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atom.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
<title><![CDATA[Liuyu's blog]]></title>
<subtitle><![CDATA[Puppet in action]]></subtitle>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/atom.xml" rel="self"/>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com"/>
<updated>2013-08-13T10:22:41.491Z</updated>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/</id>
<author>
<name><![CDATA[Liu Yu]]></name>
<email><![CDATA[[email protected]]]></email>
</author>
<generator uri="http://zespia.tw/hexo">Hexo</generator>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Migrate My blog from WordPress to Hexo]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2013/08/11/migrate-my-blog-from-wordpress-to-hexo/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2013/08/11/migrate-my-blog-from-wordpress-to-hexo/</id>
<published>2013-08-11T07:14:17.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T11:19:02.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>正式将Blog从WordPress迁移至Hexo，并从VPS托管至Github。整个组合模式为：hexo+github+vim+markdown.由于文档很多，并且很详细，这里只是列出相关的参考文档链接。</p>
<a name="more"></a>
<h2>Hexo</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://zipperary.com/2013/05/28/hexo-guide-1/">Hexo介绍</a></li>
<li><a href="http://zipperary.com/2013/05/29/hexo-guide-3/">Hexo安装配置</a></li>
<li><a href="http://zipperary.com/2013/05/30/hexo-guide-4/">Hexo优化</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/tommy351/hexo/wiki/Plugins">Hexo插件列表</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/tommy351/hexo-plugins/tree/master/migrator/wordpress">WordPress迁移插件</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Markdown</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://upwith.me/?p=503">Markdown基本语法</a></li>
<li><a href="http://zipperary.com/2013/05/22/introduction-to-markdown/">Markdown指南</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/volca/markdown-preview">实时预览插件</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/plasticboy/vim-markdown">vim语法高亮</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>我的配置</h2>
<h3>WordPress</h3>
<ol>
<li>安装插件<code>npm install hexo-migrator-wordpress</code></li>
<li>登录WordPress后台，选择"工具"-->"导出" 导出所有文章至本地XML</li>
<li>运行如下命令，\<source>为你本地的XML文件路径<code>hexo migrate wordpress \<source></code></li>
</ol>
<h3>导航添加about</h3>
<ol>
<li><code>hexo new page "about"</code></li>
<li>编辑<code>source/about/index.md</code></li>
<li><code>themes/light/_config.yml</code>中，添加如下：</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre>1
2
</pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="keyword">menu</span>:
关于: /<span class="keyword">about</span>
</pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3>RSS</h3>
<ol>
<li>安装插件<code>npm install hexo-generator-feed</code></li>
<li>编辑<code>hexo/_config.yml</code>添加如下代码:</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre>1
2
</pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="comment">plugins:</span>
<span class="literal">-</span> <span class="comment">hexo</span>-<span class="comment">generator</span>-<span class="comment">feed
</pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ol>
<li>编辑<code>themes/light/_config.yml</code> 添加RSS链接<code>rss: /atom.xml</code></li>
<li>编辑<code>themes/light/layout/_partial/header.ejs</code> 在<code><ul></ul></code> 之间添加<code><li> <a href="/atom.xml">RSS</a> </li></code></li>
</ol>
<h3>搜索引擎sitemap</h3>
<ol>
<li>安装插件<code>npm install hexo-generator-sitemap</code></li>
<li>编辑<code>hexo/_config.yml</code>添加如下代码:</li>
</ol>
<figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre>1
2
</pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="comment">plugins:</span>
<span class="literal">-</span> <span class="comment">hexo</span>-<span class="comment">generator</span>-<span class="comment">sitemap
</pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3>Baidu Analytics</h3>
<ol>
<li>获取网站的相关代码<a href="http://tongji.baidu.com/web/welcome/login">百度统计</a></li>
<li>可以直接插入在Google Analytics中，编辑<code>themes/light/layout/_partial/google_analytics.ejs</code>插入代码</li>
</ol>
<h3>插入代码</h3>
<ol>
<li>直接使用 ``包围</li>
<li><img src="http://m3.img.libdd.com/farm5/2012/0913/15/73D9410B78B12835FE79BEC176AB49EE19D57A05049E_500_244.PNG" alt="image"></li>
<li>或者不输入语言名</li>
</ol>
]]></content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[centos yum puppet 2.7 puppetabs.repo]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/11/18/centos-yum-puppet-2-7-puppetabs-repo/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/11/18/centos-yum-puppet-2-7-puppetabs-repo/</id>
<published>2011-11-18T09:53:08.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T11:19:30.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<h1>Puppet最新源仓库</h1>
<a name="more"></a>
<p>以前的文章：<a href="http://bubbyroom.com/2010/12/howto-install-puppet-on-centos5/">http://bubbyroom.com/2010/12/howto-install-puppet-on-centos5/</a></p>
<p>源站地址：<a href="http://yum.puppetlabs.com/">http://yum.puppetlabs.com/</a>
安装RPM包:</p>
<p><code>wget http://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/5/products/x86_64/puppetlabs-release-5-1.noarch.rpm</code></p>
<p>或使用以下通用配置文件: puppetlabs.repo</p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="title">[puppetlabs-products]</span>
<span class="setting">name=<span class="value">Puppet Labs Products $releasever - $basearch</span></span>
<span class="setting">baseurl=<span class="value">http://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/$releasever/products/$basearch</span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgkey=<span class="value">file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-puppetlabs</span></span>
<span class="setting">enabled=<span class="value"><span class="number">1</span></span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgcheck=<span class="value"><span class="number">1</span></span></span>
<span class="title">[puppetlabs-deps]</span>
<span class="setting">name=<span class="value">Puppet Labs Dependencies $releasever - $basearch </span></span>
