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<div class="section" id="torch-onnx">
<h1>torch.onnx<a class="headerlink" href="#torch-onnx" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#example-end-to-end-alexnet-from-pytorch-to-onnx" id="id3">Example: End-to-end AlexNet from PyTorch to ONNX</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#tracing-vs-scripting" id="id4">Tracing vs Scripting</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torchvision-support" id="id5">TorchVision support</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#limitations" id="id6">Limitations</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-operators" id="id7">Supported operators</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#adding-support-for-operators" id="id8">Adding support for operators</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#aten-operators" id="id9">ATen operators</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#non-aten-operators" id="id10">Non-ATen operators</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-operators" id="id11">Custom operators</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#operator-export-type" id="id12">Operator Export Type</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#id2" id="id13">ONNX</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#onnx-aten" id="id14">ONNX_ATEN</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#onnx-aten-fallback" id="id15">ONNX_ATEN_FALLBACK</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#raw" id="id16">RAW</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#onnx-fallthrough" id="id17">ONNX_FALLTHROUGH</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#frequently-asked-questions" id="id18">Frequently Asked Questions</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#use-external-data-format" id="id19">Use external data format</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#training" id="id20">Training</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#functions" id="id21">Functions</a></p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span class="target" id="module-torch.onnx"></span><div class="section" id="example-end-to-end-alexnet-from-pytorch-to-onnx">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Example: End-to-end AlexNet from PyTorch to ONNX</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-end-to-end-alexnet-from-pytorch-to-onnx" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Here is a simple script which exports a pretrained AlexNet as defined in
torchvision into ONNX. It runs a single round of inference and then
saves the resulting traced model to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alexnet.onnx</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torchvision</span>
<span class="n">dummy_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">device</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'cuda'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torchvision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alexnet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pretrained</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cuda</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Providing input and output names sets the display names for values</span>
<span class="c1"># within the model's graph. Setting these does not change the semantics</span>
<span class="c1"># of the graph; it is only for readability.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># The inputs to the network consist of the flat list of inputs (i.e.</span>
<span class="c1"># the values you would pass to the forward() method) followed by the</span>
<span class="c1"># flat list of parameters. You can partially specify names, i.e. provide</span>
<span class="c1"># a list here shorter than the number of inputs to the model, and we will</span>
<span class="c1"># only set that subset of names, starting from the beginning.</span>
<span class="n">input_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s2">"actual_input_1"</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s2">"learned_</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">output_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s2">"output1"</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dummy_input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"alexnet.onnx"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verbose</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input_names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">input_names</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">output_names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">output_names</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The resulting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alexnet.onnx</span></code> is a binary protobuf file which contains both
the network structure and parameters of the model you exported
(in this case, AlexNet). The keyword argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">verbose=True</span></code> causes the
exporter to print out a human-readable representation of the network:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># These are the inputs and parameters to the network, which have taken on</span>
<span class="c1"># the names we specified earlier.</span>
<span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">actual_input_1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_0</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_2</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">192</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_3</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">192</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># ---- omitted for brevity ----</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_14</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_15</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1"># Every statement consists of some output tensors (and their types),</span>
<span class="c1"># the operator to be run (with its attributes, e.g., kernels, strides,</span>
<span class="c1"># etc.), its input tensors (%actual_input_1, %learned_0, %learned_1)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">17</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">55</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">55</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Conv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dilations</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">group</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">pads</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">strides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">]](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">actual_input_1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">features</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Conv2d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">18</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">55</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">55</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">features</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ReLU</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">19</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">27</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">27</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">MaxPool</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">kernel_shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">pads</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">strides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">18</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">features</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">MaxPool2d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c1"># ---- omitted for brevity ----</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">29</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">256</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">MaxPool</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">kernel_shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">pads</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">strides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">features</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">MaxPool2d</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="c1"># Dynamic means that the shape is not known. This may be because of a</span>
<span class="c1"># limitation of our implementation (which we would like to fix in a</span>
<span class="c1"># future release) or shapes which are truly dynamic.</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">30</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dynamic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">29</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">31</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Dynamic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Slice</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">axes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">ends</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">starts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">32</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Squeeze</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">axes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">31</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">33</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Constant</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">9216</span><span class="p">}](),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span>
<span class="c1"># ---- omitted for brevity ----</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">output1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Gemm</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">beta</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">broadcast</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">transB</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">learned_15</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">AlexNet</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Sequential</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">classifier</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Linear</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">output1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also verify the protobuf using the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/onnx/onnx/">ONNX</a> library.
