Database Basics

The CakePHP database access layer abstracts and provides help with most aspects of dealing with relational databases such as, keeping connections to the server, building queries, preventing SQL injections, inspecting and altering schemas, and with debugging and profiling queries sent to the database.

Quick Tour

The functions described in this chapter illustrate what is possible to do with the lower-level database access API. If instead you want to learn more about the complete ORM, you can read the :doc:`/orm/query-builder` and :doc:`/orm/table-objects` sections.

The easiest way to create a database connection is using a DSN string:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;

$dsn = 'mysql://root:password@localhost/my_database';
ConnectionManager::config('default', ['url' => $dsn]);

Once created, you can access the connection object to start using it:

$connection = ConnectionManager::get('default');

Supported Databases

CakePHP supports the following relational database servers:

MySQL 5.1+
SQLite 3
PostgreSQL 8.3+
SQLServer 2008+
Oracle (through a community plugin)

You will need the correct PDO extension installed for each of the above database drivers. Procedural APIs are not supported.

The Oracle database is supported through the Driver for Oracle Database community plugin.

Running Select Statements

Running raw SQL queries is a breeze:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;

$connection = ConnectionManager::get('default');
$results = $connection->execute('SELECT * FROM articles')->fetchAll('assoc');

You can use prepared statements to insert parameters:

$results = $connection
    ->execute('SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = :id', ['id' => 1])
    ->fetchAll('assoc');

It is also possible to use complex data types as arguments:

$results = $connection
    ->execute(
        'SELECT * FROM articles WHERE created >= :created',
        ['created' => new DateTime('1 day ago')],
        ['created' => 'datetime']
    )
    ->fetchAll('assoc');

Instead of writing the SQL manually, you can use the query builder:

$results = $connection
    ->newQuery()
    ->select('*')
    ->from('articles')
    ->where(['created >' => new DateTime('1 day ago'), ['created' => 'datetime']])
    ->order(['title' => 'DESC'])
    ->execute()
    ->fetchAll('assoc');

Running Insert Statements

Inserting rows in the database is usually a matter of a couple lines:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;

$connection = ConnectionManager::get('default');
$connection->insert('articles', [
    'title' => 'A New Article',
    'created' => new DateTime('now')
], ['created' => 'datetime']);

Running Update Statements

Updating rows in the database is equally intuitive, the following example will update the article with id 10:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;
$connection = ConnectionManager::get('default');
$connection->update('articles', ['title' => 'New title'], ['id' => 10]);

Running Delete Statements

Similarly, the delete() method is used to delete rows from the database, the following example deletes the article with id 10:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;
$connection = ConnectionManager::get('default');
$connection->delete('articles', ['id' => 10]);

Configuration

By convention database connections are configured in config/app.php. The connection information defined in this file is fed into :php:class:`Cake\\Datasource\\ConnectionManager` creating the connection configuration your application will be using. Sample connection information can be found in config/app.default.php. A sample connection configuration would look like:

'Datasources' => [
    'default' => [
        'className' => 'Cake\Database\Connection',
        'driver' => 'Cake\Database\Driver\Mysql',
        'persistent' => false,
        'host' => 'localhost',
        'username' => 'my_app',
        'password' => 'sekret',
        'database' => 'my_app',
        'encoding' => 'utf8',
        'timezone' => 'UTC',
        'cacheMetadata' => true,
    ]
],

The above will create a 'default' connection, with the provided parameters. You can define as many connections as you want in your configuration file. You can also define additional connections at runtime using :php:meth:`Cake\\Datasource\\ConnectionManager::config()`. An example of that would be:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;

ConnectionManager::config('default', [
    'className' => 'Cake\Database\Connection',
    'driver' => 'Cake\Database\Driver\Mysql',
    'persistent' => false,
    'host' => 'localhost',
    'username' => 'my_app',
    'password' => 'sekret',
    'database' => 'my_app',
    'encoding' => 'utf8',
    'timezone' => 'UTC',
    'cacheMetadata' => true,
]);

Configuration options can also be provided as a :term:`DSN` string. This is useful when working with environment variables or :term:`PaaS` providers:

ConnectionManager::config('default', [
    'url' => 'mysql://my_app:sekret@localhost/my_app?encoding=utf8&timezone=UTC&cacheMetadata=true',
]);

When using a DSN string you can define any additional parameters/options as query string arguments.

