
"future 的方式。"

#: src/async/async-await.md:39
msgid ""
"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread "
"until the provided future has run to completion. "
msgstr ""
"你需要處理器去執行非同步的程式碼。`block_on` 會阻塞當前的執行緒，直到 future "
"已執行完畢。"

#: src/async/async-await.md:42
msgid ""
"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. "
"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread."
msgstr ""
"`.await` 會非同步地等待其他操作執行完畢。別於 `block_on`，`.await` 不會阻塞當"
"前的執行緒。"

#: src/async/async-await.md:45
msgid ""
"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are "
"introduced later). "
msgstr "`.await` 只能用在 `async` 函數（或程式碼區塊，之後會介紹）中。"

#: src/async/futures.md:3
msgid ""
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a "
"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be "
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:8
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"use std::pin::Pin;\n"
"use std::task::Context;\n"
"\n"
"pub trait Future {\n"
"    type Output;\n"
"    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::"
"Output>;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub enum Poll<T> {\n"
"    Ready(T),\n"
"    Pending,\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:23
msgid ""
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but "
"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the "
"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow "
"joining to it."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:27
msgid ""
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function "
"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:32
msgid ""
"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the "
"links to show the implementations in the docs."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:35
msgid ""
"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async "
"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:38
msgid ""
"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an "
"event occurs."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/futures.md:41
msgid ""
"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into "
"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain "
"valid after an `.await`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:3
msgid ""
"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a "
"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust "
"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:7
msgid ""
"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of "
"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://"
"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:10
msgid ""
"[async-std](https://async.rs/) - aims to be a \"std for async\", and "
"includes a basic runtime in `async::task`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:12
msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - simple and lightweight"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:14
msgid ""
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]"
"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-"
"async/src/lib.rs) already has one."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:20
msgid ""
"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust "
"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting "
"async things can't run in the playground."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes.md:24
msgid ""
"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O "
"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS "
"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never "
"used."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4
msgid "Tokio provides: "
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6
msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7
msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8
msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::time;\n"
"\n"
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
"    for i in 1..=count {\n"
"        println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n"
"        time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n"
"\n"
"    for i in 1..5 {\n"
"        println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n"
"        time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33
msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35
msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37
msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41
msgid ""
"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async "
"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait "
"until it finishes."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45
msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47
msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:3
msgid ""
"Runtimes have the concept of a \"task\", similar to a thread but much less "
"resource-intensive."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:6
msgid ""
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make "
"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` "
"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a "
"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer "
"and an I/O operation."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:11
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n"
"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n"
"    let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n"
"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n"
"\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
"\n"
"        println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
"\n"
"        tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
"            if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n"
"                println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
"                return;\n"
"            }\n"
"\n"
"            let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n"
"            let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n"
"                Ok(n) => {\n"
"                    let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()."
"trim();\n"
"                    format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n"
"                }\n"
"                Err(e) => {\n"
"                    println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
"                    return;\n"
"                }\n"
"            };\n"
"\n"
"            if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n"
"                println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
"            }\n"
"        });\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:53 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36
msgid ""
"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:55
msgid ""
"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with "
"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:58
msgid ""
"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a "
"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, "
"similar to an `async fn`. "
msgstr ""

#: src/async/tasks.md:62
msgid ""
"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling "
"using `?`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:3
msgid ""
"Several crates have support for `async`/`await`. For instance `tokio` "
"channels:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:5
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
"\n"
"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n"
"    let mut count: usize = 0;\n"
"\n"
"    while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n"
"        count += 1;\n"
"        println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
"    let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n"
"    for i in 0..10 {\n"
"        sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n"
"        println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    std::mem::drop(sender);\n"
"    ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler "
"task.\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:35
msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:37
msgid ""
"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the "
"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:40
msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:42
msgid ""
"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that "
"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient "
"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/channels.md:46
msgid ""
"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to "
"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control "
"flow."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md:1
msgid "Futures Control Flow"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md:3
msgid ""
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. "
"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of "
"execution."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md:6
msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow.md:7
msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3
msgid ""
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns "
"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in "
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use anyhow::Result;\n"
"use futures::future;\n"
"use reqwest;\n"
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
"\n"
"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result<usize> {\n"
"    let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n"
"    Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n"
"        \"https://google.com\",\n"
"        \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n"
"        \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n"
"        \"BAD_URL\",\n"
"    ];\n"
"    let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n"
"    let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n"
"    let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result<usize>> =\n"
"        urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n"
"    println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38
msgid ""
"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but "
"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is "
"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42
msgid ""
"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would "
"cause your program to stall. "
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45
msgid ""
"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all "
"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a "
"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a "
"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but "
"demonstrates `join!`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3
msgid ""
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and "
"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise."
"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio."
"FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8
msgid ""
"This is usually a macro, similar to match, with each arm of the form "
"`pattern = future => statement`. When the future is ready, the statement is "
"executed with the variable bound to the future's result."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:12
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n"
"enum Animal {\n"
"    Cat { name: String },\n"
"    Dog { name: String },\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n"
"    mut cat_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
"    mut dog_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
") -> Option<Animal> {\n"
"    tokio::select! {\n"
"        cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n"
"        dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
"    let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
"    tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
"        sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n"
"        cat_sender\n"
"            .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n"
"            .await\n"
"            .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n"
"    });\n"
"    tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
"        sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n"
"        dog_sender\n"
"            .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n"
"            .await\n"
"            .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n"
"    });\n"
"\n"
"    let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n"
"        .await\n"
"        .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:61
msgid ""
"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. "
"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick "
"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat "
"that take 500ms seconds."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:66
msgid ""
"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed "
"to receive only one `send`."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:69
msgid ""
"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts "
"of futures."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:72
msgid ""
"Note that `select!` moves the values it is given. It is easiest to use when "
"every execution of `select!` creates new futures. An alternative is to pass "
"`&mut future` instead of the future itself, but this can lead to issues, "
"further discussed in the pinning slide."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1
msgid "Pitfalls of async/await"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3
msgid ""
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent "
"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes "
"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this "
"chapter:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5
msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6
msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7
msgid "[Async Traits](pitfall/async-traits.md)"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1
msgid "Blocking the executor"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3
msgid ""
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that "
"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from "
"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where "
"possible."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use futures::future::join_all;\n"
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
"\n"
"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n"
"    std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n"
"    println!(\n"
"        \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n"
"        start.elapsed().as_millis()\n"
"    );\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    let start = Instant::now();\n"
"    let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n"
"    join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29
msgid ""
"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than "
"concurrently."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32
msgid ""
"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This "
"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-"
"threaded flavor."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36
msgid ""
"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38
msgid ""
"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual "
"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41
msgid ""
"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most "
"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is "
"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, "
"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific "
"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such "
"situations."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47
msgid ""
"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause "
"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3
msgid ""
"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be "
"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current "
"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those "
"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8
msgid ""
"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't "
"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future "
"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n"
"use tokio::task::spawn;\n"
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
"\n"
"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n"
"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct Work {\n"
"    input: u32,\n"
"    respond_on: oneshot::Sender<u32>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n"
"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver<Work>) {\n"
"    let mut iterations = 0;\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        tokio::select! {\n"
"            Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n"
"                sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n"
"                work.respond_on\n"
"                    .send(work.input * 1000)\n"
"                    .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n"
"                iterations += 1;\n"
"            }\n"
"            // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n"
"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender<Work>, input: u32) -> u32 {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n"
"    work_queue\n"
"        .send(Work {\n"
"            input,\n"
"            respond_on: tx,\n"
"        })\n"
"        .await\n"
"        .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n"
"    rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
"    spawn(worker(rx));\n"
"    for i in 0..100 {\n"
"        let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n"
"        println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68
msgid ""
"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically "
"call `select!` in a loop."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71
msgid ""
"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your "
"time with it."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74
msgid ""
"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to "
"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77
msgid ""
"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
"loop {\n"
"    select! {\n"
"        ..,\n"
"        _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88
msgid ""
"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the "
"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::"
"pin`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n"
"loop {\n"
"    select! {\n"
"        ..,\n"
"        _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102
msgid ""
"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every "
"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset "
"`timeout_fut` every time it expires."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106
msgid ""
"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently "
"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, "
"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110
msgid ""
"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that "
"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3
msgid ""
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An "
"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid "
"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-"
"nightly.html))"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5
msgid ""
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) "
"provides a workaround through a macro:"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
"use async_trait::async_trait;\n"
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
"\n"
"#[async_trait]\n"
"trait Sleeper {\n"
"    async fn sleep(&self);\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct FixedSleeper {\n"
"    sleep_ms: u64,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[async_trait]\n"
"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n"
"    async fn sleep(&self) {\n"
"        sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>>, "
"n_times: usize) {\n"
"    for _ in 0..n_times {\n"
"        println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n"
"        for sleeper in &sleepers {\n"
"            let start = Instant::now();\n"
"            sleeper.sleep().await;\n"
"            println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    let sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>> = vec![\n"
"        Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n"
"        Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n"
"    ];\n"
"    run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51
msgid ""
"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to "
"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54
msgid ""
"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and "
"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of "
"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/"
"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in "
"digging deeper."
msgstr ""

