boxed.rs

// Copyright 2012-2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

//! A pointer type for heap allocation.
//!
//! `Box<T>`, casually referred to as a 'box', provides the simplest form of
//! heap allocation in Rust. Boxes provide ownership for this allocation, and
//! drop their contents when they go out of scope.
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! Creating a box:
//!
//! ```
//! let x = Box::new(5);
//! ```
//!
//! Creating a recursive data structure:
//!
//! ```
//! #[derive(Debug)]
//! enum List<T> {
//!     Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),
//!     Nil,
//! }
//!
//! fn main() {
//!     let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));
//!     println!("{:?}", list);
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! This will print `Cons(1, Cons(2, Nil))`.
//!
//! Recursive structures must be boxed, because if the definition of `Cons`
//! looked like this:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! Cons(T, List<T>),
//! ```
//!
//! It wouldn't work. This is because the size of a `List` depends on how many
//! elements are in the list, and so we don't know how much memory to allocate
//! for a `Cons`. By introducing a `Box`, which has a defined size, we know how
//! big `Cons` needs to be.

#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]

use core::prelude::*;

use heap;
use raw_vec::RawVec;

use core::any::Any;
use core::cmp::Ordering;
use core::fmt;
use core::hash::{self, Hash};
use core::marker::{self, Unsize};
use core::mem;
use core::ops::{CoerceUnsized, Deref, DerefMut};
use core::ops::{Placer, Boxed, Place, InPlace, BoxPlace};
use core::ptr::{self, Unique};
use core::raw::{TraitObject};

/// A value that represents the heap. This is the default place that the `box`
/// keyword allocates into when no place is supplied.
///
/// The following two examples are equivalent:
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(box_heap)]
///
/// #![feature(box_syntax, placement_in_syntax)]
/// use std::boxed::HEAP;
///
/// fn main() {
///     let foo = box(HEAP) 5;
///     let foo = box 5;
/// }
/// ```
#[lang = "exchange_heap"]
#[unstable(feature = "box_heap",
           reason = "may be renamed; uncertain about custom allocator design")]
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub const HEAP: ExchangeHeapSingleton =
    ExchangeHeapSingleton { _force_singleton: () };

/// This the singleton type used solely for `boxed::HEAP`.
#[unstable(feature = "box_heap",
           reason = "may be renamed; uncertain about custom allocator design")]
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct ExchangeHeapSingleton { _force_singleton: () }

/// A pointer type for heap allocation.
///
/// See the [module-level documentation](../../std/boxed/index.html) for more.
#[lang = "owned_box"]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[fundamental]
pub struct Box<T: ?Sized>(Unique<T>);

/// `IntermediateBox` represents uninitialized backing storage for `Box`.
///
/// FIXME (pnkfelix): Ideally we would just reuse `Box<T>` instead of
/// introducing a separate `IntermediateBox<T>`; but then you hit
/// issues when you e.g. attempt to destructure an instance of `Box`,
/// since it is a lang item and so it gets special handling by the
/// compiler.  Easier just to make this parallel type for now.
///
/// FIXME (pnkfelix): Currently the `box` protocol only supports
/// creating instances of sized types. This IntermediateBox is
/// designed to be forward-compatible with a future protocol that
/// supports creating instances of unsized types; that is why the type
/// parameter has the `?Sized` generalization marker, and is also why
/// this carries an explicit size. However, it probably does not need
/// to carry the explicit alignment; that is just a work-around for
/// the fact that the `align_of` intrinsic currently requires the
/// input type to be Sized (which I do not think is strictly
/// necessary).
#[unstable(feature = "placement_in", reason = "placement box design is still being worked out.")]
pub struct IntermediateBox<T: ?Sized>{
    ptr: *mut u8,
    size: usize,
    align: usize,
    marker: marker::PhantomData<*mut T>,
}

impl<T> Place<T> for IntermediateBox<T> {
    fn pointer(&mut self) -> *mut T {
        unsafe { ::core::mem::transmute(self.ptr) }
    }
}

unsafe fn finalize<T>(b: IntermediateBox<T>) -> Box<T> {
    let p = b.ptr as *mut T;
    mem::forget(b);
    mem::transmute(p)
}

fn make_place<T>() -> IntermediateBox<T> {
    let size = mem::size_of::<T>();
    let align = mem::align_of::<T>();

    let p = if size == 0 {
        heap::EMPTY as *mut u8
    } else {
        let p = unsafe {
            heap::allocate(size, align)
        };
        if p.is_null() {
            panic!("Box make_place allocation failure.");
        }
        p
    };