<span class="setting">baseurl=<span class="value">http://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/$releasever/dependencies/$basearch</span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgkey=<span class="value">file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-puppetlabs</span></span>
<span class="setting">enabled=<span class="value"><span class="number">1</span></span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgcheck=<span class="value"><span class="number">1</span></span></span>
<span class="title">[puppetlabs-products-source]</span>
<span class="setting">name=<span class="value">Puppet Labs Products $releasever - $basearch - Source</span></span>
<span class="setting">baseurl=<span class="value">http://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/$releasever/products/SRPMS</span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgkey=<span class="value">file:///yum.puppetlabs.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-puppetlabs</span></span>
<span class="setting">failovermethod=<span class="value">priority</span></span>
<span class="setting">enabled=<span class="value"><span class="number">0</span></span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgcheck=<span class="value"><span class="number">1</span></span></span>
<span class="title">[puppetlabs-deps-source]</span>
<span class="setting">name=<span class="value">Puppet Labs Source Dependencies $releasever - $basearch - Source</span></span>
<span class="setting">baseurl=<span class="value">http://yum.puppetlabs.com/el/$releasever/dependencies/SRPMS</span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgkey=<span class="value">file:///yum.puppetlabs.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-puppetlabs</span></span>
<span class="setting">enabled=<span class="value"><span class="number">0</span></span></span>
<span class="setting">gpgcheck=<span class="value"><span class="number">1</span></span></span>
</pre></figure></code></pre>
<p>清cache
yum makecache</p>
<p><code>yum -y install puppet</code> 安装</p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/puppet/" term="puppet"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/repo/" term="repo"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/yum/" term="yum"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/puppet/" term="puppet"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[zabbix_agent.spec]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/08/11/zabbix_agent-spec/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/08/11/zabbix_agent-spec/</id>
<published>2011-08-11T03:20:45.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T11:19:38.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>Zabbix RPM制作，spec文件参考
<a name="more"></a></p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="variable">%define</span> zabbix_agent_etc /etc/zabbix
<span class="variable">%define</span> zabbix_agent_bin /usr/<span class="keyword">local</span>/zabbix_agent/bin
<span class="variable">%define</span> zabbix_agent_sbin /usr/<span class="keyword">local</span>/zabbix_agent/sbin
Summary: zabbix agent
Name: zabbix_agent
Version: <span class="number">1.8</span>.<span class="number">6</span>
Release: <span class="number">0</span>
<span class="comment">#Source0: %{name}-%{version}.tar.gz</span>
License: MIT
Group: Applications/Internet
Buildroot: <span class="variable">%{_tmppath}</span>/<span class="variable">%{name}</span>-<span class="variable">%{version}</span>-<span class="variable">%{release}</span>-root-<span class="variable">%(</span><span class="variable">%{__id_u}</span> -n)
<span class="comment">#for install</span>
<span class="comment">#BuildRequires:</span>
<span class="comment"># for /sbin/service</span>
Requires(preun): chkconfig, initscripts
Requires(postun): initscripts
Source<span class="number">0</span>: <span class="variable">%{name}</span>d.conf
Source1: zabbix_get
Source2: zabbix_sender
Source3: zabbix_agent
Source4: zabbix_agentd
Source5: zabbix_agentd.init
<span class="variable">%description</span>
zabbix_agent
<span class="variable">%prep</span>
<span class="variable">%build</span>
<span class="keyword">mkdir</span> -p <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_etc}</span>
<span class="keyword">mkdir</span> -p <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_bin}</span>
<span class="keyword">mkdir</span> -p <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_sbin}</span>
<span class="variable">%install</span>
<span class="variable">%{__install}</span> -p -<span class="keyword">m</span> <span class="number">0644</span> <span class="variable">%{SOURCE0}</span> <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_etc}</span>
<span class="variable">%{__install}</span> -p -<span class="keyword">m</span> <span class="number">0644</span> <span class="variable">%{SOURCE1}</span> <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_bin}</span>
<span class="variable">%{__install}</span> -p -<span class="keyword">m</span> <span class="number">0644</span> <span class="variable">%{SOURCE2}</span> <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_bin}</span>
<span class="variable">%{__install}</span> -p -<span class="keyword">m</span> <span class="number">0644</span> <span class="variable">%{SOURCE3}</span> <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_sbin}</span>
<span class="variable">%{__install}</span> -p -<span class="keyword">m</span> <span class="number">0755</span> <span class="variable">%{SOURCE4}</span> <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_sbin}</span>
<span class="variable">%{__install}</span> -p -D -<span class="keyword">m</span> <span class="number">0755</span> <span class="variable">%{SOURCE5}</span> <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span><span class="variable">%{_initrddir}</span>/<span class="variable">%{name}</span>d
<span class="variable">%clean</span>
rm -rf <span class="variable">%{buildroot}</span>
<span class="variable">%files</span>
