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backend.c
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/*
* fio - the flexible io tester
*
* Copyright (C) 2005 Jens Axboe <[email protected]>
* Copyright (C) 2006-2012 Jens Axboe <[email protected]>
*
* The license below covers all files distributed with fio unless otherwise
* noted in the file itself.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*
*/
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include "fio.h"
#ifndef FIO_NO_HAVE_SHM_H
#include <sys/shm.h>
#endif
#include "hash.h"
#include "smalloc.h"
#include "verify.h"
#include "trim.h"
#include "diskutil.h"
#include "cgroup.h"
#include "profile.h"
#include "lib/rand.h"
#include "memalign.h"
#include "server.h"
#include "lib/getrusage.h"
#include "idletime.h"
#include "err.h"
#include "lib/tp.h"
static pthread_t helper_thread;
static pthread_mutex_t helper_lock;
pthread_cond_t helper_cond;
int helper_do_stat = 0;
static struct fio_mutex *startup_mutex;
static struct flist_head *cgroup_list;
static char *cgroup_mnt;
static int exit_value;
static volatile int fio_abort;
static unsigned int nr_process = 0;
static unsigned int nr_thread = 0;
struct io_log *agg_io_log[DDIR_RWDIR_CNT];
int groupid = 0;
unsigned int thread_number = 0;
unsigned int stat_number = 0;
int shm_id = 0;
int temp_stall_ts;
unsigned long done_secs = 0;
volatile int helper_exit = 0;
#define PAGE_ALIGN(buf) \
(char *) (((uintptr_t) (buf) + page_mask) & ~page_mask)
#define JOB_START_TIMEOUT (5 * 1000)
static void sig_int(int sig)
{
if (threads) {
if (is_backend)
fio_server_got_signal(sig);
else {
log_info("\nfio: terminating on signal %d\n", sig);
log_info_flush();
exit_value = 128;
}
fio_terminate_threads(TERMINATE_ALL);
}
}
static void sig_show_status(int sig)
{
show_running_run_stats();
}
static void set_sig_handlers(void)
{
struct sigaction act;
memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_int;
act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
sigaction(SIGINT, &act, NULL);
memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_int;
act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
sigaction(SIGTERM, &act, NULL);
/* Windows uses SIGBREAK as a quit signal from other applications */
#ifdef WIN32
memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_int;
act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
sigaction(SIGBREAK, &act, NULL);
#endif
memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_show_status;
act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
sigaction(SIGUSR1, &act, NULL);
if (is_backend) {
memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_int;
act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
sigaction(SIGPIPE, &act, NULL);
}
}
/*
* Check if we are above the minimum rate given.
*/
static int __check_min_rate(struct thread_data *td, struct timeval *now,
enum fio_ddir ddir)
{
unsigned long long bytes = 0;
unsigned long iops = 0;
unsigned long spent;
unsigned long rate;
unsigned int ratemin = 0;
unsigned int rate_iops = 0;
unsigned int rate_iops_min = 0;
assert(ddir_rw(ddir));
if (!td->o.ratemin[ddir] && !td->o.rate_iops_min[ddir])
return 0;
/*
* allow a 2 second settle period in the beginning
*/
if (mtime_since(&td->start, now) < 2000)
return 0;
iops += td->this_io_blocks[ddir];
bytes += td->this_io_bytes[ddir];
ratemin += td->o.ratemin[ddir];
rate_iops += td->o.rate_iops[ddir];
rate_iops_min += td->o.rate_iops_min[ddir];
/*
* if rate blocks is set, sample is running
*/
if (td->rate_bytes[ddir] || td->rate_blocks[ddir]) {
spent = mtime_since(&td->lastrate[ddir], now);
if (spent < td->o.ratecycle)
return 0;
if (td->o.rate[ddir]) {
/*
* check bandwidth specified rate
*/