    IntermediateBox { ptr: p, size: size, align: align, marker: marker::PhantomData }
}

impl<T> BoxPlace<T> for IntermediateBox<T> {
    fn make_place() -> IntermediateBox<T> { make_place() }
}

impl<T> InPlace<T> for IntermediateBox<T> {
    type Owner = Box<T>;
    unsafe fn finalize(self) -> Box<T> { finalize(self) }
}

impl<T> Boxed for Box<T> {
    type Data = T;
    type Place = IntermediateBox<T>;
    unsafe fn finalize(b: IntermediateBox<T>) -> Box<T> { finalize(b) }
}

impl<T> Placer<T> for ExchangeHeapSingleton {
    type Place = IntermediateBox<T>;

    fn make_place(self) -> IntermediateBox<T> {
        make_place()
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for IntermediateBox<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.size > 0 {
            unsafe {
                heap::deallocate(self.ptr, self.size, self.align)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Box<T> {
    /// Allocates memory on the heap and then moves `x` into it.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let x = Box::new(5);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn new(x: T) -> Box<T> {
        box x
    }
}

impl<T : ?Sized> Box<T> {
    /// Constructs a box from the raw pointer.
    ///
    /// After this function call, pointer is owned by resulting box.
    /// In particular, it means that `Box` destructor calls destructor
    /// of `T` and releases memory. Since the way `Box` allocates and
    /// releases memory is unspecified, the only valid pointer to pass
    /// to this function is the one taken from another `Box` with
    /// `Box::into_raw` function.
    ///
    /// Function is unsafe, because improper use of this function may
    /// lead to memory problems like double-free, for example if the
    /// function is called twice on the same raw pointer.
    #[unstable(feature = "box_raw",
               reason = "may be renamed or moved out of Box scope")]
    #[inline]
    // NB: may want to be called from_ptr, see comments on CStr::from_ptr
    pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Self {
        mem::transmute(raw)
    }

    /// Consumes the `Box`, returning the wrapped raw pointer.
    ///
    /// After call to this function, caller is responsible for the memory
    /// previously managed by `Box`, in particular caller should properly
    /// destroy `T` and release memory. The proper way to do it is to
    /// convert pointer back to `Box` with `Box::from_raw` function, because
    /// `Box` does not specify, how memory is allocated.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(box_raw)]
    ///
    /// let seventeen = Box::new(17u32);
    /// let raw = Box::into_raw(seventeen);
    /// let boxed_again = unsafe { Box::from_raw(raw) };
    /// ```
    #[unstable(feature = "box_raw", reason = "may be renamed")]
    #[inline]
    // NB: may want to be called into_ptr, see comments on CStr::from_ptr
    pub fn into_raw(b: Box<T>) -> *mut T {
        unsafe { mem::transmute(b) }
    }
}

/// Consumes the `Box`, returning the wrapped raw pointer.
///
/// After call to this function, caller is responsible for the memory
/// previously managed by `Box`, in particular caller should properly
/// destroy `T` and release memory. The proper way to do it is to
/// convert pointer back to `Box` with `Box::from_raw` function, because
/// `Box` does not specify, how memory is allocated.
///
/// # Examples
/// ```
/// #![feature(box_raw)]
///
/// use std::boxed;
///
/// let seventeen = Box::new(17u32);
/// let raw = boxed::into_raw(seventeen);
/// let boxed_again = unsafe { Box::from_raw(raw) };
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "box_raw", reason = "may be renamed")]
#[deprecated(since = "1.2.0", reason = "renamed to Box::into_raw")]
#[inline]
pub fn into_raw<T : ?Sized>(b: Box<T>) -> *mut T {
    Box::into_raw(b)
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Default> Default for Box<T> {
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    fn default() -> Box<T> { box Default::default() }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T> Default for Box<[T]> {
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    fn default() -> Box<[T]> { Box::<[T; 0]>::new([]) }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Clone> Clone for Box<T> {
    /// Returns a new box with a `clone()` of this box's contents.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let x = Box::new(5);
    /// let y = x.clone();
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn clone(&self) -> Box<T> { box {(**self).clone()} }
    /// Copies `source`'s contents into `self` without creating a new allocation.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// #![feature(box_raw)]
    ///
    /// let x = Box::new(5);
    /// let mut y = Box::new(10);
    ///
    /// y.clone_from(&x);
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(*y, 5);
    /// ```
    #[inline]
    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Box<T>) {
        (**self).clone_from(&(**source));
    }
}


#[stable(feature = "box_slice_clone", since = "1.3.0")]
impl Clone for Box<str> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let len = self.len();
        let buf = RawVec::with_capacity(len);
        unsafe {
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(self.as_ptr(), buf.ptr(), len);
            mem::transmute(buf.into_box()) // bytes to str ~magic
        }
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialEq> PartialEq for Box<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool { PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other) }
    #[inline]
    fn ne(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool { PartialEq::ne(&**self, &**other) }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Box<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
        PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
    }
    #[inline]
    fn lt(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool { PartialOrd::lt(&**self, &**other) }
    #[inline]
    fn le(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool { PartialOrd::le(&**self, &**other) }
    #[inline]
    fn ge(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool { PartialOrd::ge(&**self, &**other) }
    #[inline]
    fn gt(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> bool { PartialOrd::gt(&**self, &**other) }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Ord> Ord for Box<T> {
    #[inline]
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Box<T>) -> Ordering {
        Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
    }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Eq> Eq for Box<T> {}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized + Hash> Hash for Box<T> {
    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        (**self).hash(state);
    }
}

impl Box<Any> {
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    /// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
    pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Any>> {
        if self.is::<T>() {
            unsafe {
                // Get the raw representation of the trait object
                let raw = Box::into_raw(self);
                let to: TraitObject =
                    mem::transmute::<*mut Any, TraitObject>(raw);