#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60
msgid ""
"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of "
"time and adding it to the Vec."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3
msgid ""
"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5
msgid ""
"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time "
"you are going to implement it with Async Rust."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8
msgid ""
"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you "
"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3
msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3
msgid ""
"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the "
"problem."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6
msgid ""
"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-"
"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/"
"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
"use tokio::time;\n"
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
"\n"
"struct Fork;\n"
"\n"
"struct Philosopher {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    // left_fork: ...\n"
"    // right_fork: ...\n"
"    // thoughts: ...\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Philosopher {\n"
"    async fn think(&self) {\n"
"        self.thoughts\n"
"            .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))."
"await\n"
"            .unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    async fn eat(&self) {\n"
"        // Pick up forks...\n"
"        println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
"        time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
"    &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    // Create forks\n"
"\n"
"    // Create philosophers\n"
"\n"
"    // Make them think and eat\n"
"\n"
"    // Output their thoughts\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57
msgid ""
"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. "
"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", "
"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72
msgid ""
"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module "
"from the `tokio` crate."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77
msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? "
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3
msgid ""
"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast "
"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and "
"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard "
"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message "
"that it receives to all the clients."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9
msgid ""
"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/"
"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]"
"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the "
"communication between the client and the server."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13
msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15
msgid "`Cargo.toml`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19
msgid ""
"```toml\n"
"[package]\n"
"name = \"chat-async\"\n"
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
"\n"
"[dependencies]\n"
"futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n"
"http = \"0.2.9\"\n"
"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n"
"tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32
msgid "The required APIs"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33
msgid ""
"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and "
"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/"
"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the "
"API. "
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37
msgid ""
"[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/"
"tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for "
"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39
msgid ""
"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/"
"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for "
"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41
msgid ""
"[BufReader::read_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines."
"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the "
"standard input."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43
msgid ""
"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/"
"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46
msgid "Two binaries"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48
msgid ""
"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main."
"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one "
"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, "
"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. "
"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` "
"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-"
"targets.html#binaries)). "
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55
msgid ""
"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/"
"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as "
"described below. "
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117
msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n"
"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n"
"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n"
"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n"
"\n"
"async fn handle_connection(\n"
"    addr: SocketAddr,\n"
"    mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream<TcpStream>,\n"
"    bcast_tx: Sender<String>,\n"
") -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
"\n"
"    // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
"\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
"    let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n"
"\n"
"    let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n"
"    println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n"
"\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
"        println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
"        let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n"
"        tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
"            // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
"            let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n"
"\n"
"            handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n"
"        });\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:202
msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n"
"use http::Uri;\n"
"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n"
"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n"
"    let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::"
"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n"
"        .connect()\n"
"        .await?;\n"
"\n"
"    let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n"
"    let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin);\n"
"\n"
"\n"
"    // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
"\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127
msgid "Running the binaries"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128
msgid "Run the server with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo run --bin server\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134
msgid "and the client with:"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136
msgid ""
"```shell\n"
"$ cargo run --bin client\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142
msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143
msgid ""
"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a "
"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts "
"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146
msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147
msgid ""
"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently "
"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and "
"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and "
"displaying them for the user."
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151
msgid ""
"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all "
"clients, but the sender of the message."
msgstr ""

#: src/thanks.md:3
msgid ""
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and "
"that it was useful."
msgstr ""
"感謝您參加 Comprehensive Rust 🦀 課程！__希望您喜歡這門課，並能學以致用。"

#: src/thanks.md:6
msgid ""
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not "
"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, "
"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you."
msgstr ""
"我們在整合課程時獲得許多樂趣。但這門課並非完美無缺，因此您若發現任何錯誤，或"
"有改善的想法，歡迎[透過 GitHub 與我們聯絡](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/discussions)。我們很樂於傾聽您的意見！"

#: src/other-resources.md:1
msgid "Other Rust Resources"
msgstr "其他 Rust 資源"

#: src/other-resources.md:3
msgid ""
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources "
"online."
msgstr "Rust 社群在線上提供了大量優質的免費資源。"

#: src/other-resources.md:6
msgid "Official Documentation"
msgstr "官方說明文件"

#: src/other-resources.md:8
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
msgstr "Rust 專案中有許多資源。您可以透過這些資源瞭解 Rust 的一般概念："

#: src/other-resources.md:10
msgid ""
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the "
"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a "
"few projects for people to build."
msgstr ""
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/)：Rust 的免費"
"標準用書，詳細介紹這個語言的種種知識，也收錄了一些可供使用者建構的專案。"

#: src/other-resources.md:13
msgid ""
"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the "
"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. "
"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code "
"in the examples."
msgstr ""
"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/)：透過一系列範例"
"示範不同結構，進而介紹 Rust 語法。偶爾也會提供牛刀小試的練習，請您擴寫範例的"
"程式碼。"

#: src/other-resources.md:17
msgid ""
"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation "
"of the standard library for Rust."
msgstr ""
"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/)：Rust 標準程式庫的完"
"整說明文件。"

#: src/other-resources.md:19
msgid ""
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete "
"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
msgstr ""
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/)：本書並不完整，但"
"會說明 Rust 文法和記憶體模型。"

#: src/other-resources.md:22
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
msgstr "在 Rust 官方網站上還有更多專業指南："

#: src/other-resources.md:24
msgid ""
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, "
"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages "
"(FFI)."
msgstr ""
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)：說明不安全的 Rust，包"
"括如何使用原始指標並與其他語言 (FFI) 互動。"

#: src/other-resources.md:27
msgid ""
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): "
"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the "
"Rust Book was written."
msgstr ""
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/)："
"主要探討在 Rust 標準用書出版後問世的全新非同步程式設計模型。"

#: src/other-resources.md:30
msgid ""
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating "
"system."
msgstr ""
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/)：說"
"明如何在沒有作業系統的內嵌裝置上使用 Rust。"

#: src/other-resources.md:33
msgid "Unofficial Learning Material"
msgstr "非官方學習教材"

#: src/other-resources.md:35
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
msgstr "以下精選一些 Rust 的其他指南和教學課程："

#: src/other-resources.md:37
msgid ""
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust "
"from the perspective of low-level C programmers."
msgstr ""
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/)：以低階 C 程"
"式設計師的角度介紹 Rust。"

#: src/other-resources.md:39
msgid ""
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write "
"firmware in C."
msgstr ""
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
"rust_for_c/)：從以 C 語言編寫韌體的開發人員角度介紹 Rust。"

#: src/other-resources.md:42
msgid ""
"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): "
"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other "
"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python."
msgstr ""
"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/)：利用"
"與其他語言 (例如 C、C++、Java、JavaScript 和 Python) 並列比較的方式介紹 Rust "
"語法。"

#: src/other-resources.md:45
msgid ""
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help "
"you learn Rust."
msgstr ""
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust)：提供超過 100 項練習幫助"
"您學習 Rust。"

#: src/other-resources.md:47
msgid ""
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic "
"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, "
"and async/await are also covered."
msgstr ""
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
"material/index.html)：一系列精簡簡報，涵蓋 Rust 語言的基礎和進階部分，並說明 "
"WebAssembly 和 async/await 等其他主題。"

#: src/other-resources.md:52
msgid ""
"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-"
"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs."
"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at "
"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of "
"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs."
msgstr ""
"「[Rust 初學者系列](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-TW/shows/beginners-series-"
"to-rust/)」和「[使用 Rust 邁出您的第一步](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-TW/"
"learn/paths/rust-first-steps/)」：專為新手開發人員編寫的兩份 Rust 指南。前者"
"包含一套 35 部的影片，後者則是一套 11 個模組的課程，探討 Rust 語法和基本結"
"構。"

#: src/other-resources.md:58
msgid ""
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management "
"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures."
msgstr ""
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
"github.io/too-many-lists/)：透過實作幾種不同型別的清單結構，深入探討 Rust 的"
"記憶體管理規則。"