if (bytes < td->rate_bytes[ddir]) {
log_err("%s: min rate %u not met\n", td->o.name,
ratemin);
return 1;
} else {
if (spent)
rate = ((bytes - td->rate_bytes[ddir]) * 1000) / spent;
else
rate = 0;
if (rate < ratemin ||
bytes < td->rate_bytes[ddir]) {
log_err("%s: min rate %u not met, got"
" %luKB/sec\n", td->o.name,
ratemin, rate);
return 1;
}
}
} else {
/*
* checks iops specified rate
*/
if (iops < rate_iops) {
log_err("%s: min iops rate %u not met\n",
td->o.name, rate_iops);
return 1;
} else {
if (spent)
rate = ((iops - td->rate_blocks[ddir]) * 1000) / spent;
else
rate = 0;
if (rate < rate_iops_min ||
iops < td->rate_blocks[ddir]) {
log_err("%s: min iops rate %u not met,"
" got %lu\n", td->o.name,
rate_iops_min, rate);
}
}
}
}
td->rate_bytes[ddir] = bytes;
td->rate_blocks[ddir] = iops;
memcpy(&td->lastrate[ddir], now, sizeof(*now));
return 0;
}
static int check_min_rate(struct thread_data *td, struct timeval *now,
uint64_t *bytes_done)
{
int ret = 0;
if (bytes_done[DDIR_READ])
ret |= __check_min_rate(td, now, DDIR_READ);
if (bytes_done[DDIR_WRITE])
ret |= __check_min_rate(td, now, DDIR_WRITE);
if (bytes_done[DDIR_TRIM])
ret |= __check_min_rate(td, now, DDIR_TRIM);
return ret;
}
/*
* When job exits, we can cancel the in-flight IO if we are using async
* io. Attempt to do so.
*/
static void cleanup_pending_aio(struct thread_data *td)
{
int r;
/*
* get immediately available events, if any
*/
r = io_u_queued_complete(td, 0, NULL);
if (r < 0)
return;
/*
* now cancel remaining active events
*/
if (td->io_ops->cancel) {
struct io_u *io_u;
int i;
io_u_qiter(&td->io_u_all, io_u, i) {
if (io_u->flags & IO_U_F_FLIGHT) {
r = td->io_ops->cancel(td, io_u);
if (!r)
put_io_u(td, io_u);
}
}
}
if (td->cur_depth)
r = io_u_queued_complete(td, td->cur_depth, NULL);
}
/*
* Helper to handle the final sync of a file. Works just like the normal
* io path, just does everything sync.
*/
static int fio_io_sync(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
{
struct io_u *io_u = __get_io_u(td);
int ret;
if (!io_u)
return 1;
io_u->ddir = DDIR_SYNC;
io_u->file = f;
if (td_io_prep(td, io_u)) {
put_io_u(td, io_u);
return 1;
}
requeue:
ret = td_io_queue(td, io_u);
if (ret < 0) {
td_verror(td, io_u->error, "td_io_queue");
put_io_u(td, io_u);
return 1;
} else if (ret == FIO_Q_QUEUED) {
if (io_u_queued_complete(td, 1, NULL) < 0)
return 1;
} else if (ret == FIO_Q_COMPLETED) {
if (io_u->error) {
td_verror(td, io_u->error, "td_io_queue");
return 1;
}
if (io_u_sync_complete(td, io_u, NULL) < 0)
return 1;
} else if (ret == FIO_Q_BUSY) {
if (td_io_commit(td))
return 1;
goto requeue;
}
return 0;
}
static int fio_file_fsync(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
{
int ret;
if (fio_file_open(f))
return fio_io_sync(td, f);
if (td_io_open_file(td, f))
return 1;
ret = fio_io_sync(td, f);
td_io_close_file(td, f);
return ret;
}
static inline void __update_tv_cache(struct thread_data *td)
{
fio_gettime(&td->tv_cache, NULL);
}
static inline void update_tv_cache(struct thread_data *td)
{
if ((++td->tv_cache_nr & td->tv_cache_mask) == td->tv_cache_mask)
__update_tv_cache(td);
}
static inline int runtime_exceeded(struct thread_data *td, struct timeval *t)
{
if (in_ramp_time(td))
return 0;
if (!td->o.timeout)
return 0;
if (utime_since(&td->epoch, t) >= td->o.timeout)
return 1;
return 0;
}
static int break_on_this_error(struct thread_data *td, enum fio_ddir ddir,
int *retptr)
{
int ret = *retptr;
if (ret < 0 || td->error) {
int err = td->error;
enum error_type_bit eb;
if (ret < 0)
err = -ret;
eb = td_error_type(ddir, err);
if (!(td->o.continue_on_error & (1 << eb)))
return 1;
if (td_non_fatal_error(td, eb, err)) {
/*
* Continue with the I/Os in case of
* a non fatal error.