By default, all Table objects will use the default connection. To use a non-default connection, see :ref:`configuring-table-connections`.

There are a number of keys supported in database configuration. A full list is as follows:

className: The fully namespaced class name of the class that represents the connection to a database server. This class is responsible for loading the database driver, providing SQL transaction mechanisms and preparing SQL statements among other things.
driver: The class name of the driver used to implements all specificities for a database engine. This can either be a short classname using :term:`plugin syntax`, a fully namespaced name, or a constructed driver instance. Examples of short classnames are Mysql, Sqlite, Postgres, and Sqlserver.
persistent: Whether or not to use a persistent connection to the database. This option is not supported by SqlServer. As of CakePHP version 3.4.13 an exception is thrown if you attempt to set persistent to true with SqlServer.
host: The database server's hostname (or IP address).
username: The username for the account.
password: The password for the account.
database: The name of the database for this connection to use. Avoid using . in your database name. Because of how it complicates identifier quoting CakePHP does not support . in database names. The path to your SQLite database should be an absolute path (e.g. ROOT . DS . 'my_app.db') to avoid incorrect paths caused by relative paths.
port (optional): The TCP port or Unix socket used to connect to the server.
encoding: Indicates the character set to use when sending SQL statements to the server. This defaults to the database's default encoding for all databases other than DB2. If you wish to use UTF-8 encoding with MySQL connections you must use 'utf8' without the hyphen.
timezone: Server timezone to set.
schema: Used in PostgreSQL database setups to specify which schema to use.
unix_socket: Used by drivers that support it to connect via Unix socket files. If you are using PostgreSQL and want to use Unix sockets, leave the host key blank.
ssl_key: The file path to the SSL key file. (Only supported by MySQL).
ssl_cert: The file path to the SSL certificate file. (Only supported by MySQL).
ssl_ca: The file path to the SSL certificate authority. (Only supported by MySQL).
init: A list of queries that should be sent to the database server as when the connection is created.
log: Set to true to enable query logging. When enabled queries will be logged at a debug level with the queriesLog scope.
quoteIdentifiers: Set to true if you are using reserved words or special characters in your table or column names. Enabling this setting will result in queries built using the :doc:`/orm/query-builder` having identifiers quoted when creating SQL. It should be noted that this decreases performance because each query needs to be traversed and manipulated before being executed.
flags: An associative array of PDO constants that should be passed to the underlying PDO instance. See the PDO documentation for the flags supported by the driver you are using.
cacheMetadata: Either boolean true, or a string containing the cache configuration to store meta data in. Having metadata caching disable is not advised and can result in very poor performance. See the :ref:`database-metadata-cache` section for more information.
mask: Set the permissions on the generated database file. (Only supported by SQLite)

At this point, you might want to take a look at the :doc:`/intro/conventions`. The correct naming for your tables (and the addition of some columns) can score you some free functionality and help you avoid configuration. For example, if you name your database table big_boxes, your table BigBoxesTable, and your controller BigBoxesController, everything will work together automatically. By convention, use underscores, lower case, and plural forms for your database table names - for example: bakers, pastry_stores, and savory_cakes.

.. php:namespace:: Cake\Datasource

Managing Connections

.. php:class:: ConnectionManager

The ConnectionManager class acts as a registry to access database connections your application has. It provides a place that other objects can get references to existing connections.

Accessing Connections

.. php:staticmethod:: get($name)

Once configured connections can be fetched using :php:meth:`Cake\\Datasource\\ConnectionManager::get()`. This method will construct and load a connection if it has not been built before, or return the existing known connection:

use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;

$conn = ConnectionManager::get('default');

Attempting to load connections that do not exist will throw an exception.

Creating Connections at Runtime

Using config() and get() you can create new connections that are not defined in your configuration files at runtime:

ConnectionManager::config('my_connection', $config);
$conn = ConnectionManager::get('my_connection');

See the :ref:`database-configuration` for more information on the configuration data used when creating connections.