You can install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ONNX</span></code> with conda:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">conda</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="n">conda</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">forge</span> <span class="n">onnx</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then, you can run:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">onnx</span>
<span class="c1"># Load the ONNX model</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"alexnet.onnx"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Check that the IR is well formed</span>
<span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">checker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">check_model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Print a human readable representation of the graph</span>
<span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">helper</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printable_graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To run the exported script with <a class="reference external" href="https://caffe2.ai/">caffe2</a>, you will need to install <cite>caffe2</cite>: If you don’t have one already, Please <a class="reference external" href="https://caffe2.ai/docs/getting-started.html">follow the install instructions</a>.</p>
<p>Once these are installed, you can use the backend for Caffe2:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># ...continuing from above</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">caffe2.python.onnx.backend</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">backend</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="n">rep</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prepare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">device</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"CUDA:0"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># or "CPU"</span>
<span class="c1"># For the Caffe2 backend:</span>
<span class="c1"># rep.predict_net is the Caffe2 protobuf for the network</span>
<span class="c1"># rep.workspace is the Caffe2 workspace for the network</span>
<span class="c1"># (see the class caffe2.python.onnx.backend.Workspace)</span>
<span class="n">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rep</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># To run networks with more than one input, pass a tuple</span>
<span class="c1"># rather than a single numpy ndarray.</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also run the exported model with <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime">ONNX Runtime</a>,
you will need to install <cite>ONNX Runtime</cite>: please <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime#installation">follow these instructions</a>.</p>
<p>Once these are installed, you can use the backend for ONNX Runtime:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># ...continuing from above</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">onnxruntime</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">ort</span>
<span class="n">ort_session</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ort</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InferenceSession</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'alexnet.onnx'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ort_session</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'actual_input_1'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">float32</span><span class="p">)})</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is another <a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/super_resolution_with_onnxruntime.html">tutorial of exporting the SuperResolution model to ONNX.</a>.</p>
<p>In the future, there will be backends for other frameworks as well.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="tracing-vs-scripting">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Tracing vs Scripting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tracing-vs-scripting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The ONNX exporter can be both <em>trace-based</em> and <em>script-based</em> exporter.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>trace-based</em> means that it operates by executing your model once, and exporting the operators which
were actually run during this run. This means that if your model is
dynamic, e.g., changes behavior depending on input data, the export
won’t be accurate. Similarly, a trace is likely to be valid only
for a specific input size (which is one reason why we require explicit inputs
on tracing.) We recommend examining the model trace and making sure
the traced operators look reasonable. If your model contains control flows like
for loops and if conditions, <em>trace-based</em> exporter will unroll the loops and if conditions,
exporting a static graph that is exactly the same as this run. If you want
to export your model with dynamic control flows, you will need to use the <em>script-based</em> exporter.</p></li>
<li><p><em>script-based</em> means that the model you are trying to export is a <a class="reference external" href="jit.html">ScriptModule</a>.