*/
update_error_count(td, err);
td_clear_error(td);
*retptr = 0;
return 0;
} else if (td->o.fill_device && err == ENOSPC) {
/*
* We expect to hit this error if
* fill_device option is set.
*/
td_clear_error(td);
fio_mark_td_terminate(td);
return 1;
} else {
/*
* Stop the I/O in case of a fatal
* error.
*/
update_error_count(td, err);
return 1;
}
}
return 0;
}
static void check_update_rusage(struct thread_data *td)
{
if (td->update_rusage) {
td->update_rusage = 0;
update_rusage_stat(td);
fio_mutex_up(td->rusage_sem);
}
}
/*
* The main verify engine. Runs over the writes we previously submitted,
* reads the blocks back in, and checks the crc/md5 of the data.
*/
static void do_verify(struct thread_data *td, uint64_t verify_bytes)
{
uint64_t bytes_done[DDIR_RWDIR_CNT] = { 0, 0, 0 };
struct fio_file *f;
struct io_u *io_u;
int ret, min_events;
unsigned int i;
dprint(FD_VERIFY, "starting loop\n");
/*
* sync io first and invalidate cache, to make sure we really
* read from disk.
*/
for_each_file(td, f, i) {
if (!fio_file_open(f))
continue;
if (fio_io_sync(td, f))
break;
if (file_invalidate_cache(td, f))
break;
}
check_update_rusage(td);
if (td->error)
return;
td_set_runstate(td, TD_VERIFYING);
io_u = NULL;
while (!td->terminate) {
enum fio_ddir ddir;
int ret2, full;
update_tv_cache(td);
check_update_rusage(td);
if (runtime_exceeded(td, &td->tv_cache)) {
__update_tv_cache(td);
if (runtime_exceeded(td, &td->tv_cache)) {
fio_mark_td_terminate(td);
break;
}
}
if (flow_threshold_exceeded(td))
continue;
if (!td->o.experimental_verify) {
io_u = __get_io_u(td);
if (!io_u)
break;
if (get_next_verify(td, io_u)) {
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
if (td_io_prep(td, io_u)) {
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
} else {
if (ddir_rw_sum(bytes_done) + td->o.rw_min_bs > verify_bytes)
break;
while ((io_u = get_io_u(td)) != NULL) {
if (IS_ERR(io_u)) {
io_u = NULL;
ret = FIO_Q_BUSY;
goto reap;
}
/*
* We are only interested in the places where
* we wrote or trimmed IOs. Turn those into
* reads for verification purposes.