#: src/other-resources.md:63
msgid ""
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) "
"for even more Rust books."
msgstr ""
"如需更多 Rust 相關書籍，請參閱 [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb."
"github.io/book/)。"

#: src/credits.md:3
msgid ""
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust "
"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a "
"full list of useful resources."
msgstr ""
"這份教材是以許多優質的 Rust 說明文件來源為基礎。請參閱 [其他資源](other-"
"resources.md) 頁面，查看完整的實用資源清單。"

#: src/credits.md:7
msgid ""
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache "
"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) for details."
msgstr ""
"Comprehensive Rust 的教材是根據 Apache 授權條款第 2.0 版取得授權，詳情請參閱 "
"[`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) 頁面。"

#: src/credits.md:10
msgid "Rust by Example"
msgstr "Rust by Example"

#: src/credits.md:12
msgid ""
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by "
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the "
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license "
"terms."
msgstr ""
"部分範例和習題是複製自 [Rust by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-"
"example/)，並經過調整。詳情請參閱 `third_party/rust-by-example/` 目錄，包括授"
"權條款。"

#: src/credits.md:17
msgid "Rust on Exercism"
msgstr "Exercism 上的 Rust"

#: src/credits.md:19
msgid ""
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://"
"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` "
"directory for details, including the license terms."
msgstr ""
"部分習題是複製自 [Exercism 上的 Rust](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust) 相關"
"內容，並經過調整。詳情請參閱 `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` 目錄，包括授權條"
"款。"

#: src/credits.md:24
msgid "CXX"
msgstr "CXX"

#: src/credits.md:26
msgid ""
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section "
"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` "
"directory for details, including the license terms."
msgstr ""
"在「互通性」該節的「[與 C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md)」部分中，所使用"
"的圖片是出自 [CXX](https://cxx.rs/)。詳情請參閱 `third_party/cxx/` 目錄，包括"
"授權條款。"

#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
msgstr "您可以在以下幾頁查看練習的解決方案。"

#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
msgid ""
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github."
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a "
"different or better solution than what is presented here."
msgstr ""
"歡迎[前往 GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions)針"
"對解決方案提問。如果您有與本書不同或更好的解決方案，請告訴我們。"

#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10
msgid ""
"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` "
"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-"
"use parts of the solutions as the exercises."
msgstr ""
"**注意：**請忽略解決方案中的 `// ANCHOR: label` 和 `// ANCHOR_END: label` 註"
"解。之所以有這些註解，是要方便您重複利用解決方案的某些部分來練習。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises"
msgstr "第 1 天：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](for-loops.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: transpose\n"
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n"
"    let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n"
"    for i in 0..3 {\n"
"        for j in 0..3 {\n"
"            result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"    return result;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n"
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n"
"    for row in matrix {\n"
"        println!(\"{row:?}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: tests\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_transpose() {\n"
"    let matrix = [\n"
"        [101, 102, 103], //\n"
"        [201, 202, 203],\n"
"        [301, 302, 303],\n"
"    ];\n"
"    let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
"    assert_eq!(\n"
"        transposed,\n"
"        [\n"
"            [101, 201, 301], //\n"
"            [102, 202, 302],\n"
"            [103, 203, 303],\n"
"        ]\n"
"    );\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let matrix = [\n"
"        [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
"        [201, 202, 203],\n"
"        [301, 302, 303],\n"
"    ];\n"
"\n"
"    println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
"    pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
"\n"
"    let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
"    println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
"    pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78
msgid "Bonus question"
msgstr "加分題"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80
msgid ""
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-"
"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our "
"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the "
"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return."
msgstr ""
"這需要用到更進階的概念。表面上看起來我們可以使用多維度切片 (`&[&[i32]]`) 做為"
"轉置的輸入型別，進而讓函式處理任何大小的矩陣。但實際上這很快就會失敗，也就是"
"說傳回型別不能是 `&[&[i32]]`，因為它需要擁有您傳回的資料。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82
msgid ""
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work "
"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to "
"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either."
msgstr ""
"您可以嘗試使用 `Vec<Vec<i32>>` 這類代碼，但這也不能立即見效，因為從 "
"`Vec<Vec<i32>>` 轉換成 `&[&[i32]]` 並不容易，因此您現在也無法輕易使用 "
"`pretty_print`。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84
msgid ""
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::"
"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to "
"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
msgstr ""
"一旦瞭解特徵和泛型，我們就能使用 [`std::convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) 特徵，對任何可當做切片參照的資料進行抽"
"象化。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"use std::convert::AsRef;\n"
"use std::fmt::Debug;\n"
"\n"
"fn pretty_print<T, Line, Matrix>(matrix: Matrix)\n"
"where\n"
"    T: Debug,\n"
"    // A line references a slice of items\n"
"    Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n"
"    // A matrix references a slice of lines\n"
"    Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n"
"{\n"
"    for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n"
"        println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // &[&[i32]]\n"
"    pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n"
"    // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
"    pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n"
"    // Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
"    pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113
msgid ""
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of "
"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
msgstr ""
"此外，型別本身不會強制規定子項切片的長度必須相同，因此這類變數可能含有無效的"
"矩陣。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "第 1 天：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](book-library.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
"struct Library {\n"
"    books: Vec<Book>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"struct Book {\n"
"    title: String,\n"
"    year: u16,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Book {\n"
"    // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
"    fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
"        Book {\n"
"            title: String::from(title),\n"
"            year,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
"//\n"
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
"impl Library {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Library_new\n"
"    fn new() -> Library {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n"
"        Library { books: Vec::new() }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Library_len\n"
"    //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n"
"    fn len(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        self.books.len()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n"
"    //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n"
"    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n"
"        self.books.is_empty()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n"
"    //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n"
"    fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n"
"        self.books.push(book)\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n"
"    //fn print_books(self) {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and "
"year\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n"
"    fn print_books(&self) {\n"
"        for book in &self.books {\n"
"            println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n"
"    //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
"    //    todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
"    //}\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n"
"    fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
"        // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n"
"        // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
"\n"
"        // Longer hand-written solution:\n"
"        let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n"
"        for book in self.books.iter() {\n"
"            if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n"
"                oldest = Some(book);\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        oldest\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let library = Library::new();\n"
"\n"
"    //println!(\"The library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
"    //\n"
"    //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
"    //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
"1865));\n"
"    //\n"
"    //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
"    //\n"
"    //\n"
"    //library.print_books();\n"
"    //\n"
"    //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
"    //    Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
"    //    None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
"    //}\n"
"    //\n"
"    //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
"    //library.print_books();\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_library_len() {\n"
"    let mut library = Library::new();\n"
"    assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n"
"    assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
"\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
"1865));\n"
"    assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n"
"    assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n"
"    let mut library = Library::new();\n"
"    assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
"\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
"    assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_library_print_books() {\n"
"    let mut library = Library::new();\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
"1865));\n"
"    // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n"
"    // method to start with.\n"
"    library.print_books();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n"
"    let mut library = Library::new();\n"
"    assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n"
"\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
"    assert_eq!(\n"
"        library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
"        Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n"
"    );\n"
"\n"
"    library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
"1865));\n"
"    assert_eq!(\n"
"        library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
"        Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n"
"    );\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises"
msgstr "第 2 天：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:177
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](points-polygons.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n"
"// ANCHOR: Point\n"
"pub struct Point {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Point\n"
"    x: i32,\n"
"    y: i32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n"
"impl Point {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n"
"    pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n"
"        Point { x, y }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n"
"        f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n"
"        (self - other).magnitude()\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
"    type Output = Self;\n"
"\n"
"    fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
"        Self {\n"
"            x: self.x + other.x,\n"
"            y: self.y + other.y,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n"
"    type Output = Self;\n"
"\n"
"    fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
"        Self {\n"
"            x: self.x - other.x,\n"
"            y: self.y - other.y,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n"
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n"
"    points: Vec<Point>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n"
"impl Polygon {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n"
"    pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n"
"        Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n"
"        self.points.push(point);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {\n"
"        self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {\n"
"        self.points.iter()\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n"
"        if self.points.is_empty() {\n"
"            return 0.0;\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        let mut result = 0.0;\n"
"        let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n"
"        for point in &self.points[1..] {\n"
"            result += last_point.dist(*point);\n"
"            last_point = *point;\n"
"        }\n"
"        result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n"
"        result\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Circle\n"
"pub struct Circle {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n"
"    center: Point,\n"
"    radius: i32,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n"
"impl Circle {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n"
"    pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n"
"        Circle { center, radius }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n"
"        2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n"
"        self.center.dist(other.center)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Shape\n"
"pub enum Shape {\n"
"    Polygon(Polygon),\n"
"    Circle(Circle),\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n"
"\n"
"impl From<Polygon> for Shape {\n"
"    fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n"
"        Shape::Polygon(poly)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl From<Circle> for Shape {\n"
"    fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n"
"        Shape::Circle(circle)\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Shape {\n"
"    pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n"
"        match self {\n"
"            Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n"
"            Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
"mod tests {\n"
"    use super::*;\n"
"\n"
"    fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
"        (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
"        assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_point_dist() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
"        let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
"        assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_point_add() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
"        let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
"        assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
"        let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
"\n"
"        let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
"        poly.add_point(p1);\n"
"        poly.add_point(p2);\n"
"        assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
"        let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
"        let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
"\n"
"        let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
"        poly.add_point(p1);\n"
"        poly.add_point(p2);\n"
"\n"
"        let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"        assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
"        let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
"        poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
"        poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
"        poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
"        let shapes = vec![\n"
"            Shape::from(poly),\n"
"            Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
"        ];\n"
"        let perimeters = shapes\n"
"            .iter()\n"
"            .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
"            .map(round_two_digits)\n"
"            .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"        assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "第 2 天：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](luhn.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: luhn\n"
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n"
"    let mut digits_seen = 0;\n"
"    let mut sum = 0;\n"
"    for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')."
"enumerate() {\n"
"        match ch.to_digit(10) {\n"
"            Some(d) => {\n"
"                sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n"
"                    let dd = d * 2;\n"
"                    dd / 10 + dd % 10\n"
"                } else {\n"
"                    d\n"
"                };\n"
"                digits_seen += 1;\n"
"            }\n"
"            None => return false,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
"        return false;\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    sum % 10 == 0\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n"
"    println!(\n"
"        \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n"
"        if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n"
"    );\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"  \"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"    \"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
"    assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
"    assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](strings-iterators.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:101
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n"
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n"
"    let prefixes = prefix.split('/');\n"
"    let request_paths = request_path\n"
"        .split('/')\n"
"        .map(|p| Some(p))\n"
"        .chain(std::iter::once(None));\n"
"\n"
"    for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n"
"        match request_path {\n"
"            Some(request_path) => {\n"
"                if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n"
"                    return false;\n"
"                }\n"
"            }\n"
"            None => return false,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"    true\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
"abc-123\"));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
"books\"));\n"
"\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
"publishers\"));\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[test]\n"
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"    assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
"publishers\"));\n"
"    assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
"        \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
"    ));\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise"
msgstr "第 3 天：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](simple-gui.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
"pub trait Widget {\n"
"    /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
"\n"
"    /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
"\n"
"    /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
"    fn draw(&self) {\n"
"        let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
"        self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
"        println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Label {\n"
"    label: String,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Label {\n"
"    fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
"        Label {\n"
"            label: label.to_owned(),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Button {\n"
"    label: Label,\n"
"    callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Button {\n"
"    fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
"        Button {\n"
"            label: Label::new(label),\n"
"            callback,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"pub struct Window {\n"
"    title: String,\n"
"    widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Window {\n"
"    fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
"        Window {\n"
"            title: title.to_owned(),\n"
"            widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
"        self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        std::cmp::max(\n"
"            self.title.chars().count(),\n"
"            self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
"        )\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n"
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n"
"        // Add 4 paddings for borders\n"
"        self.inner_width() + 4\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n"
"        let mut inner = String::new();\n"
"        for widget in &self.widgets {\n"
"            widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n"
"\n"
"        // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
"        // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
"        // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"| {:^inner_width$} |\", &self.title).unwrap();\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"        for line in inner.lines() {\n"
"            writeln!(buffer, \"| {:inner_width$} |\", line).unwrap();\n"
"        }\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Button-width\n"
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n"
"        self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n"
"        let width = self.width();\n"
"        let mut label = String::new();\n"
"        self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n"
"\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"        for line in label.lines() {\n"
"            writeln!(buffer, \"|{:^width$}|\", &line).unwrap();\n"
"        }\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Label-width\n"
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
"    fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n"
"        self.label\n"
"            .lines()\n"
"            .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n"
"            .max()\n"
"            .unwrap_or(0)\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n"
"    fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n"
"        writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
"    window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo."
"\")));\n"
"    window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
"        \"Click me!\",\n"
"        Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
"    )));\n"
"    window.draw();\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
msgstr "第 3 天：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"