<cite>ScriptModule</cite> is the core data structure in <cite>TorchScript</cite>, and <cite>TorchScript</cite> is a subset of Python language,
that creates serializable and optimizable models from PyTorch code.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>We allow mixing tracing and scripting. You can compose tracing and scripting to suit the particular requirements
of a part of a model. Checkout this example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">torch</span>
<span class="c1"># Trace-based only</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">LoopModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LoopModel</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">dummy_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ones</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">long</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">loop_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">long</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dummy_input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loop_count</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'loop.onnx'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verbose</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <em>trace-based</em> exporter, we get the result ONNX graph which unrolls the for loop:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">()):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Constant</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">}]()</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Constant</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">}]()</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">5</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">6</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Constant</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">}]()</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">7</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">8</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Constant</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">}]()</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To utilize <em>script-based</em> exporter for capturing the dynamic loop,
we can write the loop in script, and call it from the regular nn.Module:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Mixing tracing and scripting</span>
<span class="nd">@torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">script</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">loop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">LoopModel2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LoopModel2</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">dummy_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ones</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">long</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">loop_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tensor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">long</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dummy_input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">loop_count</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'loop.onnx'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">verbose</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">input_names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'input_data'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'loop_range'</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now the exported ONNX graph becomes:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">input_data</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="n">loop_range</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">()):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Constant</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">}](),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">LoopModel2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">loop</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Cast</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Loop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">loop_range</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">input_data</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">LoopModel2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">loop</span> <span class="c1"># custom_loop.py:240:5</span>