<span class="variable">%defattr</span>(-,root,root,-)
<span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_bin}</span>/zabbix_get
<span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_bin}</span>/zabbix_sender
<span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_sbin}</span>/zabbix_agent
<span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_sbin}</span>/zabbix_agentd
<span class="variable">%dir</span> <span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_etc}</span>
<span class="variable">%{zabbix_agent_etc}</span>/<span class="variable">%{name}</span>d.conf
<span class="variable">%{_initrddir}</span>/<span class="variable">%{name}</span>d
</pre></figure></code></pre>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/spec/" term="spec"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/zabbix/" term="zabbix"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/Monitoring/" term="Monitoring"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[puppet 配置邮件报警]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/06/29/puppet-tagmail/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/06/29/puppet-tagmail/</id>
<published>2011-06-29T09:42:34.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<div id="_mcePaste">more tagmail.conf</div>
<div id="_mcePaste">err: [email protected]</div>
<div></div>
<div>puppet.conf</div>
<div>
<div>[master]</div>
<div>reports=log, foreman, tagmail, store</div>
</div>]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/puppet/" term="puppet"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[http code]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/05/15/http-code/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/05/15/http-code/</id>
<published>2011-05-15T04:00:07.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-13T09:36:55.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>以前只是看的枯燥的文字版的服务器返回状态码。现在，看一张比较形象的图解,希望能增强记忆。
<a name="more"></a></p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="title">HTTP</span> <span class="number">400</span> – 请求无效
HTTP <span class="number">401</span>.<span class="number">1</span> – 未授权：登录失败
HTTP <span class="number">401</span>.<span class="number">2</span> – 未授权：服务器配置问题导致登录失败
HTTP <span class="number">401</span>.<span class="number">3</span> – ACL 禁止访问资源
HTTP <span class="number">401</span>.<span class="number">4</span> – 未授权：授权被筛选器拒绝
HTTP <span class="number">401</span>.<span class="number">5</span> – 未授权：ISAPI 或 CGI 授权失败
HTTP <span class="number">403</span> – 禁止访问
HTTP <span class="number">403</span> – 对 Internet 服务管理器 (HTML) 的访问仅限于 Localhost
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">1</span> 禁止访问：禁止可执行访问
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">2</span> – 禁止访问：禁止读访问
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">3</span> – 禁止访问：禁止写访问
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">4</span> – 禁止访问：要求 SSL
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">5</span> – 禁止访问：要求 SSL <span class="number">128</span>
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">6</span> – 禁止访问：IP 地址被拒绝
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">7</span> – 禁止访问：要求客户证书
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">8</span> – 禁止访问：禁止站点访问
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">9</span> – 禁止访问：连接的用户过多
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">10</span> – 禁止访问：配置无效
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">11</span> – 禁止访问：密码更改
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">12</span> – 禁止访问：映射器拒绝访问
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">13</span> – 禁止访问：客户证书已被吊销
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">15</span> – 禁止访问：客户访问许可过多
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">16</span> – 禁止访问：客户证书不可信或者无效
HTTP <span class="number">403</span>.<span class="number">17</span> – 禁止访问：客户证书已经到期或者尚未生效
HTTP <span class="number">404</span>.<span class="number">1</span> – 无法找到 Web 站点
HTTP <span class="number">404</span> – 无法找到文件
HTTP <span class="number">405</span> – 资源被禁止
HTTP <span class="number">406</span> – 无法接受
HTTP <span class="number">407</span> – 要求代理身份验证
HTTP <span class="number">410</span> – 永远不可用
HTTP <span class="number">412</span> – 先决条件失败
HTTP <span class="number">414</span> – 请求 – URI 太长
HTTP <span class="number">500</span> – 内部服务器错误
HTTP <span class="number">500</span>.<span class="number">100</span> – 内部服务器错误 – ASP 错误
HTTP <span class="number">500</span>-<span class="number">11</span> 服务器关闭
HTTP <span class="number">500</span>-<span class="number">12</span> 应用程序重新启动
HTTP <span class="number">500</span>-<span class="number">13</span> – 服务器太忙
HTTP <span class="number">500</span>-<span class="number">14</span> – 应用程序无效
HTTP <span class="number">500</span>-<span class="number">15</span> – 不允许请求 global.asa
Error <span class="number">501</span> – 未实现
HTTP <span class="number">502</span> – 网关错误
</pre></figure></code></pre>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/http-1/" term="http"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/" term="faq"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[用iptables的raw表解决ip_conntrack: table full, dropping packet的问题]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/04/01/iptables_raw_ip_conntrack-table-full-dropping-packet/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/04/01/iptables_raw_ip_conntrack-table-full-dropping-packet/</id>
<published>2011-04-01T08:55:40.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>1) 什么是raw表？做什么用的？</p>
<p>iptables有5个链:PREROUTING,INPUT,FORWARD,OUTPUT,POSTROUTING,4个表:filter,nat,mangle,raw.</p>
<p>4个表的优先级由高到低的顺序为:raw-->mangle-->nat-->filter</p>
<p>举例来说:如果PRROUTING链上,即有mangle表,也有nat表,那么先由mangle处理,然后由nat表处理</p>
<p>RAW表只使用在PREROUTING链和OUTPUT链上,因为优先级最高，从而可以对收到的数据包在连接跟踪前进行处理。一但用户使用了RAW表,在某个链上,RAW表处理完后,将跳过NAT表和 ip_conntrack处理,即不再做地址转换和数据包的链接跟踪处理了.</p>
<p>RAW表可以应用在那些不需要做nat的情况下，以提高性能。如大量访问的web服务器，可以让80端口不再让iptables做数据包的链接跟踪处理，以提高用户的访问速度。</p>
<p>2) iptables的数据包的流程是怎样的？</p>