*/
if (io_u->ddir == DDIR_READ) {
/*
* Pretend we issued it for rwmix
* accounting
*/
td->io_issues[DDIR_READ]++;
put_io_u(td, io_u);
continue;
} else if (io_u->ddir == DDIR_TRIM) {
io_u->ddir = DDIR_READ;
io_u->flags |= IO_U_F_TRIMMED;
break;
} else if (io_u->ddir == DDIR_WRITE) {
io_u->ddir = DDIR_READ;
break;
} else {
put_io_u(td, io_u);
continue;
}
}
if (!io_u)
break;
}
if (verify_state_should_stop(td, io_u)) {
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
if (td->o.verify_async)
io_u->end_io = verify_io_u_async;
else
io_u->end_io = verify_io_u;
ddir = io_u->ddir;
ret = td_io_queue(td, io_u);
switch (ret) {
case FIO_Q_COMPLETED:
if (io_u->error) {
ret = -io_u->error;
clear_io_u(td, io_u);
} else if (io_u->resid) {
int bytes = io_u->xfer_buflen - io_u->resid;
/*
* zero read, fail
*/
if (!bytes) {
td_verror(td, EIO, "full resid");
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
io_u->xfer_buflen = io_u->resid;
io_u->xfer_buf += bytes;
io_u->offset += bytes;
if (ddir_rw(io_u->ddir))
td->ts.short_io_u[io_u->ddir]++;
f = io_u->file;
if (io_u->offset == f->real_file_size)
goto sync_done;
requeue_io_u(td, &io_u);
} else {
sync_done:
ret = io_u_sync_complete(td, io_u, bytes_done);
if (ret < 0)
break;
}
continue;
case FIO_Q_QUEUED:
break;
case FIO_Q_BUSY:
requeue_io_u(td, &io_u);
ret2 = td_io_commit(td);
if (ret2 < 0)
ret = ret2;
break;
default:
assert(ret < 0);
td_verror(td, -ret, "td_io_queue");
break;
}
if (break_on_this_error(td, ddir, &ret))
break;
/*
* if we can queue more, do so. but check if there are
* completed io_u's first. Note that we can get BUSY even
* without IO queued, if the system is resource starved.
*/
reap:
full = queue_full(td) || (ret == FIO_Q_BUSY && td->cur_depth);
if (full || !td->o.iodepth_batch_complete) {
min_events = min(td->o.iodepth_batch_complete,
td->cur_depth);
/*
* if the queue is full, we MUST reap at least 1 event
*/
if (full && !min_events)
min_events = 1;
do {
/*
* Reap required number of io units, if any,
* and do the verification on them through
* the callback handler
*/
if (io_u_queued_complete(td, min_events, bytes_done) < 0) {
ret = -1;
break;
}
} while (full && (td->cur_depth > td->o.iodepth_low));
}
if (ret < 0)
break;
}
check_update_rusage(td);
if (!td->error) {
min_events = td->cur_depth;
if (min_events)
ret = io_u_queued_complete(td, min_events, NULL);
} else
cleanup_pending_aio(td);
td_set_runstate(td, TD_RUNNING);
dprint(FD_VERIFY, "exiting loop\n");
}
static unsigned int exceeds_number_ios(struct thread_data *td)
{
unsigned long long number_ios;
if (!td->o.number_ios)
return 0;
number_ios = ddir_rw_sum(td->this_io_blocks);
number_ios += td->io_u_queued + td->io_u_in_flight;
return number_ios >= td->o.number_ios;
}
static int io_bytes_exceeded(struct thread_data *td)
{
unsigned long long bytes, limit;
if (td_rw(td))
bytes = td->this_io_bytes[DDIR_READ] + td->this_io_bytes[DDIR_WRITE];
else if (td_write(td))
bytes = td->this_io_bytes[DDIR_WRITE];
else if (td_read(td))
bytes = td->this_io_bytes[DDIR_READ];
else
bytes = td->this_io_bytes[DDIR_TRIM];
if (td->o.io_limit)
limit = td->o.io_limit;
else
limit = td->o.size;
return bytes >= limit || exceeds_number_ios(td);
}
/*
* Main IO worker function. It retrieves io_u's to process and queues
* and reaps them, checking for rate and errors along the way.
*
* Returns number of bytes written and trimmed.
*/
static uint64_t do_io(struct thread_data *td)
{
uint64_t bytes_done[DDIR_RWDIR_CNT] = { 0, 0, 0 };
unsigned int i;
int ret = 0;
uint64_t total_bytes, bytes_issued = 0;
if (in_ramp_time(td))
td_set_runstate(td, TD_RAMP);
else
td_set_runstate(td, TD_RUNNING);
lat_target_init(td);
/*
* If verify_backlog is enabled, we'll run the verify in this
* handler as well. For that case, we may need up to twice the
* amount of bytes.