<span class="n">block0</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">cond</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">6</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">8</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">scope</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">LoopModel2</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">loop</span> <span class="c1"># custom_loop.py:241:13</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">9</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Cast</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">-></span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The dynamic control flow is captured correctly. We can verify in backends with different loop range.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">caffe2.python.onnx.backend</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">backend</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">onnx</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'loop.onnx'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rep</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">backend</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prepare</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rep</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">dummy_input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">numpy</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">int64</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c1">#[[37 37 37]</span>
<span class="c1"># [37 37 37]]</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">onnxruntime</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">ort</span>
<span class="n">ort_sess</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ort</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">InferenceSession</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'loop.onnx'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ort_sess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'input_data'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dummy_input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">numpy</span><span class="p">(),</span>
<span class="s1">'loop_range'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">int64</span><span class="p">)})</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">#[array([[37, 37, 37],</span>
<span class="c1"># [37, 37, 37]], dtype=int64)]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="torchvision-support">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">TorchVision support</a><a class="headerlink" href="#torchvision-support" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>All TorchVision models, except for quantized versions, are exportable to ONNX.
More details can be found in <a class="reference external" href="torchvision/models.html">TorchVision</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="limitations">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Limitations</a><a class="headerlink" href="#limitations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Only tuples, lists and Variables are supported as JIT inputs/outputs. Dictionaries and strings are also accepted
but their usage is not recommended. Users need to verify their dict inputs carefully, and keep in mind that
dynamic lookups are not available.</p></li>
<li><p>PyTorch and ONNX backends(Caffe2, ONNX Runtime, etc) often have implementations of operators with some
numeric differences. Depending on model structure, these differences
may be negligible, but they can also cause major divergences in behavior
(especially on untrained models.) We allow Caffe2 to call directly to Torch implementations of operators, to
help you smooth over these differences when precision is important,
and to also document these differences.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="supported-operators">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Supported operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#supported-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The following operators are supported:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>BatchNorm</p></li>
<li><p>ConstantPadNd</p></li>
<li><p>Conv</p></li>
<li><p>Dropout</p></li>
<li><p>Embedding (no optional arguments supported)</p></li>
<li><p>FeatureDropout (training mode not supported)</p></li>
<li><p>Index</p></li>
<li><p>MaxPool1d</p></li>
<li><p>MaxPool2d</p></li>
<li><p>MaxPool3d</p></li>
<li><p>RNN</p></li>
<li><p>abs</p></li>
<li><p>absolute</p></li>
<li><p>acos</p></li>
<li><p>adaptive_avg_pool1d</p></li>
<li><p>adaptive_avg_pool2d</p></li>
<li><p>adaptive_avg_pool3d</p></li>
<li><p>adaptive_max_pool1d</p></li>
<li><p>adaptive_max_pool2d</p></li>
<li><p>adaptive_max_pool3d</p></li>
<li><p>add (nonzero alpha not supported)</p></li>
<li><p>addmm</p></li>
<li><p>and</p></li>
<li><p>arange</p></li>
<li><p>argmax</p></li>
<li><p>argmin</p></li>
<li><p>asin</p></li>
<li><p>atan</p></li>
<li><p>avg_pool1d</p></li>
<li><p>avg_pool2d</p></li>
<li><p>avg_pool2d</p></li>
<li><p>avg_pool3d</p></li>
<li><p>baddbmm</p></li>
<li><p>bitshift</p></li>
<li><p>cat</p></li>
<li><p>ceil</p></li>
<li><p>celu</p></li>
<li><p>clamp</p></li>
<li><p>clamp_max</p></li>
<li><p>clamp_min</p></li>
<li><p>concat</p></li>
<li><p>copy</p></li>
<li><p>cos</p></li>
<li><p>cumsum</p></li>
<li><p>det</p></li>
<li><p>dim_arange</p></li>
<li><p>div</p></li>
<li><p>dropout</p></li>
<li><p>einsum</p></li>
<li><p>elu</p></li>
<li><p>empty</p></li>
<li><p>empty_like</p></li>
<li><p>eq</p></li>
<li><p>erf</p></li>
<li><p>exp</p></li>
<li><p>expand</p></li>
<li><p>expand_as</p></li>
<li><p>flatten</p></li>
<li><p>floor</p></li>
<li><p>floor_divide</p></li>
<li><p>frobenius_norm</p></li>
<li><p>full</p></li>
<li><p>full_like</p></li>
<li><p>gather</p></li>
<li><p>ge</p></li>
<li><p>gelu</p></li>
<li><p>glu</p></li>
<li><p>group_norm</p></li>
<li><p>gt</p></li>