.. php:namespace:: Cake\Database

Data Types

.. php:class:: Type

Since not every database vendor includes the same set of data types, or the same names for similar data types, CakePHP provides a set of abstracted data types for use with the database layer. The types CakePHP supports are:

string: Generally backed by CHAR or VARCHAR columns. Using the fixed option will force a CHAR column. In SQL Server, NCHAR and NVARCHAR types are used.
text: Maps to TEXT types.
uuid: Maps to the UUID type if a database provides one, otherwise this will generate a CHAR(36) field.
integer: Maps to the INTEGER type provided by the database. BIT is not yet supported at this moment.
smallinteger: Maps to the SMALLINT type provided by the database.
tinyinteger: Maps to the TINYINT or SMALLINT type provided by the database. In MySQL TINYINT(1) is treated as a boolean.
biginteger: Maps to the BIGINT type provided by the database.
float: Maps to either DOUBLE or FLOAT depending on the database. The precision option can be used to define the precision used.
decimal: Maps to the DECIMAL type. Supports the length and precision options.
boolean: Maps to BOOLEAN except in MySQL, where TINYINT(1) is used to represent booleans. BIT(1) is not yet supported at this moment.
binary: Maps to the BLOB or BYTEA type provided by the database.
date: Maps to a timezone naive DATE column type. The return value of this column type is :php:class:`Cake\\I18n\\Date` which extends the native DateTime class.
datetime: Maps to a timezone naive DATETIME column type. In PostgreSQL, and SQL Server this turns into a TIMESTAMP type. The default return value of this column type is :php:class:`Cake\\I18n\\Time` which extends the built-in DateTime class and Chronos.
timestamp: Maps to the TIMESTAMP type.
time: Maps to a TIME type in all databases.
json: Maps to a JSON type if it's available, otherwise it maps to TEXT. The 'json' type was added in 3.3.0

These types are used in both the schema reflection features that CakePHP provides, and schema generation features CakePHP uses when using test fixtures.

Each type can also provide translation functions between PHP and SQL representations. These methods are invoked based on the type hints provided when doing queries. For example a column that is marked as 'datetime' will automatically convert input parameters from DateTime instances into a timestamp or formatted datestrings. Likewise, 'binary' columns will accept file handles, and generate file handles when reading data.

.. versionchanged:: 3.3.0
    The ``json`` type was added.

.. versionchanged:: 3.5.0
    The ``smallinteger`` and ``tinyinteger`` types were added.

Adding Custom Types

.. php:staticmethod:: map($name, $class)

If you need to use vendor specific types that are not built into CakePHP you can add additional new types to CakePHP's type system. Type classes are expected to implement the following methods:

toPHP: Casts given value from a database type to a PHP equivalent.
toDatabase: Casts given value from a PHP type to one acceptable by a database.
toStatement: Casts given value to its Statement equivalent.
marshal: Marshals flat data into PHP objects.

An easy way to fulfill the basic interface is to extend :php:class:`Cake\\Database\\Type`. For example if we wanted to add a JSON type, we could make the following type class:

// in src/Database/Type/JsonType.php

namespace App\Database\Type;

use Cake\Database\Driver;
use Cake\Database\Type;
use PDO;

class JsonType extends Type
{

    public function toPHP($value, Driver $driver)
    {
        if ($value === null) {
            return null;
        }
        return json_decode($value, true);
    }

    public function marshal($value)
    {
        if (is_array($value) || $value === null) {
            return $value;
        }
        return json_decode($value, true);
    }

    public function toDatabase($value, Driver $driver)
    {
        return json_encode($value);
    }

    public function toStatement($value, Driver $driver)
    {
        if ($value === null) {
            return PDO::PARAM_NULL;
        }
        return PDO::PARAM_STR;
    }

}

By default the toStatement() method will treat values as strings which will work for our new type. Once we've created our new type, we need to add it into the type mapping. During our application bootstrap we should do the following:

use Cake\Database\Type;

Type::map('json', 'App\Database\Type\JsonType');

.. versionadded:: 3.3.0
    The JsonType described in this example was added to the core.

We can then overload the reflected schema data to use our new type, and CakePHP's database layer will automatically convert our JSON data when creating queries. You can use the custom types you've created by mapping the types in your Table's :ref:`_initializeSchema() method <saving-complex-types>`:

use Cake\Database\Schema\TableSchema;

class WidgetsTable extends Table
{

    protected function _initializeSchema(TableSchema $schema)
    {
        $schema->columnType('widget_prefs', 'json');
        return $schema;
    }

}

Mapping Custom Datatypes to SQL Expressions

.. versionadded:: 3.3.0
    Support for mapping custom data types to SQL expressions was added in 3.3.0.