#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: ffi\n"
"mod ffi {\n"
"    use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
"    #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
"    use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};\n"
"\n"
"    // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
"    #[repr(C)]\n"
"    pub struct DIR {\n"
"        _data: [u8; 0],\n"
"        _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-"
"gnu.\n"
"    #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
"    #[repr(C)]\n"
"    pub struct dirent {\n"
"        pub d_ino: c_long,\n"
"        pub d_off: c_ulong,\n"
"        pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
"        pub d_type: c_char,\n"
"        pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Layout as per man entry for dirent\n"
"    #[cfg(target_os = \"macos\")]\n"
"    #[repr(C)]\n"
"    pub struct dirent {\n"
"        pub d_ino: u64,\n"
"        pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
"        pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
"        pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
"        pub d_type: u8,\n"
"        pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    extern \"C\" {\n"
"        pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
"        pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
"        pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    path: CString,\n"
"    dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n"
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
"        // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
"        // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n"
"        let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: "
"{err}\"))?;\n"
"        // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
"        let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n"
"        if dir.is_null() {\n"
"            Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n"
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    type Item = OsString;\n"
"    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
"        // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n"
"        // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
"        let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n"
"        if dirent.is_null() {\n"
"            // We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
"            return None;\n"
"        }\n"
"        // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
"        // terminated.\n"
"        let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n"
"        let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n"
"        Some(os_str.to_owned())\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Drop\n"
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
"    fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
"        // Call closedir as needed.\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n"
"        if !self.dir.is_null() {\n"
"            // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
"            if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n"
"                panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
"    let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
"    println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
"    Ok(())\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
"\n"
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
"mod tests {\n"
"    use super::*;\n"
"    use std::error::Error;\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n"
"        let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n"
"        assert!(iter.is_err());\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
"        let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
"        let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
"            tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
"        )?;\n"
"        let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"        entries.sort();\n"
"        assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n"
"        Ok(())\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    #[test]\n"
"    fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
"        let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
"        std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo "
"Diaries\\n\")?;\n"
"        std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"<PNG>\\n\")?;\n"
"        std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n"
"        let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
"            tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
"        )?;\n"
"        let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"        entries.sort();\n"
"        assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo."
"txt\"]);\n"
"        Ok(())\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise"
msgstr "Rust 裸機開發：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](compass.md))"

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
"\n"
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n"
"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n"
"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n"
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n"
"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n"
"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n"
"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n"
"use microbit::Board;\n"
"\n"
"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n"
"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"#[entry]\n"
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
"    let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    // Configure serial port.\n"
"    let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
"        board.UARTE0,\n"
"        board.uart.into(),\n"
"        Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
"        Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
"    );\n"
"\n"
"    // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
"    writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n"
"    let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::"
"K100);\n"
"    let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n"
"    imu.init().unwrap();\n"
"    imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
"    imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
"    let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    // Set up display and timer.\n"
"    let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n"
"    let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n"
"\n"
"    let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n"
"    let mut button_pressed = false;\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: loop\n"
"    writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: loop\n"
"        while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n"
"            && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n"
"        {}\n"
"        let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n"
"        let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n"
"        writeln!(\n"
"            serial,\n"
"            \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n"
"            compass_reading.x,\n"
"            compass_reading.y,\n"
"            compass_reading.z,\n"
"            accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
"            accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
"            accelerometer_reading.z,\n"
"        )\n"
"        .unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"        let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n"
"        let (x, y) = match mode {\n"
"            Mode::Compass => (\n"
"                scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, "
"4) as usize,\n"
"                scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, "
"4) as usize,\n"
"            ),\n"
"            Mode::Accelerometer => (\n"
"                scale(\n"
"                    accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
"                    -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
"                    ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
"                    0,\n"
"                    4,\n"
"                ) as usize,\n"
"                scale(\n"
"                    -accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
"                    -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
"                    ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
"                    0,\n"
"                    4,\n"
"                ) as usize,\n"
"            ),\n"
"        };\n"
"        image[y][x] = 255;\n"
"        display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n"
"\n"
"        // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink "
"all LEDs on.\n"
"        if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n"
"            if !button_pressed {\n"
"                mode = mode.next();\n"
"                display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n"
"            }\n"
"            button_pressed = true;\n"
"        } else {\n"
"            button_pressed = false;\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
"enum Mode {\n"
"    Compass,\n"
"    Accelerometer,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Mode {\n"
"    fn next(self) -> Self {\n"
"        match self {\n"
"            Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n"
"            Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -"
"> i32 {\n"
"    let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n"
"    let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n"
"    cap(\n"
"        min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n"
"        min_out,\n"
"        max_out,\n"
"    )\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n"
"    max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](rtc.md))"