<p>(流程介绍来源：<a href="http://selboo.com.cn/post/721/">http://selboo.com.cn/post/721/</a>)</p>
<p>一个数据包到达时,是怎么依次穿过各个链和表的（图）。</p>
<p><img src="http://bubbyroom.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/iptables.png" alt="" title="iptables"></p>
<p>基本步骤如下：</p>
<p>1. 数据包到达网络接口，比如 eth0。</p>
<p>2. 进入 raw 表的 PREROUTING 链，这个链的作用是赶在连接跟踪之前处理数据包。</p>
<p>3. 如果进行了连接跟踪，在此处理。</p>
<p>4. 进入 mangle 表的 PREROUTING 链，在此可以修改数据包，比如 TOS 等。</p>
<p>5. 进入 nat 表的 PREROUTING 链，可以在此做DNAT，但不要做过滤。</p>
<p>6. 决定路由，看是交给本地主机还是转发给其它主机。</p>
<p>到了这里我们就得分两种不同的情况进行讨论了，一种情况就是数据包要转发给其它主机，这时候它会依次经过：</p>
<p>7. 进入 mangle 表的 FORWARD 链，这里也比较特殊，这是在第一次路由决定之后，在进行最后的路由决定之前，我们仍然可以对数据包进行某些修改。</p>
<p>8. 进入 filter 表的 FORWARD 链，在这里我们可以对所有转发的数据包进行过滤。需要注意的是：经过这里的数据包是转发的，方向是双向的。</p>
<p>9. 进入 mangle 表的 POSTROUTING 链，到这里已经做完了所有的路由决定，但数据包仍然在本地主机，我们还可以进行某些修改。</p>
<p>10. 进入 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链，在这里一般都是用来做 SNAT ，不要在这里进行过滤。</p>
<p>11. 进入出去的网络接口。完毕。</p>
<p>另一种情况是，数据包就是发给本地主机的，那么它会依次穿过：</p>
<p>7. 进入 mangle 表的 INPUT 链，这里是在路由之后，交由本地主机之前，我们也可以进行一些相应的修改。</p>
<p>8. 进入 filter 表的 INPUT 链，在这里我们可以对流入的所有数据包进行过滤，无论它来自哪个网络接口。</p>
<p>9. 交给本地主机的应用程序进行处理。</p>
<p>10. 处理完毕后进行路由决定，看该往那里发出。</p>
<p>11. 进入 raw 表的 OUTPUT 链，这里是在连接跟踪处理本地的数据包之前。</p>
<p>12. 连接跟踪对本地的数据包进行处理。</p>
<p>13. 进入 mangle 表的 OUTPUT 链，在这里我们可以修改数据包，但不要做过滤。</p>
<p>14. 进入 nat 表的 OUTPUT 链，可以对防火墙自己发出的数据做 NAT 。</p>
<p>15. 再次进行路由决定。</p>
<p>16. 进入 filter 表的 OUTPUT 链，可以对本地出去的数据包进行过滤。</p>
<p>17. 进入 mangle 表的 POSTROUTING 链，同上一种情况的第9步。注意，这里不光对经过防火墙的数据包进行处理，还对防火墙自己产生的数据包进行处理。</p>
<p>18. 进入 nat 表的 POSTROUTING 链，同上一种情况的第10步。</p>
<p>19. 进入出去的网络接口。完毕。</p>
<p>3) iptables raw表的使用</p>
<p>增加raw表，在其他表处理之前，-j NOTRACK跳过其它表处理</p>
<p>状态除了以前的四个还增加了一个UNTRACKED</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<p>可以使用 “NOTRACK” target 允许规则指定80端口的包不进入链接跟踪/NAT子系统</p>
<p>iptables -t raw -A PREROUTING -d 1.2.3.4 -p tcp --dport 80 -j NOTRACK</p>
<p>iptables -t raw -A PREROUTING -s 1.2.3.4 -p tcp --sport 80 -j NOTRACK</p>
<p>iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state UNTRACKED -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>4) 解决ip_conntrack: table full, dropping packet的问题</p>
<p>在启用了iptables web服务器上，流量高的时候经常会出现下面的错误：</p>
<p>ip_conntrack: table full, dropping packet</p>
<p>这个问题的原因是由于web服务器收到了大量的连接，在启用了iptables的情况下，iptables会把所有的连接都做链接跟踪处理，这样iptables就会有一个链接跟踪表，当这个表满的时候，就会出现上面的错误。</p>
<p>iptables的链接跟踪表最大容量为/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_conntrack_max，链接碰到各种状态的超时后就会从表中删除。</p>
<p>所以解決方法一般有两个：</p>
<p>(1) 加大 ip_conntrack_max 值</p>
<p>vi /etc/sysctl.conf</p>
<p>net.ipv4.ip_conntrack_max = 393216</p>
<p>net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_max = 393216</p>
<p>(2): 降低 ip_conntrack timeout时间</p>
<p>vi /etc/sysctl.conf</p>
<p>net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established = 300</p>
<p>net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_tcp_timeout_time_wait = 120</p>
<p>net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_tcp_timeout_close_wait = 60</p>
<p>net.ipv4.netfilter.ip_conntrack_tcp_timeout_fin_wait = 120</p>
<p>上面两种方法打个比喻就是烧水水开的时候，换一个大锅。一般情况下都可以解决问题，但是在极端情况下，还是不够用，怎么办？</p>
<p>这样就得反其道而行，用釜底抽薪的办法。iptables的raw表是不做数据包的链接跟踪处理的，我们就把那些连接量非常大的链接加入到iptables raw表。</p>
<p>如一台web服务器可以这样：</p>
<p>iptables -t raw -A PREROUTING -d 1.2.3.4 -p tcp --dport 80 -j NOTRACK</p>
<p>iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state UNTRACKED -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>5) iptables raw表的效果测试</p>
<p>我们在一台web server上做测试，先不使用raw表，观察链接跟踪表(/proc/net/ip_conntrack)的大小：</p>
<p>先看下iptables配置：</p>
<p>cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables</p>
<h1>Generated by iptables-save v1.3.5 on Wed Aug 18 10:10:52 2010</h1>
<p>*filter</p>
<p>:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]</p>
<p>:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]</p>
<p>:OUTPUT ACCEPT [104076:12500201]</p>
<p>:RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]</p>
<p>-A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT</p>
<p>-A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p ah -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -d 224.0.0.251 -p udp -m udp --dport 5353 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited</p>
<p>COMMIT</p>
<h1>Completed on Wed Aug 18 10:10:52 2010</h1>
<p>在另一台机器上用ab测试：</p>
<p>ab -c 1000 -n 5000 <a href="http://192.168.20.26/index.html">http://192.168.20.26/index.html</a></p>
<p>在web server上查看链接跟踪表(/proc/net/ip_conntrack)的大小：</p>
<p>[root@mongo html]# wc -l /proc/net/ip_conntrack</p>
<p>5153 /proc/net/ip_conntrack</p>
<p>可以看到跟踪表内有5153个链接，再大一些的压力可能就要报ip_conntrack: table full, dropping packet的错误了。</p>
<p>下面我们启用raw表：</p>
<p>先更新iptables：</p>
<p>[root@mongo html]# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables</p>
<h1>Generated by iptables-save v1.3.5 on Wed Aug 18 10:10:52 2010</h1>
<p>*filter</p>
<p>:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]</p>
<p>:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]</p>
<p>:OUTPUT ACCEPT [104076:12500201]</p>
<p>:RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]</p>
<p>-A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT</p>
<p>-A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p esp -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p ah -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -d 224.0.0.251 -p udp -m udp --dport 5353 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED,UNTRACKED -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT</p>
<p>-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited</p>
<p>COMMIT</p>
<h1>Completed on Wed Aug 18 10:10:52 2010</h1>
<h1>Generated by iptables-save v1.3.5 on Wed Aug 18 10:10:52 2010</h1>
<p>*raw</p>
<p>:PREROUTING ACCEPT [116163:9327716]</p>
<p>:OUTPUT ACCEPT [104076:12500201]</p>
<p>-A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j NOTRACK</p>
<p>-A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --sport 80 -j NOTRACK</p>
<p>COMMIT</p>
<h1>Completed on Wed Aug 18 10:10:52 2010</h1>
<p>红色部分是新增的。</p>
<p>重启iptables：</p>
<p>service iptables restart</p>
<p>可以用iptables命令查看是否启用成功了：</p>