The previous example maps a custom datatype for a 'json' column type which is easily represented as a string in a SQL statement. Complex SQL data types cannot be represented as strings/integers in SQL queries. When working with these datatypes your Type class needs to implement the Cake\Database\Type\ExpressionTypeInterface interface. This interface lets your custom type represent a value as a SQL expression. As an example, we'll build a simple Type class for handling POINT type data out of MySQL. First we'll define a 'value' object that we can use to represent POINT data in PHP:

// in src/Database/Point.php
namespace App\Database;

// Our value object is immutable.
class Point
{
    protected $_lat;
    protected $_long;

    // Factory method.
    public static function parse($value)
    {
        // Parse the data from MySQL.
        return new static($value[0], $value[1]);
    }

    public function __construct($lat, $long)
    {
        $this->_lat = $lat;
        $this->_long = $long;
    }

    public function lat()
    {
        return $this->_lat;
    }

    public function long()
    {
        return $this->_long;
    }
}

With our value object created, we'll need a Type class to map data into this value object and into SQL expressions:

namespace App\Database\Type;

use App\Database\Point;
use Cake\Database\Expression\FunctionExpression;
use Cake\Database\Type as BaseType;
use Cake\Database\Type\ExpressionTypeInterface;

class PointType extends BaseType implements ExpressionTypeInterface
{
    public function toPHP($value, Driver $d)
    {
        return Point::parse($value);
    }

    public function marshal($value)
    {
        if (is_string($value)) {
            $value = explode(',', $value);
        }
        if (is_array($value)) {
            return new Point($value[0], $value[1]);
        }
        return null;
    }

    public function toExpression($value)
    {
        if ($value instanceof Point) {
            return new FunctionExpression(
                'POINT',
                [
                    $value->lat(),
                    $value->long()
                ]
            );
        }
        if (is_array($value)) {
            return new FunctionExpression('POINT', [$value[0], $value[1]]);
        }
        // Handle other cases.
    }
}

The above class does a few interesting things:

The toPHP method handles parsing the SQL query results into a value object.
The marshal method handles converting, data such as given request data, into our value object. We're going to accept string values like '10.24,12.34 and arrays for now.
The toExpression method handles converting our value object into the equivalent SQL expressions. In our example the resulting SQL would be something like POINT(10.24, 12.34).

Once we've built our custom type, we'll need to :ref:`connect our type to our table class <saving-complex-types>`.

Enabling Immutable DateTime Objects

.. versionadded:: 3.2
    Immutable date/time objects were added in 3.2.

Because Date/Time objects are easily mutated in place, CakePHP allows you to enable immutable value objects. This is best done in your application's config/bootstrap.php file:

Type::build('datetime')->useImmutable();
Type::build('date')->useImmutable();
Type::build('time')->useImmutable();
Type::build('timestamp')->useImmutable();

Note

New applications will have immutable objects enabled by default.

Connection Classes

.. php:class:: Connection

Connection classes provide a simple interface to interact with database connections in a consistent way. They are intended as a more abstract interface to the driver layer and provide features for executing queries, logging queries, and doing transactional operations.

Executing Queries

.. php:method:: query($sql)

Once you've gotten a connection object, you'll probably want to issue some queries with it. CakePHP's database abstraction layer provides wrapper features on top of PDO and native drivers. These wrappers provide a similar interface to PDO. There are a few different ways you can run queries depending on the type of query you need to run and what kind of results you need back. The most basic method is query() which allows you to run already completed SQL queries:

$stmt = $conn->query('UPDATE articles SET published = 1 WHERE id = 2');

.. php:method:: execute($sql, $params, $types)

The query() method does not allow for additional parameters. If you need additional parameters you should use the execute() method, which allows for placeholders to be used:

$stmt = $conn->execute(
    'UPDATE articles SET published = ? WHERE id = ?',
    [1, 2]
);

Without any type hinting information, execute will assume all placeholders are string values. If you need to bind specific types of data, you can use their abstract type names when creating a query:

$stmt = $conn->execute(
    'UPDATE articles SET published_date = ? WHERE id = ?',
    [new DateTime('now'), 2],
    ['date', 'integer']
);

.. php:method:: newQuery()

This allows you to use rich data types in your applications and properly convert them into SQL statements. The last and most flexible way of creating queries is to use the :doc:`/orm/query-builder`. This approach allows you to build complex and expressive queries without having to use platform specific SQL:

$query = $conn->newQuery();
$query->update('articles')
    ->set(['published' => true])
    ->where(['id' => 2]);
$stmt = $query->execute();

When using the query builder, no SQL will be sent to the database server until the execute() method is called, or the query is iterated. Iterating a query will first execute it and then start iterating over the result set:

$query = $conn->newQuery();
$query->select('*')
    ->from('articles')
    ->where(['published' => true]);

foreach ($query as $row) {
    // Do something with the row.
}

Note

When you have an instance of :php:class:`Cake\\ORM\\Query` you can use all() to get the result set for SELECT queries.