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7
msgid "`main.rs`:"
msgstr "`main.rs`："

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
"#![no_main]\n"
"#![no_std]\n"
"\n"
"mod exceptions;\n"
"mod logger;\n"
"mod pl011;\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
"mod pl031;\n"
"\n"
"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n"
"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n"
"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n"
"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n"
"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n"
"// ANCHOR: imports\n"
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n"
"\n"
"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n"
"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n"
"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n"
"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
"#[no_mangle]\n"
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
"    // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
"device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
"    let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"    logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"    info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
"\n"
"    // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the "
"base\n"
"    // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
"    // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
"    let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, "
"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"    gic.setup();\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
"\n"
"    // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 "
"device,\n"
"    // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
"    let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
"    let timestamp = rtc.read();\n"
"    let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n"
"    info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n"
"\n"
"    GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n"
"    gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n"
"    gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n"
"    irq_enable();\n"
"    gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n"
"\n"
"    // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n"
"    let target = timestamp + 3;\n"
"    rtc.set_match(target);\n"
"    info!(\n"
"        \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
"        Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
"    );\n"
"    trace!(\n"
"        \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
"        rtc.matched(),\n"
"        rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
"    );\n"
"    while !rtc.matched() {\n"
"        spin_loop();\n"
"    }\n"
"    trace!(\n"
"        \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
"        rtc.matched(),\n"
"        rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
"    );\n"
"    info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
"\n"
"    // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n"
"    let target = timestamp + 6;\n"
"    info!(\n"
"        \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
"        Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
"    );\n"
"    rtc.set_match(target);\n"
"    rtc.clear_interrupt();\n"
"    rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n"
"    trace!(\n"
"        \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
"        rtc.matched(),\n"
"        rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
"    );\n"
"    while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n"
"        wfi();\n"
"    }\n"
"    trace!(\n"
"        \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
"        rtc.matched(),\n"
"        rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
"    );\n"
"    info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: main_end\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[panic_handler]\n"
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
"    error!(\"{info}\");\n"
"    system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
"    loop {}\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149
msgid "`pl031.rs`:"
msgstr "`pl031.rs`："

#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
"\n"
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
"struct Registers {\n"
"    /// Data register\n"
"    dr: u32,\n"
"    /// Match register\n"
"    mr: u32,\n"
"    /// Load register\n"
"    lr: u32,\n"
"    /// Control register\n"
"    cr: u8,\n"
"    _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n"
"    /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n"
"    imsc: u8,\n"
"    _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n"
"    /// Raw Interrupt Status\n"
"    ris: u8,\n"
"    _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n"
"    /// Masked Interrupt Status\n"
"    mis: u8,\n"
"    _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
"    /// Interrupt Clear Register\n"
"    icr: u8,\n"
"    _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n"
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
"pub struct Rtc {\n"
"    registers: *mut Registers,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"impl Rtc {\n"
"    /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at "
"the\n"
"    /// given base address.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// # Safety\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
"a\n"
"    /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
"process\n"
"    /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
"    pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
"        Self {\n"
"            registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Reads the current RTC value.\n"
"    pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an "
"interrupt\n"
"    /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n"
"    pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or "
"not\n"
"    /// the interrupt is enabled.\n"
"    pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)."
"read_volatile() };\n"
"        (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// This should be true iff `matched` returns true and the interrupt is\n"
"    /// masked.\n"
"    pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)."
"read_volatile() };\n"
"        (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n"
"    ///\n"
"    /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false "
"the\n"
"    /// interrupt is disabled.\n"
"    pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n"
"        let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)."
"write_volatile(imsc) }\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n"
"    pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n"
"        // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
"        // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
"        unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
"// accessed from any context.\n"
"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1
msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise"
msgstr "並行：上午練習"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](dining-philosophers.md))"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust\n"
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
"use std::thread;\n"
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
"\n"
"struct Fork;\n"
"\n"
"struct Philosopher {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
"    left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
"    right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
"    thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender<String>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
"impl Philosopher {\n"
"    fn think(&self) {\n"
"        self.thoughts\n"
"            .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
"            .unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
"    fn eat(&self) {\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
"        println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n"
"        let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
"        let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
"\n"
"        // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
"        println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
"        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
"    &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
"\n"
"fn main() {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
"    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n"
"\n"
"    let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n"
"        .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n"
"        .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
"\n"
"    for i in 0..forks.len() {\n"
"        let tx = tx.clone();\n"
"        let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
"        let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();\n"
"\n"
"        // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
"        // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
"        // either of them.\n"
"        if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n"
"            std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
"        }\n"
"\n"
"        let philosopher = Philosopher {\n"
"            name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n"
"            thoughts: tx,\n"
"            left_fork,\n"
"            right_fork,\n"
"        };\n"
"\n"
"        thread::spawn(move || {\n"
"            for _ in 0..100 {\n"
"                philosopher.eat();\n"
"                philosopher.think();\n"
"            }\n"
"        });\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    drop(tx);\n"
"    for thought in rx {\n"
"        println!(\"{thought}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise"
msgstr "並行：下午練習"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](dining-philosophers-async.md))"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
"use tokio::time;\n"
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
"\n"
"struct Fork;\n"
"\n"
"struct Philosopher {\n"
"    name: String,\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
"    left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
"    right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
"    thoughts: Sender<String>,\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
"impl Philosopher {\n"
"    async fn think(&self) {\n"
"        self.thoughts\n"
"            .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))."
"await\n"
"            .unwrap();\n"
"    }\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
"    async fn eat(&self) {\n"
"        // Pick up forks...\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
"        let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n"
"        // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the "
"execution\n"
"        // to transfer to another task\n"
"        time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n"
"        let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n"
"\n"
"        // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
"        println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
"        time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
"        // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
"\n"
"        // The locks are dropped here\n"
"        // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
"    &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
"    // Create forks\n"
"    let mut forks = vec![];\n"
"    (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::"
"new(Fork))));\n"
"\n"
"    // Create philosophers\n"
"    let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n"
"        let mut philosophers = vec![];\n"
"        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
"        for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n"
"            let left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
"            let right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS.len()].clone();\n"
"            philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n"
"                name: name.to_string(),\n"
"                left_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { left_fork.clone() } else "
"{ right_fork.clone() },\n"
"                right_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { right_fork } else "
"{ left_fork },\n"
"                thoughts: tx.clone(),\n"
"            });\n"
"        }\n"
"        (philosophers, rx)\n"
"        // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n"
"    };\n"
"\n"
"    // Make them think and eat\n"
"    for phil in philosophers {\n"
"        tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
"            for _ in 0..100 {\n"
"                phil.think().await;\n"
"                phil.eat().await;\n"
"            }\n"
"        });\n"
"\n"
"    }\n"
"\n"
"    // Output their thoughts\n"
"    while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n"
"        println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121
msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](chat-app.md))"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n"
"use std::error::Error;\n"
"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n"
"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n"
"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n"
"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n"
"async fn handle_connection(\n"
"    addr: SocketAddr,\n"
"    mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream<TcpStream>,\n"
"    bcast_tx: Sender<String>,\n"
") -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n"
"\n"
"    ws_stream\n"
"        .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n"
"        .await?;\n"
"    let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n"
"\n"
"    // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) "
"receiving\n"
"    // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n"
"    // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        tokio::select! {\n"
"            incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n"
"                match incoming {\n"
"                    Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n"
"                        let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n"
"                        println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n"
"                        bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n"
"                    }\n"
"                    Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
"                    None => return Ok(()),\n"
"                }\n"
"            }\n"
"            msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n"
"                ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n"
"            }\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"    // ANCHOR: main\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
"    let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n"
"\n"
"    let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n"
"    println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n"
"\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
"        println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
"        let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n"
"        tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
"            // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
"            let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n"
"\n"
"            handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n"
"        });\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:204
msgid ""
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
"//\n"
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
"//\n"
"//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
"//\n"
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
"// limitations under the License.\n"
"\n"
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n"
"use http::Uri;\n"
"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n"
"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n"
"\n"
"#[tokio::main]\n"
"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n"
"    let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::"
"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n"
"        .connect()\n"
"        .await?;\n"
"\n"
"    let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n"
"    let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin);\n"
"\n"
"    // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
"    // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n"
"    loop {\n"
"        let mut line = String::new();\n"
"        tokio::select! {\n"
"            incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n"
"                match incoming {\n"
"                    Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg."
"as_text()?),\n"
"                    Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
"                    None => return Ok(()),\n"
"                }\n"
"            }\n"
"            res = stdin.read_line(&mut line) => {\n"
"                match res {\n"
"                    Ok(0) => return Ok(()),\n"
"                    Ok(_) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line.trim_end()."
"to_string())).await?,\n"
"                    Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
"                }\n"
"            }\n"
"\n"
"        }\n"
"    }\n"
"}\n"
"```"
msgstr ""