*/
total_bytes = td->o.size;
if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE &&
(td_write(td) && td->o.verify_backlog))
total_bytes += td->o.size;
while ((td->o.read_iolog_file && !flist_empty(&td->io_log_list)) ||
(!flist_empty(&td->trim_list)) || !io_bytes_exceeded(td) ||
td->o.time_based) {
struct timeval comp_time;
int min_evts = 0;
struct io_u *io_u;
int ret2, full;
enum fio_ddir ddir;
check_update_rusage(td);
if (td->terminate || td->done)
break;
update_tv_cache(td);
if (runtime_exceeded(td, &td->tv_cache)) {
__update_tv_cache(td);
if (runtime_exceeded(td, &td->tv_cache)) {
fio_mark_td_terminate(td);
break;
}
}
if (flow_threshold_exceeded(td))
continue;
if (bytes_issued >= total_bytes)
break;
io_u = get_io_u(td);
if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(io_u)) {
int err = PTR_ERR(io_u);
io_u = NULL;
if (err == -EBUSY) {
ret = FIO_Q_BUSY;
goto reap;
}
if (td->o.latency_target)
goto reap;
break;
}
ddir = io_u->ddir;
/*
* Add verification end_io handler if:
* - Asked to verify (!td_rw(td))
* - Or the io_u is from our verify list (mixed write/ver)
*/
if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE && io_u->ddir == DDIR_READ &&
((io_u->flags & IO_U_F_VER_LIST) || !td_rw(td))) {
if (!td->o.verify_pattern_bytes) {
io_u->rand_seed = __rand(&td->verify_state);
if (sizeof(int) != sizeof(long *))
io_u->rand_seed *= __rand(&td->verify_state);
}
if (verify_state_should_stop(td, io_u)) {
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
if (td->o.verify_async)
io_u->end_io = verify_io_u_async;
else
io_u->end_io = verify_io_u;
td_set_runstate(td, TD_VERIFYING);
} else if (in_ramp_time(td))
td_set_runstate(td, TD_RAMP);
else
td_set_runstate(td, TD_RUNNING);
/*
* Always log IO before it's issued, so we know the specific
* order of it. The logged unit will track when the IO has
* completed.
*/
if (td_write(td) && io_u->ddir == DDIR_WRITE &&
td->o.do_verify &&
td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE &&
!td->o.experimental_verify)
log_io_piece(td, io_u);
ret = td_io_queue(td, io_u);
switch (ret) {
case FIO_Q_COMPLETED:
if (io_u->error) {
ret = -io_u->error;
unlog_io_piece(td, io_u);
clear_io_u(td, io_u);
} else if (io_u->resid) {
int bytes = io_u->xfer_buflen - io_u->resid;
struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
bytes_issued += bytes;
trim_io_piece(td, io_u);
/*
* zero read, fail
*/
if (!bytes) {
unlog_io_piece(td, io_u);
td_verror(td, EIO, "full resid");
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
io_u->xfer_buflen = io_u->resid;
io_u->xfer_buf += bytes;
io_u->offset += bytes;
if (ddir_rw(io_u->ddir))
td->ts.short_io_u[io_u->ddir]++;
if (io_u->offset == f->real_file_size)
goto sync_done;
requeue_io_u(td, &io_u);
} else {
sync_done:
if (__should_check_rate(td, DDIR_READ) ||
__should_check_rate(td, DDIR_WRITE) ||
__should_check_rate(td, DDIR_TRIM))
fio_gettime(&comp_time, NULL);
ret = io_u_sync_complete(td, io_u, bytes_done);
if (ret < 0)
break;
bytes_issued += io_u->xfer_buflen;
}
break;
case FIO_Q_QUEUED:
/*
* if the engine doesn't have a commit hook,
* the io_u is really queued. if it does have such
* a hook, it has to call io_u_queued() itself.