Using Transactions

The connection objects provide you a few simple ways you do database transactions. The most basic way of doing transactions is through the begin(), commit() and rollback() methods, which map to their SQL equivalents:

$conn->begin();
$conn->execute('UPDATE articles SET published = ? WHERE id = ?', [true, 2]);
$conn->execute('UPDATE articles SET published = ? WHERE id = ?', [false, 4]);
$conn->commit();

.. php:method:: transactional(callable $callback)

In addition to this interface connection instances also provide the transactional() method which makes handling the begin/commit/rollback calls much simpler:

$conn->transactional(function ($conn) {
    $conn->execute('UPDATE articles SET published = ? WHERE id = ?', [true, 2]);
    $conn->execute('UPDATE articles SET published = ? WHERE id = ?', [false, 4]);
});

In addition to basic queries, you can execute more complex queries using either the :doc:`/orm/query-builder` or :doc:`/orm/table-objects`. The transactional method will do the following:

Call begin.
Call the provided closure.
If the closure raises an exception, a rollback will be issued. The original exception will be re-thrown.
If the closure returns false, a rollback will be issued.
If the closure executes successfully, the transaction will be committed.

Interacting with Statements

When using the lower level database API, you will often encounter statement objects. These objects allow you to manipulate the underlying prepared statement from the driver. After creating and executing a query object, or using execute() you will have a StatementDecorator instance. It wraps the underlying basic statement object and provides a few additional features.

Preparing a Statement

You can create a statement object using execute(), or prepare(). The execute() method returns a statement with the provided values bound to it. While prepare() returns an incomplete statement:

// Statements from execute will have values bound to them already.
$stmt = $conn->execute(
    'SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = ?',
    [true]
);

// Statements from prepare will be parameters for placeholders.
// You need to bind parameters before attempting to execute it.
$stmt = $conn->prepare('SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = ?');

Once you've prepared a statement you can bind additional data and execute it.

Binding Values

Once you've created a prepared statement, you may need to bind additional data. You can bind multiple values at once using the bind() method, or bind individual elements using bindValue:

$stmt = $conn->prepare(
    'SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = ? AND created > ?'
);

// Bind multiple values
$stmt->bind(
    [true, new DateTime('2013-01-01')],
    ['boolean', 'date']
);

// Bind a single value
$stmt->bindValue(1, true, 'boolean');
$stmt->bindValue(2, new DateTime('2013-01-01'), 'date');

When creating statements you can also use named array keys instead of positional ones:

$stmt = $conn->prepare(
    'SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = :published AND created > :created'
);

// Bind multiple values
$stmt->bind(
    ['published' => true, 'created' => new DateTime('2013-01-01')],
    ['published' => 'boolean', 'created' => 'date']
);

// Bind a single value
$stmt->bindValue('published', true, 'boolean');
$stmt->bindValue('created', new DateTime('2013-01-01'), 'date');

Warning

You cannot mix positional and named array keys in the same statement.

Executing & Fetching Rows

After preparing a statement and binding data to it, you can execute it and fetch rows. Statements should be executed using the execute() method. Once executed, results can be fetched using fetch(), fetchAll() or iterating the statement:

$stmt->execute();

// Read one row.
$row = $stmt->fetch('assoc');

// Read all rows.
$rows = $stmt->fetchAll('assoc');

// Read rows through iteration.
foreach ($stmt as $row) {
    // Do work
}

Note

Reading rows through iteration will fetch rows in 'both' mode. This means you will get both the numerically indexed and associatively indexed results.