<p>[root@mongo html]# iptables -t raw -L -n</p>
<p>Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)</p>
<p>target prot opt source destination</p>
<p>NOTRACK tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80</p>
<p>Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)</p>
<p>target prot opt source destination</p>
<p>NOTRACK tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:80</p>
<p>然后再用ab测试：</p>
<p>ab -c 1000 -n 5000 <a href="http://192.168.20.26/index.html">http://192.168.20.26/index.html</a></p>
<p>查看链接跟踪表(/proc/net/ip_conntrack)的大小：</p>
<p>[root@mongo html]# wc -l /proc/net/ip_conntrack</p>
<p>1 /proc/net/ip_conntrack</p>
<p>跟踪表内只跟踪了一个链接了。</p>
<p>[root@mongo html]# cat /proc/net/ip_conntrack</p>
<p>tcp 6 431999 ESTABLISHED src=192.168.20.26 dst=192.168.20.10 sport=22 dport=50088 packets=85 bytes=10200 src=192.168.20.10 dst=192.168.20.26 sport=50088 dport=22 packets=92 bytes=6832 [ASSURED] mark=0 secmark=0 use=1</p>
<p>可以看到iptables已经不跟踪进出端口为80的链接了。测试结果表明用iptables的raw表可以完美解决ip_conntrack: table full, dropping packet的问题。</p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/iptables/" term="iptables"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/raw/" term="raw"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/" term="faq"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[What are the programming languages and frameworks the top NYC startups are using?]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/30/what-are-the-programming-top-nyc-startups-are-using/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/30/what-are-the-programming-top-nyc-startups-are-using/</id>
<published>2011-03-30T08:48:45.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-13T09:40:08.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>In a conversation with the NYCEDC and ITAC, I learned that no one has a sense of what are the predominant languages and frameworks that people are using.</p>
<p>If you are with a startup or company that has more than 1M pageviews a month and is based in NYC (or the boroughs), can you give a sense of the skills/experience you are looking for? This will help people understand what skills we need to grow...</p>
<p>Companies like:</p>
<p>Tumblr</p>
<p>OMGPOP</p>
<p>Kickstarter</p>
<p>Makerbot</p>
<p>AppNexus</p>
<p>Aviary</p>
<p>the Fridge</p>
<p>ideeli</p>
<p>Daylife</p>
<p>HowAboutWe</p>
<p>Thrillist</p>
<p>Gawker</p>
<p>Artsy</p>
<p>Sailthru</p>
<p>20x200</p>
<p>fanfeedr</p>
<p>SolveMedia</p>
<p>Social Flow</p>
<p>HuffingtonPost</p>
<p>AppFund</p>
<p>betaworks</p>
<p>Work Market</p>
<p>Chartbeat</p>
<p>Producteev</p>
<p>Voxy</p>
<p>Food52
一、</p>
<p>foursquare:</p>
<p>Language - Scala
Web Framework - Lift
Database - MongoDB
App Server - Jetty
Proxy Layer - nginx + HAProxy
Hosting - Amazon EC2
Search - Solr
Email - SendGrid
Queuing - Kestrel
JS Library - jQuery
Etc - FogBugz, Git, CIJoe, ReviewBoard</p>
<p>PS: If you'd like to work with these tools (or think we should be using something else and want to show us why), we're hiring! <a href="http://foursquare.com/jobs/"><a href="http://foursquare.com/jobs/">http://foursquare.com/jobs/</a></a></p>
<p>二、</p>
<p>At SecondMarket we use :</p>
<p>Language - Java
Web Framework - SpringMVC
Databases - MongoDB & Postgres
App Server - Jetty
Proxy Layer - ELB & HAProxy
Hosting - Amazon EC2
Email - SendGrid
Queuing - ActiveMQ
JS Library - jQuery
API interface - Rest/JSON
Etc - Bamboo, Puppet, SVN, JIRA
QE tools - (ruby, watir, webdriver, selenium)</p>
<p>Interested - check out our open jobs - <a href="http://www.secondmarket.com/about/careers.php"><a href="http://www.secondmarket.com/abou">http://www.secondmarket.com/abou</a>...</a></p>
<p>三、</p>
<p>Here at OMGPOP:</p>
<p>Language - Ruby, AS3, Erlang, C/C++/Objective C, Javascript
XMPP - ejabberd, openfire
Web Frameworks: Rack, Merb, Sinatra, Express
Database - MySQL, Redis, Memcache, Vertica
App Server - Thin, node.js
Proxy Layer - Nginx + HAProxy
Hosting - Amazon EC2 / Softlayer / Managed Colo
Queuing - Redis/Resque
JS Library - jQuery / underscore
Monitoring - New Relic, Nagios, Munin, Flume, Custom
Testing - rspec, selenium
Etc - jira, git, svn, puppet, capistrano</p>
<p>四、</p>
<p>Languages: Python, some C, and a little bit of TCL (yes, really)
Web Framework: Tornado
Reverse Proxy: nginx
Redirect App Server: AOLserver
Databases: MySQL, Tokyo Cabinet, and MongoDB
Volatile Data Stores: Memcache, MemoryFly (internal)
Hosting: NTT and EC2
Queueing - simplequeue (<a href="https://github.com/bitly/simplehttp/tree/master/simplequeue"><a href="https://github.com/bitly/simpleh">https://github.com/bitly/simpleh</a>...</a>)
JS Library: jQuery</p>
<p>五、Gilt Groupe/City:</p>
<p>Frontend: Java/JSP
Middle Tier: Java/Jetty
Internal app: lots of Rails
Javascript: jQuery
Database: Postgres, Voldemort, used to use a bit of Mongo</p>
<p>etc: JIRA, Hudson, puppet, git
六、**GroupMe uses the following:</p>
<p>Languages:<strong> Ruby, Javascript
</strong>Web Frameworks:<strong> Rails, Sinatra, node.js
</strong>Database:<strong> Postgres, Redis
</strong>Frontend:<strong> Sass, Haml, jQuery
</strong>Services:<strong> Twilio, Heroku
</strong>Tools:** RSpec, Git, Github, Pivotal Tracker
七、Stack: Ruby on Rails, MongoDB, Backbone.js, JQuery</p>
<p>Tools: Git, Pivotal Tracker, GitHub, CI Joe, RSpec, Steak (BDD), Jasmine (BDD for JS)
八、Frameworks: Django 1.2, jQuery
Web Servers: Cherokee, Nginx
Data: Postgres 8.4
Hosting: Amazon EC2, Linode
Caching: memcached
Queuing: Celery/RabbitMQ
Web Services: Sailthru, KISSmetrics, Twillio, Recurly, Discus, Google Analytics, Facebook
Tools: SVN, Unfuddle, Pivotal Tracker, Basecamp, Google Docs/Apps
Mobile: Objective-C, HTML5/CSS3</p>
<p>Unlike most NYC startups, we keep our HR in the cloud. Developers work remotely and collaborate through IRC from Madrid, Buenos Aires, Novosibirsk, Chicago and Minneapolis. This greatly reduces start-up costs and also increases our multi-language exposure which is an asset to a language-learning startup.</p>
<p>We're hiring... Looking for a talented cross-platform mobile developer.