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42
msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)."
msgstr "運算子超載會在第 3 天 (泛型) 討論。"

#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43
msgid ""
"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en."
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure."
msgstr ""
"此範例巧妙地以 [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
"Mars_Climate_Orbiter) 的失敗經驗做為參照。"

#: src/traits/closures.md:34
msgid ""
"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or "
"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times "
"concurrently."
msgstr ""
"`Fn` (例如 `add_3`) 既不會耗用也不會修改擷取的值，或許 也可說是不會擷取任何"
"值，因此可以多次並行呼叫。"

#: src/traits/closures.md:37
msgid ""
"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it "
"multiple times, but not concurrently."
msgstr ""
"`FnMut` (例如 `accumulate`) 可能會修改擷取的值，因此可以多次呼叫 (但不得並行"
"呼叫)。"

#: src/traits/closures.md:40
msgid ""
"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It "
"might consume captured values."
msgstr ""
"如果是 `FnOnce` (例如`multiply_sum`)，也許就只能呼叫一次，因為這可能會耗用 擷"
"取的值。"

#: src/traits/closures.md:47
msgid ""
"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. "
"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures."
msgstr ""
"編譯器也會根據閉包擷取到的內容來推論 `Copy` (例如針對 `add_3`) 和 `Clone` (例"
"如 `multiply_sum`)."

#: src/traits/closures.md:50
msgid ""
"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` "
"keyword makes them capture by value."
msgstr ""
"根據預設，閉包會依據參照來擷取內容 (如果可行的話)。`move` 關鍵字則可讓閉包根"
"據值 來擷取內容。"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:73
msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)"
msgstr "模式配對 (未定)"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:120
msgid "Cell/RefCell"
msgstr "Cell/RefCell"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:238 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1
msgid "Getting Ready to Rust"
msgstr "準備使用 Rust"

#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1
msgid "Exceptions"
msgstr "例外狀況"

#: src/index.md:3
msgid ""
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
msgstr ""
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"

#: src/index.md:7
msgid ""
"This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The "
"course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced "
"topics like generics and error handling."
msgstr ""
"這個免費的 Rust 課程是由 Google 的 Android 團隊負責開發。本課程涵蓋 Rust 的全"
"部內容，從基礎語法到進階主題 (泛型和錯誤處理等)，應有盡有。"

#: src/index.md:11
msgid ""
"The latest version of the course can be found at <https://google.github.io/"
"comprehensive-rust/>. If you are reading somewhere else, please check there "
"for updates."
msgstr ""
"如需最新版課程，請造訪 <https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/>。假如您"
"是在其他網址閱讀課程資料，別忘了查看這個連結的內容是否有更新。"

#: src/index.md:22
msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals."
msgstr "我們將前三天的課程稱為「Rust 基礎知識」。"

#: src/index.md:24
msgid ""
"Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:"
msgstr "在此基礎上，我們將誠摯邀請您深入探討一或多個專題："

#: src/index.md:31
msgid ""
"[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We "
"cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and "
"mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using "
"futures)."
msgstr ""
"[並行](concurrency.md)：這個全天課程著重於 Rust 中的並行問題。我們將探討傳統"
"並行 (使用執行緒和互斥鎖進行先占式排程) 以及 async/await 並行 (使用 future 進"
"行合作多工處理)。"

#: src/index.md:48
msgid ""
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
"statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and "
"C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach."
msgstr ""
"本課程假設您已瞭解如何設計程式。Rust 是一種靜態的程式設計類型，我們有時會將其"
"與 C 和 C++ 比較，以便進一步解釋或凸顯 Rust 做法上的差別。"

#: src/index.md:52
msgid ""
"If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or "
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
msgstr ""
"如果您知道如何以 Python 或 JavaScript 等動態程式語言編寫程式，也很適合跟著我"
"們學習 Rust。"

#: src/running-the-course.md:8
msgid ""
"We typically run classes from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, with a 1 hour lunch break "
"in the middle. This leaves 2.5 hours for the morning class and 2.5 hours for "
"the afternoon class. Note that this is just a recommendation: you can also "
"spend 3 hour on the morning session to give people more time for exercises. "
"The downside of longer session is that people can become very tired after 6 "
"full hours of class in the afternoon."
msgstr ""
"我們一般會從上午 10 點上課到下午 4 點，中間 1 小時午休。也就是說，上下午課程"
"各為 2.5 小時。請注意，這只是建議的上課時間：您也可以將上午的課程訂為 3 小"
"時，讓學員有更多時間練習。延長課程時間的缺點是，學員上了整整 6 小時的課，到了"
"下午可能會非常疲倦。"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
msgid "Rust Fundamentals"
msgstr "Rust 基礎知識"

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
msgid ""
"The first three days make up [Rust Fundaments](../welcome-day-1.md). The "
"days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground:"
msgstr ""
"我們會在前三天介紹 [Rust 基礎知識](../welcome-day-1.md)。這幾天的步調會稍快，"
"因為要探討許多層面："

#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10
msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values."
msgstr "第 1 天：Rust 基本概念、語法、控制流程、建立及取用值。"

#: src/cargo.md:10
msgid "**Please follow the instructions on <https://rustup.rs/>.**"
msgstr "**請按照 <https://rustup.rs/> 中的指示操作。**"

#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32
msgid ""
"Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more."
msgstr ""
"您也可以透過其他[註冊資料庫](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/"
"registries.html)、git、資料夾等管道解析依附元件。"

#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
msgid ""
"You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards "
"compatibility."
msgstr "由於 Rust 保有回溯相容性，您也可以使用任何後續版本。"

#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
msgid ""
"This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground "
"today:"
msgstr "今天是學習 Rust 基礎知識的第一天，我們會探討許多內容："

#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25
msgid ""
"Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers."
msgstr "可縮減到十分受限的裝置規模，例如微控制器。"

#: src/hello-world.md:22
msgid ""
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something "
"familiar."
msgstr ""
"我們會藉由這張投影片，試著讓學生熟悉 Rust 程式碼。在接下來的三天裡，他們會大"
"量接觸到這些內容，所以我們得從他們熟悉的小地方著手。"

#: src/hello-world.md:27
msgid ""
"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is "
"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary."
msgstr ""
"Rust 與 C/C++/Java 傳統中的其他語言非常相似。它是指令式的程式語言，除非絕對必"
"要，否則不會嘗試改編任何內容。"

#: src/hello-world.md:40
msgid ""
"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented "
"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, "
"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional "
"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)."
msgstr ""
"Rust 是多範式的語言。舉例來說，它具備強大的[物件導向程式設計功能](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html)，雖然並非函式語言，卻涉及各式各樣的"
"[函式概念](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)。"

#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44
msgid ""
"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt "
"documentation"
msgstr ""
"在殼層中，`rustup doc std::fmt` 會開啟本機 std::fmt 說明文件上的瀏覽器。"

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6
msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)."
msgstr "整數溢位的行為是明確的 (恐慌或迴繞)。"

#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
msgid ""
"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time "
"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the "
"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get "
"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo "
"build --release`)."
msgstr ""
"整數溢位的處理是透過 [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/"
"codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) 編譯時間標記定義的。如果啟用的"
"話，程式就會恐慌 (程式受控地異常終止)，如未啟用，則會發生語意迴繞現象。根據預"
"設，在偵錯模式 (`cargo build`) 中會發生恐慌，在發布模式 (`cargo build --"
"release`) 中會發生迴繞。"

#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades."
msgstr "Rust 是根據過去數十年累積的所有經驗打造而成。"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`"
msgstr "`-10`、`0`、`1_000`、`123_i64`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`"
msgstr "`0`、`123`、`10_u16`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`"
msgstr "`3.14`、`-10.0e20`、`2_f32`"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16
msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide,"
msgstr "`char` 寬度為 32 位元"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17
msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide."
msgstr "`bool` 寬度為 8 位元"