Getting Row Counts

After executing a statement, you can fetch the number of affected rows:

$rowCount = count($stmt);
$rowCount = $stmt->rowCount();

Checking Error Codes

If your query was not successful, you can get related error information using the errorCode() and errorInfo() methods. These methods work the same way as the ones provided by PDO:

$code = $stmt->errorCode();
$info = $stmt->errorInfo();

.. todo::
    Possibly document CallbackStatement and BufferedStatement

Query Logging

Query logging can be enabled when configuring your connection by setting the log option to true. You can also toggle query logging at runtime, using logQueries:

// Turn query logging on.
$conn->logQueries(true);

// Turn query logging off
$conn->logQueries(false);

When query logging is enabled, queries will be logged to :php:class:`Cake\\Log\\Log` using the 'debug' level, and the 'queriesLog' scope. You will need to have a logger configured to capture this level & scope. Logging to stderr can be useful when working on unit tests, and logging to files/syslog can be useful when working with web requests:

use Cake\Log\Log;

// Console logging
Log::config('queries', [
    'className' => 'Console',
    'stream' => 'php://stderr',
    'scopes' => ['queriesLog']
]);

// File logging
Log::config('queries', [
    'className' => 'File',
    'path' => LOGS,
    'file' => 'queries.log',
    'scopes' => ['queriesLog']
]);

Note

Query logging is only intended for debugging/development uses. You should never leave query logging on in production as it will negatively impact the performance of your application.

Identifier Quoting

By default CakePHP does not quote identifiers in generated SQL queries. The reason for this is identifier quoting has a few drawbacks:

Performance overhead - Quoting identifiers is much slower and complex than not doing it.
Not necessary in most cases - In non-legacy databases that follow CakePHP's conventions there is no reason to quote identifiers.

If you are using a legacy schema that requires identifier quoting you can enable it using the quoteIdentifiers setting in your :ref:`database-configuration`. You can also enable this feature at runtime:

$conn->driver()->autoQuoting(true);

When enabled, identifier quoting will cause additional query traversal that converts all identifiers into IdentifierExpression objects.

Note

SQL snippets contained in QueryExpression objects will not be modified.

Metadata Caching

CakePHP's ORM uses database reflection to determine the schema, indexes and foreign keys your application contains. Because this metadata changes infrequently and can be expensive to access, it is typically cached. By default, metadata is stored in the _cake_model_ cache configuration. You can define a custom cache configuration using the cacheMetatdata option in your datasource configuration:

'Datasources' => [
    'default' => [
        // Other keys go here.

        // Use the 'orm_metadata' cache config for metadata.
        'cacheMetadata' => 'orm_metadata',
    ]
],

You can also configure the metadata caching at runtime with the cacheMetadata() method:

// Disable the cache
$connection->cacheMetadata(false);

// Enable the cache
$connection->cacheMetadata(true);

// Use a custom cache config
$connection->cacheMetadata('orm_metadata');

CakePHP also includes a CLI tool for managing metadata caches. See the :doc:`/console-and-shells/orm-cache` chapter for more information.

Creating Databases

If you want to create a connection without selecting a database you can omit the database name:

$dsn = 'mysql://root:password@localhost/';

You can now use your connection object to execute queries that create/modify databases. For example to create a database:

$connection->query("CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS my_database");

Note

When creating a database it is a good idea to set the character set and collation parameters. If these values are missing, the database will set whatever system default values it uses.

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database-basics.rst

database-basics.rst

Database Basics

Quick Tour

Supported Databases

Running Select Statements

Running Insert Statements

Running Update Statements

Running Delete Statements

Configuration

Managing Connections

Accessing Connections

Creating Connections at Runtime

Data Types

Adding Custom Types

Mapping Custom Datatypes to SQL Expressions

Enabling Immutable DateTime Objects

Connection Classes

Executing Queries

Using Transactions

Interacting with Statements

Preparing a Statement

Binding Values

Executing & Fetching Rows

Getting Row Counts

Checking Error Codes

Query Logging

Identifier Quoting

Metadata Caching

Creating Databases

Files

database-basics.rst

Latest commit

History

database-basics.rst

File metadata and controls

Database Basics

Quick Tour

Supported Databases

Running Select Statements

Running Insert Statements

Running Update Statements

Running Delete Statements

Configuration

Managing Connections

Accessing Connections

Creating Connections at Runtime

Data Types

Adding Custom Types

Mapping Custom Datatypes to SQL Expressions

Enabling Immutable DateTime Objects

Connection Classes

Executing Queries

Using Transactions

Interacting with Statements

Preparing a Statement

Binding Values

Executing & Fetching Rows

Getting Row Counts

Checking Error Codes

Query Logging

Identifier Quoting

Metadata Caching

Creating Databases