<li><p>hardtanh</p></li>
<li><p>im2col</p></li>
<li><p>index_copy</p></li>
<li><p>index_fill</p></li>
<li><p>index_put</p></li>
<li><p>index_select</p></li>
<li><p>instance_norm</p></li>
<li><p>interpolate</p></li>
<li><p>isnan</p></li>
<li><p>layer_norm</p></li>
<li><p>le</p></li>
<li><p>leaky_relu</p></li>
<li><p>log</p></li>
<li><p>log1p</p></li>
<li><p>log2</p></li>
<li><p>log_sigmoid</p></li>
<li><p>log_softmax</p></li>
<li><p>logdet</p></li>
<li><p>logsumexp</p></li>
<li><p>lt</p></li>
<li><p>masked_fill</p></li>
<li><p>masked_scatter</p></li>
<li><p>masked_select</p></li>
<li><p>max</p></li>
<li><p>mean</p></li>
<li><p>min</p></li>
<li><p>mm</p></li>
<li><p>mul</p></li>
<li><p>multinomial</p></li>
<li><p>narrow</p></li>
<li><p>ne</p></li>
<li><p>neg</p></li>
<li><p>nll_loss</p></li>
<li><p>nonzero</p></li>
<li><p>norm</p></li>
<li><p>ones</p></li>
<li><p>ones_like</p></li>
<li><p>or</p></li>
<li><p>permute</p></li>
<li><p>pixel_shuffle</p></li>
<li><p>pow</p></li>
<li><p>prelu (single weight shared among input channels not supported)</p></li>
<li><p>prod</p></li>
<li><p>rand</p></li>
<li><p>randn</p></li>
<li><p>randn_like</p></li>
<li><p>reciprocal</p></li>
<li><p>reflection_pad</p></li>
<li><p>relu</p></li>
<li><p>repeat</p></li>
<li><p>replication_pad</p></li>
<li><p>reshape</p></li>
<li><p>reshape_as</p></li>
<li><p>round</p></li>
<li><p>rrelu</p></li>
<li><p>rsqrt</p></li>
<li><p>rsub</p></li>
<li><p>scalar_tensor</p></li>
<li><p>scatter</p></li>
<li><p>scatter_add</p></li>
<li><p>select</p></li>
<li><p>selu</p></li>
<li><p>sigmoid</p></li>
<li><p>sign</p></li>
<li><p>sin</p></li>
<li><p>size</p></li>
<li><p>slice</p></li>
<li><p>softmax</p></li>
<li><p>softplus</p></li>
<li><p>sort</p></li>
<li><p>split</p></li>
<li><p>sqrt</p></li>
<li><p>squeeze</p></li>
<li><p>stack</p></li>
<li><p>std</p></li>
<li><p>sub (nonzero alpha not supported)</p></li>
<li><p>sum</p></li>
<li><p>t</p></li>
<li><p>tan</p></li>
<li><p>tanh</p></li>
<li><p>threshold (non-zero threshold/non-zero value not supported)</p></li>
<li><p>to</p></li>
<li><p>topk</p></li>
<li><p>transpose</p></li>
<li><p>true_divide</p></li>
<li><p>type_as</p></li>
<li><p>unbind</p></li>
<li><p>unfold (experimental support with ATen-Caffe2 integration)</p></li>
<li><p>unique</p></li>
<li><p>unsqueeze</p></li>
<li><p>upsample_nearest1d</p></li>
<li><p>upsample_nearest2d</p></li>
<li><p>upsample_nearest3d</p></li>
<li><p>view</p></li>
<li><p>weight_norm</p></li>
<li><p>where</p></li>
<li><p>zeros</p></li>
<li><p>zeros_like</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The operator set above is sufficient to export the following models:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>AlexNet</p></li>
<li><p>DCGAN</p></li>
<li><p>DenseNet</p></li>
<li><p>Inception (warning: this model is highly sensitive to changes in operator
implementation)</p></li>
<li><p>ResNet</p></li>
<li><p>SuperResolution</p></li>
<li><p>VGG</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytorch/examples/tree/master/word_language_model">word_language_model</a></p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="adding-support-for-operators">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Adding support for operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#adding-support-for-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Adding export support for operators is an <em>advance usage</em>.</p>
<p>To achieve this, developers need to touch the source code of PyTorch.
Please follow the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch#from-source">instructions</a>
for installing PyTorch from source.
If the wanted operator is standardized in ONNX, it should be easy to add
support for exporting such operator (adding a symbolic function for the operator).
To confirm whether the operator is standardized or not, please check the
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/onnx/onnx/blob/master/docs/Operators.md">ONNX operator list</a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="aten-operators">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">ATen operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#aten-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>If the operator is an ATen operator, which means you can find the declaration
of the function in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType.h</span></code>
(available in generated code in PyTorch install dir), you should add the symbolic
function in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch/onnx/symbolic_opset<version>.py</span></code> and follow the instructions listed as below:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Define the symbolic function in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch/onnx/symbolic_opset<version>.py</span></code>, for example
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/master/torch/onnx/symbolic_opset9.py">torch/onnx/symbolic_opset9.py</a>.
Make sure the function has the same name as the ATen operator/function
defined in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VariableType.h</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>The first parameter is always the exported ONNX graph.