<a href="http://voxy.com/about/jobs/en/"><a href="http://voxy.com/about/jobs/en/">http://voxy.com/about/jobs/en/</a></a>
九、Chartbeat (<a href="http://chartbeat.com/"><a href="http://chartbeat.com">http://chartbeat.com</a></a>)
Languages: Python, C++, Javascript</p>
<p>Frameworks: Tornado (Python), django, Google Closure Tools
Webserver: nginx
Infrastructure/deployment: puppet, fabric
Database: MongoDB, MySQL
Email: Sailthru
Monitoring: nagios, ganglia, chartbeat :), munin
Hosting: AWS
Queueing: RabbitMQ, Gearman
Versioning: GitHub, <a href="https://github.com/chartbeat/labs"><a href="https://github.com/chartbeat/labs">https://github.com/chartbeat/labs</a></a>
Etc: fogbugz, reviewboard
Interested in joining? - <a href="http://chartbeat.com/jobs/"><a href="http://chartbeat.com/jobs/">http://chartbeat.com/jobs/</a></a>
十、Language: PHP, Java, Javascript; Also Python, Ruby, C# for API clients
Web Framework: Custom
Databases: MongoDB
Web Server: Apache with Pound Load Balancer
Queuing - ActiveMQ
JS Library - jQuery
API interface - Rest/JSON (XML also available but not recommended)
Hosting - Amazon EC2 with few colocated servers
Etc - Github, Lighthouse
十一、Languages: Python, Java, Erlang, Objective-C, Javascript
Frameworks: Pylons
Tools: JIRA,SVN
Database: Postgres
Search: SOLR
Servers: apache, rabbitmq</p>
<p>Evolving to:</p>
<p>Languages: Python, Java, Erlang, Objective-C, Javascript
Frameworks: Pylons, JQuery/Backbone
Tools: JIRA, Puppet, mercurial, Bamboo, Thrift
Database: Postgres, Hadoop/HBase, CouchDB
Search: ElasticSearch
Servers: nginx, rabbitmq,
十二、anguages: Python, PHP, Javascript
Frameworks: Tornado (Python), custom MVC (PHP)
Webserver: Apache and nginx
Database: MySQL
Email: Sailthru
Monitoring: nagios, graphite, statsD, splunk, chartbeat, pingdom
Hosting: AWS and Slicehost
Etc: git, vagrant, chef, capistrano, RabbitMQ, jQuery</p>
<p>Hiring software engineers - <a href="http://www.lot18.com/careers"><a href="http://www.lot18.com/careers">http://www.lot18.com/careers</a></a></p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/cdn/" term="cdn"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[mysql 1主2从同步错误：Error_code: 1032; handler error HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND解决方案]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/21/mysql-master-slave-error_code-1032/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/21/mysql-master-slave-error_code-1032/</id>
<published>2011-03-21T09:10:10.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>架构说明：</p>
<p>1主。2从。2从的配置都一样。</p>
<p>版本也一样。</p>
<p>实然发现其中一台从不同步了。报错如下。</p>
<h1>show slave status\G;</h1>
<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><em>*</em></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong> 1. row <strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><em>*</em></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>
<p>Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event</p>
<p>Master_Host: 192.168.1.20</p>
<p>Master_User: slave</p>
<p>Master_Port: 3306</p>
<p>Connect_Retry: 10</p>
<p>Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.002552</p>
<p>Read_Master_Log_Pos: 233406800</p>
<p>Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000007</p>
<p>Relay_Log_Pos: 204127317</p>
<p>Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.002552</p>
<p>Slave_IO_Running: Yes</p>
<p>Slave_SQL_Running: No</p>
<p>Replicate_Do_DB:</p>
<p>Replicate_Ignore_DB:</p>
<p>Replicate_Do_Table:</p>
<p>Replicate_Ignore_Table:</p>
<p>Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:</p>
<p>Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:</p>
<p>Last_Errno: 1032</p>
<p>Last_Error: Could not execute Delete_rows event on table redmine.reports; Can't find record in 'reports', Error_code: 1032; handler error HA_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND; the event's master log mysql-bin.002552, end_log_pos 204464875</p>
<p>搜索找了不少文档。也有很暴力的解决方案：</p>
<p>slave-skip-errors=1032 但不建议采用这种方案。会导致以后数据不致的情况出现。</p>
<p>其正确的解决方案如下：</p>
<p>主数据库同步模式是binlog_format = MIXED</p>
<p>第一台从库服务器同步模式也是binlog_format = MIXED，则第一台从库同步没问题</p>
<p>第二台从库的同步模式需要修改下，否则出现1032错误，该服务器同步模式设置binlog_format = STATEMENT</p>
<p>经过观察mysql的错误日志，发现问题解决。没有出现1032的错误。</p>
<p>提醒 ：在重启的时候一定要先slave stop</p>
<p>否则会有如下错误 ：</p>
<p>Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: 'Client requested master to start replication from impossible position'</p>
<p>它的解决方案网上挺多的。我就记录下吧：</p>
<p>mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.0000xx > a.txt</p>
<p>tail -n 20 a.txt</p>
<p>找到最后正确的同步pos</p>
<p>然后再</p>
<p>CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.002552', MASTER_LOG_POS=233406800;</p>
<p>问题就能得到解决。如果你解决不了。那就只能重做主从了。：）</p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/1032/" term="1032"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/1236/" term="1236"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/master/" term="master"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/mysql/" term="mysql"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/slave/" term="slave"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/数据库/" term="数据库"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[ubuntu install moinmoin WIKI系统]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/14/ubuntu-install-moinmoin/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/14/ubuntu-install-moinmoin/</id>
<published>2011-03-14T06:29:43.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-13T10:05:28.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>官方网站：<a href="http://moinmo.in/"><a href="http://moinmo.in">http://moinmo.in</a></a></p>
<p>下载1.9的包后，在docs里有INSTALL.html文档，可以看下依赖包。</p>
<p>本文是最新ubuntu python2.6+ nginx fcgi</p>
<p>安装：</p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="comment">python2</span>.<span class="comment">6</span> <span class="comment">setup</span>.<span class="comment">py</span> <span class="comment">install</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">force</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">record=install</span>.<span class="comment">log</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">prefix='/usr/local'</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">install</span>-<span class="comment">data=/data/moin