#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43
msgid ""
"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So "
"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written "
"as `123i64`."
msgstr ""
"數字中的底線全都可以省略，寫出來只是為了方便閱讀。換句話說，`1_000` 可以寫成 "
"`1000` (或 `10_00`)，而 `123_i64` 則可寫成 `123i64`。"

#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
msgid ""
"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) "
"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of "
"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two "
"different types."
msgstr ""
"陣列型別 `[T; N]` 的值會保留同樣屬於 `T` 型別的 `N` (編譯時間常數) 元素。請注"
"意，陣列的長度是「其型別的一部分」，也就是說 `[u8; 3]` 和 `[u8; 4]` 視為兩種"
"不同型別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17
msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?"
msgstr "問題：如果在輸出 `s` 前修改 `a[3]`，會有什麼影響？"

#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33
msgid ""
"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but "
"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at "
"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` "
"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the "
"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained "
"in the borrow checker section."
msgstr ""
"有關修改 `a[3]` 的問題可能引發有趣的討論，但正解是，基於記憶體安全因素，您無"
"法在執行作業的這個時間點，透過 `a` 修改 `a[3]`，但可以放心從 `a` 和 `s` 讀取"
"資料。此項目會在您建立切片前運作，並在 `println` 之後，也就是切片不再使用時再"
"次運作。更多細節會在借用檢查器的章節說明。"

#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33
msgid ""
"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using "
"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../"
"testing/doc-tests.html)."
msgstr ""
"Rustdoc 註解可包含能使用 `cargo test` 執行及測試的程式碼片段。我們會在[「測"
"試」一節](../testing/doc-tests.html)討論這些測試。"

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:"
msgstr "新增名為 `Rectangle::new` 的靜態方法，然後從 `main` 呼叫此方法："

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42
msgid ""
"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods "
"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual "
"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See "
"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)."
msgstr ""
"雖然「技術上」來說，Rust 沒有自訂的建構函式，但靜態方法經常用來初始化結構體 "
"(儘管並非必須)。因此，您可直接呼叫實際的建構函式 `Rectangle { width, height }"
"`。詳情請參閱 [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors."
"html)。"

#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45
msgid ""
"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such "
"static methods can take arbitrary parameters."
msgstr ""
"新增 `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` 建構函式，說明這類靜態方法可以採用任意參"
"數。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
msgid ""
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
"morning.md) provided."
msgstr "完成練習後，您可以看看我們提供的[解決方案](solutions-morning.md)。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95
msgid ""
"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle "
"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon."
msgstr ""
"在 `for n in &array` 內使用 `&array` 參照項目是一個巧妙方式，可稍微預示下午將"
"談到的擁有權問題。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98
msgid "Without the `&`..."
msgstr "沒有 `&` 的影響..."

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99
msgid ""
"The loop would have been one that consumes the array.  This is a change "
"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/"
"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)."
msgstr ""
"迴圈會是取用陣列的迴圈。這是 [2021 年版導入](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"edition-guide/rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)的變更。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102
msgid ""
"An implicit array copy would have occurred.  Since `i32` is a copy type, "
"then `[i32; 3]` is also a copy type."
msgstr ""
"會發生隱含陣列複製的情形。由於 `i32` 是複製型別，因此 `[i32; 3]` 也會是複製型"
"別。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
msgid ""
"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-"
"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of "
"the program. "
msgstr ""
"靜態和常數變數是建立全域範圍值的兩種不同方式，這個值無法在程式執行期間移動或"
"重新分配。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8
msgid ""
"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are "
"inlined wherever they are used:"
msgstr "常數變數會在編譯期間評估，且無論用於何處，其值都會內嵌："

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
msgid ""
"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate "
"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime."
msgstr ""
"您只能在編譯期間呼叫標示為 `const` 的函式，以便產生 `const` 值，但可以在執行"
"階段呼叫 `const` 函式。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35
msgid ""
"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and "
"therefore will not move:"
msgstr "靜態變數會在程式的整個執行過程中持續運作，因此不會移動："

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45
msgid ""
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual "
"associated memory location.  This is useful for unsafe and  embedded code, "
"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a "
"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, "
"`const` is generally preferred."
msgstr ""
"如《[Rust RFC 手冊](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-vs-static."
"html)》所述，這類值在使用時不會內嵌，且具備實際相關聯的記憶體位置。這對不安全"
"和嵌入的程式碼很有幫助，且變數在程式執行全程都會持續運作。當全域範圍值沒有需"
"要物件識別子的理由時，通常首選會是使用 `const`。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49
msgid ""
"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be "
"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible "
"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any "
"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../"
"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust."
msgstr ""
"由於 `static` 變數可從任何執行緒存取，因此必須是 `Sync`。內部可變動性則可透過"
"原子或類似的 [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) "
"實現。也可能有可變動的靜態項目，但這些需要手動同步，因此每當存取這類項目時就"
"需要動用 `unsafe` 程式碼。我們會在「不安全的 Rust」章節中探討[可變動的靜態項"
"目](../unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md)。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59
msgid ""
"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as "
"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex<T>`."
msgstr ""
"`static` 提供物件識別子，也就是記憶體中的位址，和具有內部可變動性型別 (例如 "
"`Mutex<T>`) 所需的狀態。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61
msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`."
msgstr "您可以使用 `std::thread_local` 巨集來建立 `thread_local` 資料。"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63
msgid "Properties table:"
msgstr "屬性表："

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65
msgid "Property"
msgstr "資源"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65
msgid "Static"
msgstr "靜態"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65
msgid "Constant"
msgstr "常數"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67
msgid "Has an address in memory"
msgstr "具備記憶體中的位址"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
msgid "Yes"
msgstr "是"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67
msgid "No (inlined)"
msgstr "否 (已內嵌)"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program"
msgstr "在整個程式執行期間持續存在"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
msgid "No"
msgstr "否"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
msgid "Can be mutable"
msgstr "可變動"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
msgid "Yes (unsafe)"
msgstr "是 (不安全)"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)"
msgstr "是 (已在編譯時初始化)"

#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
msgid "Inlined wherever it is used"
msgstr "無論在何處使用都會內嵌"

#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. "
"They are used for pattern matching:"
msgstr "Rust 的某些控制流程結構與其他程式語言不同。這些結構會用於模式配對："

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
msgid "The Luhn algorithm,"
msgstr "盧恩演算法"

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7
msgid "An exercise on pattern matching."
msgstr "練習模式配對"

#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
msgid ""
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
"afternoon.md) provided."
msgstr "完成練習後，您可以看看我們提供的[解決方案](solutions-afternoon.md)。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9
msgid ""
"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number "
"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`."
msgstr ""
"從**右到左**，將偶數位的數字乘二。以數字 `1234` 為例，請將 `3` 和 `1` 乘二；"
"若為數字 `98765`，請將 `6` 和 `8` 乘二。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12
msgid ""
"After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So "
"doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`."
msgstr ""
"將數字乘二後，如果結果大於 9，請將每位數字相加。所以，`7` 乘二等於 `14`，那麼"
"也就是 `1 + 4 = 5`。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19
msgid ""
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
"function."
msgstr "將下方程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang.org/>，並實作函式。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21
msgid ""
"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and "
"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators."
msgstr ""
"使用「for」迴圈和整數，先嘗試以「簡單」的方式解決問題。接著，重新查看解決方"
"案，試著使用疊代器實作。"

#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
msgid "Stack and Heap Example"
msgstr "堆疊和堆積範例"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23
msgid ""
"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated "
"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies "
"are aggressively optimized away."
msgstr ""
"只有擁有權才會轉移。是否產生任何機器碼來操控資料本身是一個最優化問題，而系統"
"會主動將這些副本最優化。"

#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25
msgid ""
"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)."
msgstr "簡單的值 (例如整數) 可標示為 `Copy` (請參閱後續投影片)。"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:57
msgid ""
"C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, "
"the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when "
"either string goes out of scope."
msgstr ""
"C++ 提供的選擇與 Rust 略有不同。由於 `=` 會複製資料，所以字串資料一定要完成複"
"製。否則，假如其中任一字串超出範圍，就會導致重複釋放的結果。"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:61
msgid ""
"C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), "
"which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had "
"been `s2 = std::move(s1)`, no heap allocation would take place. After the "
"move, `s1` would be in a valid but unspecified state. Unlike Rust, the "
"programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`."
msgstr ""
"C++ 也提供 [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move)，用"
"於指出何時可以轉移特定值。例如假設是 `s2 = std::move(s1)`，就不會發生堆積分配"
"的情形。轉移之後，`s1` 會處於有效但未指定的狀態。與 Rust 不同的是，程式設計師"
"可以繼續使用 `s1`。"