Parameter names must EXACTLY match the names in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VariableType.h</span></code>,
because dispatch is done with keyword arguments.</p></li>
<li><p>Parameter ordering does NOT necessarily match what is in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VariableType.h</span></code>,
tensors (inputs) are always first, then non-tensor arguments.</p></li>
<li><p>In the symbolic function, if the operator is already standardized in ONNX,
we only need to create a node to represent the ONNX operator in the graph.</p></li>
<li><p>If the input argument is a tensor, but ONNX asks for a scalar, we have to
explicitly do the conversion. The helper function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_scalar</span></code> can convert a
scalar tensor into a python scalar, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_if_scalar_type_as</span></code> can turn a
Python scalar into a PyTorch tensor.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="non-aten-operators">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Non-ATen operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#non-aten-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>If the operator is a non-ATen operator, the symbolic function has to be
added in the corresponding PyTorch Function class. Please read the following
instructions:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Create a symbolic function named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symbolic</span></code> in the corresponding Function class.</p></li>
<li><p>The first parameter is always the exported ONNX graph.</p></li>
<li><p>Parameter names except the first must EXACTLY match the names in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>The output tuple size must match the outputs of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>In the symbolic function, if the operator is already standardized in ONNX,
we just need to create a node to represent the ONNX operator in the graph.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Symbolic functions should be implemented in Python. All of these functions interact
with Python methods which are implemented via C++-Python bindings,
but intuitively the interface they provide looks like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">operator</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">symbolic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> Modifies Graph (e.g., using "op"), adding the ONNX operations representing</span>
<span class="sd"> this PyTorch function, and returning a Value or tuple of Values specifying the</span>
<span class="sd"> ONNX outputs whose values correspond to the original PyTorch return values</span>
<span class="sd"> of the autograd Function (or None if an output is not supported by ONNX).</span>
<span class="sd"> Arguments:</span>
<span class="sd"> g (Graph): graph to write the ONNX representation into</span>
<span class="sd"> inputs (Value...): list of values representing the variables which contain</span>
<span class="sd"> the inputs for this function</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Represents an intermediate tensor value computed in ONNX."""</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Returns the Type of the value."""</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">sizes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Returns a tuple of ints representing the shape of a tensor this describes."""</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">opname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">attrs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> Create an ONNX operator 'opname', taking 'args' as inputs</span>
<span class="sd"> and attributes 'kwargs' and add it as a node to the current graph,</span>
<span class="sd"> returning the value representing the single output of this</span>
<span class="sd"> operator (see the `outputs` keyword argument for multi-return</span>
<span class="sd"> nodes).</span>
<span class="sd"> The set of operators and the inputs/attributes they take</span>
<span class="sd"> is documented at https://github.com/onnx/onnx/blob/master/docs/Operators.md</span>
<span class="sd"> Arguments:</span>
<span class="sd"> opname (string): The ONNX operator name, e.g., `Abs` or `Add`.</span>
<span class="sd"> args (Value...): The inputs to the operator; usually provided</span>
<span class="sd"> as arguments to the `symbolic` definition.</span>
<span class="sd"> kwargs: The attributes of the ONNX operator, with keys named</span>
<span class="sd"> according to the following convention: `alpha_f` indicates</span>
<span class="sd"> the `alpha` attribute with type `f`. The valid type specifiers are</span>
<span class="sd"> `f` (float), `i` (int), `s` (string) or `t` (Tensor). An attribute</span>
<span class="sd"> specified with type float accepts either a single float, or a</span>
<span class="sd"> list of floats (e.g., you would say `dims_i` for a `dims` attribute</span>
<span class="sd"> that takes a list of integers).</span>
<span class="sd"> outputs (int, optional): The number of outputs this operator returns;</span>
<span class="sd"> by default an operator is assumed to return a single output.</span>
<span class="sd"> If `outputs` is greater than one, this functions returns a tuple</span>
<span class="sd"> of output `Value`, representing each output of the ONNX operator</span>
<span class="sd"> in positional.</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The ONNX graph C++ definition is in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">torch/csrc/jit/ir/ir.h</span></code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example of handling missing symbolic function for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">elu</span></code> operator.
We try to export the model and see the error message as below:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ne">UserWarning</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ONNX</span> <span class="n">export</span> <span class="n">failed</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">elu</span> <span class="n">because</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symbolic_opset9</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">elu</span> <span class="n">does</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">exist</span>
<span class="ne">RuntimeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">ONNX</span> <span class="n">export</span> <span class="n">failed</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Couldn</span><span class="s1">'t export operator elu</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The export fails because PyTorch does not support exporting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">elu</span></code> operator.