                // Extract the data pointer
                Ok(Box::from_raw(to.data as *mut T))
            }
        } else {
            Err(self)
        }
    }
}

impl Box<Any + Send> {
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    /// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
    pub fn downcast<T: Any>(self) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Any + Send>> {
        <Box<Any>>::downcast(self).map_err(|s| unsafe {
            // reapply the Send marker
            mem::transmute::<Box<Any>, Box<Any + Send>>(s)
        })
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: fmt::Display + ?Sized> fmt::Display for Box<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: fmt::Debug + ?Sized> fmt::Debug for Box<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T> fmt::Pointer for Box<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        // It's not possible to extract the inner Uniq directly from the Box,
        // instead we cast it to a *const which aliases the Unique
        let ptr: *const T = &**self;
        fmt::Pointer::fmt(&ptr, f)
    }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for Box<T> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &T { &**self }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for Box<T> {
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T { &mut **self }
}

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: Iterator + ?Sized> Iterator for Box<I> {
    type Item = I::Item;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> { (**self).next() }
    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) { (**self).size_hint() }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: DoubleEndedIterator + ?Sized> DoubleEndedIterator for Box<I> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> { (**self).next_back() }
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized> ExactSizeIterator for Box<I> {}


/// `FnBox` is a version of the `FnOnce` intended for use with boxed
/// closure objects. The idea is that where one would normally store a
/// `Box<FnOnce()>` in a data structure, you should use
/// `Box<FnBox()>`. The two traits behave essentially the same, except
/// that a `FnBox` closure can only be called if it is boxed. (Note
/// that `FnBox` may be deprecated in the future if `Box<FnOnce()>`
/// closures become directly usable.)
///
/// ### Example
///
/// Here is a snippet of code which creates a hashmap full of boxed
/// once closures and then removes them one by one, calling each
/// closure as it is removed. Note that the type of the closures
/// stored in the map is `Box<FnBox() -> i32>` and not `Box<FnOnce()
/// -> i32>`.
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(fnbox)]
///
/// use std::boxed::FnBox;
/// use std::collections::HashMap;
///
/// fn make_map() -> HashMap<i32, Box<FnBox() -> i32>> {
///     let mut map: HashMap<i32, Box<FnBox() -> i32>> = HashMap::new();
///     map.insert(1, Box::new(|| 22));
///     map.insert(2, Box::new(|| 44));
///     map
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     let mut map = make_map();
///     for i in &[1, 2] {
///         let f = map.remove(&i).unwrap();
///         assert_eq!(f(), i * 22);
///     }
/// }
/// ```
#[rustc_paren_sugar]
#[unstable(feature = "fnbox", reason = "Newly introduced")]
pub trait FnBox<A> {
    type Output;

    fn call_box(self: Box<Self>, args: A) -> Self::Output;
}

impl<A,F> FnBox<A> for F
    where F: FnOnce<A>
{
    type Output = F::Output;

    fn call_box(self: Box<F>, args: A) -> F::Output {
        self.call_once(args)
    }
}

impl<'a,A,R> FnOnce<A> for Box<FnBox<A,Output=R>+'a> {
    type Output = R;

    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: A) -> R {
        self.call_box(args)
    }
}

impl<'a,A,R> FnOnce<A> for Box<FnBox<A,Output=R>+Send+'a> {
    type Output = R;

    extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: A) -> R {
        self.call_box(args)
    }
}

impl<T: ?Sized+Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> CoerceUnsized<Box<U>> for Box<T> {}

#[stable(feature = "box_slice_clone", since = "1.3.0")]
impl<T: Clone> Clone for Box<[T]> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let mut new = BoxBuilder {
            data: RawVec::with_capacity(self.len()),
            len: 0
        };

        let mut target = new.data.ptr();

        for item in self.iter() {
            unsafe {
                ptr::write(target, item.clone());
                target = target.offset(1);
            };

            new.len += 1;
        }

        return unsafe { new.into_box() };

        // Helper type for responding to panics correctly.
        struct BoxBuilder<T> {
            data: RawVec<T>,
            len: usize,
        }

        impl<T> BoxBuilder<T> {
            unsafe fn into_box(self) -> Box<[T]> {
                let raw = ptr::read(&self.data);
                mem::forget(self);
                raw.into_box()
            }
        }

        impl<T> Drop for BoxBuilder<T> {
            fn drop(&mut self) {
                let mut data = self.data.ptr();
                let max = unsafe { data.offset(self.len as isize) };

                while data != max {
                    unsafe {
                        ptr::read(data);
                        data = data.offset(1);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}