#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:66
msgid ""
"Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type "
"which is being copied or moved."
msgstr ""
"C++ 中的 `=` 可以依照要複製或轉移的型別來執行任何程式碼，這點與 Rust 不同。"

#: src/methods.md:34
msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver."
msgstr "指出我們會使用關鍵字 `self`，也就是方法接收器。"

#: src/methods.md:35
msgid ""
"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how "
"the struct name could also be used."
msgstr "說明 `self` 是 `self: Self` 的縮寫，或許也能示範結構體名稱的可能用法。"

#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
msgid "Storing books and querying the collection"
msgstr "儲存書籍並查詢館藏"

#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7
msgid "Keeping track of health statistics for patients"
msgstr "追蹤病患的健康統計資料"

#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18
msgid ""
"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to "
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
msgstr ""
"這可用來建立圖書館的館藏模型。請將下列程式碼複製到 <https://play.rust-lang."
"org/>，然後更新型別以利編譯："

#: src/std/hashmap.md:64
msgid ""
"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::"
"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the "
"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back "
"to the `keys` method."
msgstr ""
"這個型別有多個「方法專屬」的傳回型別，例如 `std::collections::hash_map::"
"Keys`。這些型別經常會在 Rust 文件的搜尋結果中出現。請向學生展示這個型別的文"
"件，以及可返回 `keys` 方法的實用連結。"

#: src/std/rc.md:18
msgid ""
"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc."
"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded "
"context."
msgstr ""
"如果您處於多執行緒的環境，請參閱 [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) "
"和 [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html)。"

#: src/std/rc.md:30
msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++."
msgstr "Rust 中的 `Rc` 就像 C++ 中的 `std::shared_ptr` 一樣。"

#: src/std/cell.md:1
msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`"
msgstr "`Cell` 和 `RefCell`"

#: src/std/cell.md:8
msgid ""
"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving "
"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks "
"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused."
msgstr ""
"`Cell` 因為需要複製或移動值，通常用於簡單的型別。較複雜的內部型別通常會使用 "
"`RefCell`，可在執行階段和恐慌時追蹤共用和專屬的參照 (如果這些參照遭到濫用的"
"話)。"

#: src/std/cell.md:47
msgid ""
"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have "
"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. "
"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, "
"but it's not ergonomic."
msgstr ""
"如果我們在本例中使用 `Cell` 而非 `RefCell`，可能須將 `Node` 移出 `Rc` 才能推"
"送子項，然後再將其移回。您可以放心執行這項操作，因為儲存格中始終有一個未參照"
"的值，但不符人體工學。"

#: src/std/cell.md:48
msgid ""
"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually "
"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`."
msgstr ""
"如要對節點執行任何操作，您必須呼叫 `RefCell` 方法，通常是 `borrow` 或 "
"`borrow_mut`。"

#: src/std/cell.md:49
msgid ""
"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree."
"children` (don't try to print it!)."
msgstr ""
"示範可以將 `root` 新增至 `subtree.children` (請勿嘗試輸出！) 來建立參照迴圈。"

#: src/std/cell.md:50
msgid ""
"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments "
"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in "
"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already "
"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`."
msgstr ""
"如要演示執行階段發生的恐慌情形，請新增 `fn inc(&mut self)`，這可讓 `self."
"value` 遞增，並在其子項呼叫相同的方法。在有參照迴圈的情況下，這會引發恐慌，其"
"中的 `thread 'main' 會因 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'` 而恐慌。"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
msgid ""
"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:"
msgstr "如果您省略模組內容，系統會指示 Rust 在其他檔案中尋找該內容："

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
msgid ""
"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden."
"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/"
"vegetables.rs`."
msgstr ""
"這會讓 Rust 知道 `garden` 模組內容是在 `src/garden.rs` 中找到的。同樣地，"
"`garden::vegetables` 模組可在 `src/garden/vegetables.rs` 中找到。"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37
msgid ""
"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of "
"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018."
msgstr ""
"在 Rust 2018 之前，模組需位於 `module/mod.rs` 而非 `module.rs` 中，這仍然是 "
"2018 後續版本的可行替代方案。"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39
msgid ""
"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod."
"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs."
msgstr ""
"導入 `filename.rs` 做為 `filename/mod.rs` 的替代方案，主要是因為許多名為 "
"`mod.rs` 的檔案在 IDE 中很難區分。"

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42
msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:"
msgstr "更深層的巢狀結構可以使用資料夾，即使主要模組為檔案也一樣："

#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52
msgid ""
"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler "
"directive:"
msgstr "Rust 尋找模組的位置可透過編譯器指令變更："

#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
msgid ""
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl "
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for "
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-"
"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers."
msgstr ""
"請用上方的程式碼進行試驗，並參閱 [`impl IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://"
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
"%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) 和 [`impl IntoIterator for Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-"
"lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) 的說明"
"文件確認答案。"

#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
msgid ""
"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the "
"specified traits for a data structure."
msgstr "Rust 衍生巨集的運作原理是自動產生程式碼，用於實作資料結構的指定特徵。"

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35
msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`."
msgstr "將 `not_equals` 方法移至新特徵 `NotEquals`。"

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37
msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`."
msgstr "將 `Equals` 設為 `NotEquals` 的超特徵。"

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46
msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`."
msgstr "為 `Equals` 提供 `NotEquals` 的大量實作。"

#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58
msgid ""
"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super "
"trait for `NotEqual`."
msgstr "採用大量實作後，您就不再需要使用 `Equals` 做為 `NotEqual` 的超特徵。"

#: src/traits/default.md:46
msgid ""
"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-"
"with-struct-update-syntax)"
msgstr ""
"`..` 語法稱為[結構體更新語法](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-"
"defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-"
"update-syntax)。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library using traits and trait objects."
msgstr "我們將使用特徵和特徵物件設計一個典型的 GUI 程式庫。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5
msgid ""
"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and "
"polygons."
msgstr "我們也會透過點和多邊形的相關練習，探討列舉分派情形。"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52
msgid ""
"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested "
"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result<T, Err>` "
"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a  `Result<AnyT, "
"Err>`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an "
"`Option<AnyT>` or `Result<T, OtherErr>` unless `OtherErr` implements "
"`From<Err>`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option<T>` can only "
"apply the `?` operator  on a function returning an `Option<AnyT>`."
msgstr ""
"函式的傳回型別必須與它呼叫的巢狀函式相容。舉例來說，傳回 `Result<T, Err>` 的"
"函式只能在傳回 `Result<AnyT, Err>` 的函式上套用 `?` 運算子；無法在傳回 "
"`Option<AnyT>` 或 `Result<T, OtherErr>` 的函式上套用該運算子，除非 "
"`OtherErr` 實作了 `From<Err>` 則例外。反之，傳回 `Option<T>` 的函式只能在傳"
"回 `Option<AnyT>` 的函式上套用 `?` 運算子。"

#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57
msgid ""
"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different "
"`Option` and `Result` methods  such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, "
"`Result::err`."
msgstr ""
"您可以使用不同的 `Option` 和 `Result` 方法，例如 `Option::ok_or`、`Result::"
"ok`、`Result::err` 等，將不相容的型別轉換為其他型別。"

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
msgid ""
"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to "
"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The "
"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/"
"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet."
msgstr ""
"對所有不需要是 `no_std` 的錯誤型別來說，實作 `std::error::Error` 是很好的做"
"法，`std::error::Error` 會需要 `Debug` 和 `Display`。`core` 的 `Error` Crate "
"僅於 [nightly](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/103765) 提供，因此與 "
"`no_std` 尚未完全相容。"

#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57
msgid ""
"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where "
"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In "
"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them."
msgstr ""
"對這種錯誤型別來說，在可能的情況下實作 `Clone` 和 `Eq` 通常也很有用，不僅有利"
"於程式庫的測試，使用者也會更輕鬆。但在本例中，我們無法輕易這麼做，因為 `io::"
"Error` 並未實作 `Clone` 和 `Eq`。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5
msgid ""
"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the "
"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine."
msgstr ""
"在這個練習中，建議您使用本機開發環境，不要用 Playground。這可讓您在自己的機器"
"上執行二進位檔。"

#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8
msgid ""
"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
"instructions."
msgstr "首先，請按照[在本機執行](../../cargo/running-locally.md)的說明操作。"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:98
msgid "Pattern matching"
msgstr "模式配對"

#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:100
msgid "TBD."
msgstr "未定。"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104
msgid "Link Checker"
msgstr "連結檢查器"

#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106
msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))"
msgstr "([返回練習](link-checker.md))"