We find <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtual</span> <span class="pre">Tensor</span> <span class="pre">elu(const</span> <span class="pre">Tensor</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">input,</span> <span class="pre">Scalar</span> <span class="pre">alpha,</span> <span class="pre">bool</span> <span class="pre">inplace)</span> <span class="pre">const</span> <span class="pre">override;</span></code>
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VariableType.h</span></code>. This means <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">elu</span></code> is an ATen operator.
We check the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/onnx/onnx/blob/master/docs/Operators.md">ONNX operator list</a>,
and confirm that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Elu</span></code> is standardized in ONNX.
We add the following lines to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symbolic_opset9.py</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">elu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inplace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Elu"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha_f</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_scalar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now PyTorch is able to export <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">elu</span></code> operator.</p>
<p>There are more examples in
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/master/torch/onnx/symbolic_opset9.py">symbolic_opset9.py</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/master/torch/onnx/symbolic_opset10.py">symbolic_opset10.py</a>.</p>
<p>The interface for specifying operator definitions is experimental;
adventurous users should note that the APIs will probably
change in a future interface.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="custom-operators">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Custom operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#custom-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Following this tutorial <a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/torch_script_custom_ops.html">Extending TorchScript with Custom C++ Operators</a>,
you can create and register your own custom ops implementation in PyTorch. Here’s how to export such model to ONNX.:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Create custom symbolic function</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">torch.onnx.symbolic_helper</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_args</span>
<span class="nd">@parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'v'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'v'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'f'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'i'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">symbolic_foo_forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr2</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">g</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">op</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr1_f</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">attr1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr2_i</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">attr2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Register custom symbolic function</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">torch.onnx</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">register_custom_op_symbolic</span>
<span class="n">register_custom_op_symbolic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'custom_ops::foo_forward'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symbolic_foo_forward</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">FooModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Module</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr2</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FooModule</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">attr1</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">attr2</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># Calling custom op</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ops</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">custom_ops</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo_forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">input2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FooModel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">attr1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">attr2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">torch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onnx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dummy_input1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dummy_input2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'model.onnx'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">custom_opsets</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"custom_domain"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Depending on the custom operator, you can export it as one or a combination of existing ONNX ops.
You can also export it as a custom op in ONNX as well. In that case, you can specify the custom domain
and version (custom opset) using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">custom_opsets</span></code> dictionary at export. If not
explicitly specified, the custom opset version is set to 1 by default.
Using custom ONNX ops, you will need to extend the backend of your choice
with matching custom ops implementation, e.g. <a class="reference external" href="https://caffe2.ai/docs/custom-operators.html">Caffe2 custom ops</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/blob/master/docs/AddingCustomOp.md">ONNX Runtime custom ops</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="operator-export-type">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Operator Export Type</a><a class="headerlink" href="#operator-export-type" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Exporting models with unsupported ONNX operators can be achieved using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator_export_type</span></code> flag in export API.
This flag is useful when users try to export ATen and non-ATen operators that are not registered and supported in ONNX.</p>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">ONNX</a><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This mode is used to export all operators as regular ONNX operators. This is the default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator_export_type</span></code> mode.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Example</span> <span class="n">torch</span> <span class="n">ir</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">aten</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">aten</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">div</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Is</span> <span class="n">exported</span> <span class="k">as</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">Exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">onnx</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">Div</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="onnx-aten">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">ONNX_ATEN</a><a class="headerlink" href="#onnx-aten" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>This mode is used to export all operators as ATen ops, and avoid conversion to ONNX.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Example</span> <span class="n">torch</span> <span class="n">ir</span> <span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">aten</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">aten</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">div</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Is</span> <span class="n">exported</span> <span class="k">as</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">graph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">aten</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">ATen</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">operator</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"exp"</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">aten</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">ATen</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">operator</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"div"</span><span class="p">](</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>