</pre></figure></code></pre>
<p>COPY WIKI相关的目录</p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="title">cp</span> -<span class="type">R</span> /usr/local/share/moin/<span class="typedef"><span class="keyword">data</span> /<span class="keyword">data</span>/moin</span>
<span class="title">cp</span> -<span class="type">R</span> /usr/local/share/moin/underlay /<span class="typedef"><span class="keyword">data</span>/moin</span>
<span class="title">cp</span> /usr/local/share/moin/config/wikiconfig.py /<span class="typedef"><span class="keyword">data</span>/moin</span>
<span class="title">cp</span> /usr/local/share/moin/server/moin.fcgi /<span class="typedef"><span class="keyword">data</span>/moin </span>
</pre></figure></code></pre>
<p>启动moin</p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="comment">spawn</span>-<span class="comment">fcgi</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">a</span> <span class="comment">127</span>.<span class="comment">0</span>.<span class="comment">0</span>.<span class="comment">1</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">p</span> <span class="comment">9001</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">u</span> <span class="comment">daemon</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">g</span> <span class="comment">daemon</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">F</span> <span class="comment">1</span> <span class="literal">-</span><span class="comment">f</span> <span class="comment">/data/moin/moin</span>.<span class="comment">fcgi
</pre></figure></code></pre>
<p>新建WIKI的虚拟主机</p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre>wiki<span class="preprocessor">.bubbyroom</span><span class="preprocessor">.com</span><span class="preprocessor">.conf</span>
server
{
listen <span class="number">80</span><span class="comment">;</span>
server_name wiki<span class="preprocessor">.bubbyroom</span><span class="preprocessor">.com</span><span class="comment">;</span>
index index<span class="preprocessor">.php</span> index<span class="preprocessor">.html</span> index<span class="preprocessor">.htm</span><span class="comment">;</span>
root /data/wwwroot/moin<span class="comment">;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#access_log /data/logs/access_test.com.log combined;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#error_log /data/logs/error_test.com.log;</span>
location / {
include fastcgi_params<span class="comment">;</span>
fastcgi_pass <span class="number">127.0</span><span class="number">.0</span><span class="number">.1</span>:<span class="number">9001</span><span class="comment">;</span>
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $fastcgi_script_name<span class="comment">;</span>
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME /<span class="comment">;</span>
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_script_name<span class="comment">;</span>
}
}
</pre></figure></code></pre>
<p>访问wiki.bubbyroom.com 就好了</p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/moinmoin/" term="moinmoin"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/Webserver/" term="Webserver"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[ganglia gmond 安全：增加acl ]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/14/ganglia-gmond-acl/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/14/ganglia-gmond-acl/</id>
<published>2011-03-14T02:59:18.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>在配置好ganglia 后。可以通过</p>
<p><code> </code></p>
<pre><code><figure class="highlight"><pre><span class="title">telnet</span> ip <span class="number">8649</span> `</pre>
` `
取到机器所监控的metric 信息。非常 的详细。为了安全起见。需要增加ACL访问控制。
而gmond可以在**udp_recv_channel and tcp_accept_channel **增加ACL
例如：
` `
<pre>`acl {
<span class="title">default</span> = <span class="string">"deny"</span>
access {
<span class="title">ip</span> = <span class="number">192.168.0.4</span>
mask = <span class="number">32</span>
action = <span class="string">"allow"</span>
}
} `</pre>
` `
或者：
` `
<pre>`acl {
<span class="title">default</span> = <span class="string">"allow"</span>
access {
<span class="title">ip</span> = <span class="number">192.168.0.0</span>
mask = <span class="number">24</span>
action = <span class="string">"deny"</span>
}
access {
<span class="title">ip</span> = ::ff:<span class="number">1.2.3.0</span>
mask = <span class="number">120</span>
action = <span class="string">"deny"</span>
}
} `</pre>
` `
而取telnet 取得的信息是在tcp_accept_channel 字段。所以只需要在这个字段 增加acl即可 。
例：
` `
<pre>`tcp_accept_channel {
<span class="title">port</span> = <span class="number">8649</span>
acl {
<span class="title">default</span> = <span class="string">"deny"</span>
access {
<span class="title">ip</span> = <span class="number">192.168.1.5</span> <span class="comment">#中心机的IP</span>
mask = <span class="number">32</span>
action = <span class="string">"allow"</span>
}
}
}
</pre></figure></code></pre>
<p><code> </code></p>
<p>参考文档：<a href="http://linux.die.net/man/5/gmond.conf"><a href="http://linux.die.net/man/5/gmond.conf">http://linux.die.net/man/5/gmond.conf</a></a></p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/acl/" term="acl"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/ganglia/" term="ganglia"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/gmond/" term="gmond"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/cdn/" term="cdn"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/cdn/分布式监控/" term="分布式监控"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[Bash 单引号 双引号 反引号]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/10/bash-quotation-marks/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/10/bash-quotation-marks/</id>
<published>2011-03-10T06:27:37.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>bash脚本中，有三种引号</p>
<p><pre>1. 单引号 '
2. 双引号 "
3. 反引号 `</p>
<p>单引号
两个单引号包围起来的字符串就是普通的字符串，它将保留原始的字面意思.
双引号
两个双引号包围起来的字符串，部分特殊字符将起到它们的作用.
这些特殊字符有: 美元符$, 反斜杠\, 反引号, 感叹号!.
反引号
两个反引号包围起来的字符串，将作为命令来运行，
执行的输出结果作为该反引号的内容，称为命令替换，
它有另一种更好的写法: $(command)</pre>
我们来看几个例子，更直接的了解这三种引号的特性.