*/
if (td->io_ops->commit == NULL)
io_u_queued(td, io_u);
bytes_issued += io_u->xfer_buflen;
break;
case FIO_Q_BUSY:
unlog_io_piece(td, io_u);
requeue_io_u(td, &io_u);
ret2 = td_io_commit(td);
if (ret2 < 0)
ret = ret2;
break;
default:
assert(ret < 0);
put_io_u(td, io_u);
break;
}
if (break_on_this_error(td, ddir, &ret))
break;
/*
* See if we need to complete some commands. Note that we
* can get BUSY even without IO queued, if the system is
* resource starved.
*/
reap:
full = queue_full(td) || (ret == FIO_Q_BUSY && td->cur_depth);
if (full || !td->o.iodepth_batch_complete) {
min_evts = min(td->o.iodepth_batch_complete,
td->cur_depth);
/*
* if the queue is full, we MUST reap at least 1 event
*/
if (full && !min_evts)
min_evts = 1;
if (__should_check_rate(td, DDIR_READ) ||
__should_check_rate(td, DDIR_WRITE) ||
__should_check_rate(td, DDIR_TRIM))
fio_gettime(&comp_time, NULL);
do {
ret = io_u_queued_complete(td, min_evts, bytes_done);
if (ret < 0)
break;
} while (full && (td->cur_depth > td->o.iodepth_low));
}
if (ret < 0)
break;
if (!ddir_rw_sum(bytes_done) && !(td->io_ops->flags & FIO_NOIO))
continue;
if (!in_ramp_time(td) && should_check_rate(td, bytes_done)) {
if (check_min_rate(td, &comp_time, bytes_done)) {
if (exitall_on_terminate)
fio_terminate_threads(td->groupid);
td_verror(td, EIO, "check_min_rate");
break;
}
}
if (!in_ramp_time(td) && td->o.latency_target)
lat_target_check(td);
if (td->o.thinktime) {
unsigned long long b;
b = ddir_rw_sum(td->io_blocks);
if (!(b % td->o.thinktime_blocks)) {
int left;
io_u_quiesce(td);
if (td->o.thinktime_spin)
usec_spin(td->o.thinktime_spin);
left = td->o.thinktime - td->o.thinktime_spin;
if (left)
usec_sleep(td, left);
}
}
}
check_update_rusage(td);
if (td->trim_entries)
log_err("fio: %lu trim entries leaked?\n", td->trim_entries);
if (td->o.fill_device && td->error == ENOSPC) {
td->error = 0;
fio_mark_td_terminate(td);
}
if (!td->error) {
struct fio_file *f;
i = td->cur_depth;
if (i) {
ret = io_u_queued_complete(td, i, bytes_done);
if (td->o.fill_device && td->error == ENOSPC)
td->error = 0;
}
if (should_fsync(td) && td->o.end_fsync) {
td_set_runstate(td, TD_FSYNCING);
for_each_file(td, f, i) {
if (!fio_file_fsync(td, f))
continue;
log_err("fio: end_fsync failed for file %s\n",
f->file_name);
}
}
} else
cleanup_pending_aio(td);
/*
* stop job if we failed doing any IO
*/
if (!ddir_rw_sum(td->this_io_bytes))
td->done = 1;
return bytes_done[DDIR_WRITE] + bytes_done[DDIR_TRIM];
}
static void cleanup_io_u(struct thread_data *td)
{
struct io_u *io_u;
while ((io_u = io_u_qpop(&td->io_u_freelist)) != NULL) {
if (td->io_ops->io_u_free)
td->io_ops->io_u_free(td, io_u);
fio_memfree(io_u, sizeof(*io_u));
}
free_io_mem(td);
io_u_rexit(&td->io_u_requeues);
io_u_qexit(&td->io_u_freelist);
io_u_qexit(&td->io_u_all);
if (td->last_write_comp)
sfree(td->last_write_comp);
}
static int init_io_u(struct thread_data *td)
{
struct io_u *io_u;
unsigned int max_bs, min_write;
int cl_align, i, max_units;
int data_xfer = 1, err;