1. 美元符$在单、双引号中的表现: 在双引号中的$, 将发生变量引用, 而在单引号中的$, 将保留它的字面意思</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td>12</p>
<p>34</td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>'$HOME'``$HOME</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"$HOME"``/home/igi</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
注: HOME为内部变量</p>
<p>2. 反斜杠\ 在单、双引号中的表现: 在双引号中的\, 将转义它后面的字符，使其具有特殊意义或者失去原来的特殊意义, 在单引号中的\, 将保留它的字面意思</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td></td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>'\$HOME'``\</code></p>
<p><code>$HOME</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"\$HOME"</code></p>
<p>/home/igi</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
注: 双引号中的\，后面跟着$, 这里发生了转义，使得$失去特殊意义, 变成普通字符.</p>
<p>3. 反引号与其他两种引号的不同: 反引号包围起来的字符串将被运行，取其结果</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td></td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>'date'</code></p>
<p><code>date</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"date"</code></p>
<p><code>date</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>date</code></p>
<p><code>Fri Dec 3 18:34:09 CST 2010</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
注: 在反引号中的date被当成命令执行，包含的正是命令的输出信息</p>
<p>了解了他们的不同，我们来聊一聊常见的问题</p>
<p>1. 把反引号` 写 成单引号’</p>
<p>不得不说，它们长得确实很像，个别书的印刷字体区别度不高或者印刷质量不过关, 导致了很多新手认错，常把反引号`写成单引号’。如果你不知道反引号在哪，请看看Esc键下面的那个按键, 那个就是反引号。当然也不排除有些人看书不注意，这也是常有的事。只要我们明白了反引号与单引号作用的区别，什么时候要用单引号，什么时候要用反引号就一清二楚了。当你需要一个字符串时，使用单引号； 而当你需要捕捉命令的输出时，请用反引号。</p>
<p>2. 总是忘了加双引号
双引号不总是多余的，被它包围的数据变得很安全，不至于被bash切开对待。</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td></td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``seq</code> <code>3</code></p>
<p><code>1</code></p>
<p><code>2</code></p>
<p><code>3</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>``seq` `3</code></p>
<p><code>1 2 3</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"</code>seq 3<code>"</code></p>
<p><code>1``2``3</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
注: seq输出的是包含换行的信息，但echo <code>seq 3</code> 却丢失了换行符，因为bash在解析时认为<code>seq 3</code>的输出结果是3个独立的字符，解析后与echo 1 2 3相同(这个过程，bash做了很多工作，有兴趣的可以了解下bash解析顺序); 而echo “<code>seq 3</code>”时，bash把<code>seq 3</code>的输出结果当成一个整体对待(因为它被双引号包围),所以输出的结果不会被bash拆分对待，换行符得以保留。所以，当你需要保留变量或者命令替换的完整信息, 特别是换行符时，请记得给它们戴上双引号作保险，时刻加个双引号是个好习惯（为什么不是单引号呢？前面解释了，单引号里面没有魔法，变量也变不了了，命令替换也替换不了了)。再次提醒: “$var”, “<code>command</code>”, 都比$var, <code>command</code>安全得多，很多情况下，前面的才是你要的结果，除非你知道你在做什么，否则不要轻易省略双引号。</p>
<p>3. 引号嵌套总是混乱的
引号中包含其他引号，只要能理解单引号和双引号中字符的表现，就不难掌握</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td></td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"abc\"abc"</code></p>
<p><code>abc"abc</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"abc\'abc"</code></p>
<p><code>abc'abc</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>"abc\</code>abc"`</p>
<p><code>abc</code>abc`</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
如你所见，双引号中加入其他引号很容易，你只需要用反斜杠\转义你要添加的引号(双引号中加单引号可以不用转义)。 那么单引号中是否如此简单？</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td></td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>'abc"abc'</code></p>
<p><code>abc"abc</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>'abc</code>abc'`</p>
<p><code>abc</code>abc`</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
到这里，确实很简单，单引号中都是普通字符，所以完全不需要转义，如果加了反斜杠\, 那么反斜杠依然是它自己，直接打印出来。</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td>12</td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> `'abc\"``<span style="font-family: monospace;">abc</span></p>
<p><code>'``abc\"\</code>abc`</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
问题来了，单引号中如何包含单引号？这个时候，反斜杠\也是无用的, 如果直接写单引号，那么bash会认为引号还没结束。好吧，如果你不幸碰到这样的问题，还是有办法解决的</p>
<p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"></p>
<p><tbody></p>
<p><tr></p>
<p><td></td></p>
<p><td><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>$``'abc\'abc'</code></p>
<p><code>abc'abc</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>-e ``'abc\x27abc'</code></p>
<p><code>abc'abc</code></p>
<p><code>igi@gentoo ~ $ ``echo</code> <code>'abc'``\``''``abc'</code></p>
<p><code>abc'abc</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
第一种方法是bash特有的，$’string’ 之间到反斜杠都将转义字符，第二种方法，通过单引号的ASCII码来打印单引号，而第三种方法，则是通过截断命令，在中间插入单引号来实现。一般用第一种方法是最优雅的。</p>
<p>最后: 希望能更多的人喜欢Bash，使用Bash。</p>
<p>转自：<a href="http://www.igigo.net/archives/128"><a href="http://www.igigo.net/archives/128">http://www.igigo.net/archives/128</a></a></p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/bash/" term="bash"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/单引号/" term="单引号"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/双引号/" term="双引号"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/" term="faq"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/系统命令/" term="系统命令"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[python图形处理库Python Imaging Library (PIL)简介及安装]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/08/python-imaging-library-pil/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/08/python-imaging-library-pil/</id>
<published>2011-03-08T08:41:18.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>[简介]</p>
<p>这两天用python写一个程序,需要对各种格式的图片进行一些简单的处理,采用了Python Imaging Library (PIL)库,这个库可用于图片的一些常用操作,比如改变图片格式、尺寸、色彩、旋转等。</p>
<p>pil站点: <a href="http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/index.htm">http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/index.htm</a></p>
<p>pil下载: <a href="http://effbot.org/downloads/Imaging-1.1.6.tar.gz">http://effbot.org/downloads/Imaging-1.1.6.tar.gz</a></p>
<p>pil文档: <a href="http://www.pythonware.com/library/pil/handbook/index.htm">http://www.pythonware.com/library/pil/handbook/index.htm</a></p>
<p>[安装]</p>
<p>$ gunzip Imaging-1.1.6.tar.gz</p>
<p>$ tar xvf Imaging-1.1.6.tar</p>
<p>$ cd Imaging-1.1.6</p>
<p>$ python setup.py build_ext -i</p>
<p>$ python selftest.py</p>
<p>$ python setup.py install</p>
<p>安装完毕后,可在python安装目录下的site-packages找到PIL安装目录。</p>
<p>[使用]</p>
<p>如果你想使用PIL的Image类，就直接import Image即可，详细的使用方法请阅读其文档。</p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/pil/" term="pil"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/python-1/" term="python"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/Python-Imaging-Library/" term="Python Imaging Library"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/" term="faq"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[centos yum python2.6]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/08/centos-yum-python2-6/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/08/centos-yum-python2-6/</id>
<published>2011-03-08T06:37:07.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>wget <a href="http://yum.chrislea.com/centos/5/i386/chl-release-5-3.noarch.rpm">http://yum.chrislea.com/centos/5/i386/chl-release-5-3.noarch.rpm</a></p>
<p>rpm -ivh chl-release-5-3.noarch.rpm</p>
<p>yum clean all</p>
<p>yum -y install python26</p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/centos/" term="centos"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/python26/" term="python2.6"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/yum/" term="yum"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/" term="faq"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/howtoforge/" term="howtoforge"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title type="html"><![CDATA[kernel: Contact your BIOS vendor to see if the E752x error]]></title>
<link href="http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/03/kernel-contact-your-bios-vendor-to-see-if-the-e752x-error/"/>
<id>http://bubbyroom.com/2011/03/03/kernel-contact-your-bios-vendor-to-see-if-the-e752x-error/</id>
<published>2011-03-03T09:34:20.000Z</published>
<updated>2013-08-11T03:52:35.000Z</updated>
<content type="html"><![CDATA[<p>今天遇到这种错误。感觉很奇怪。看似像内存的问题，实际上不是。</p>
<p>搜索一下。发现HP官网有说明。但机器是DELL 2850 再搜索发现同样也有说明。</p>
<p>是模块与系统的问题导致。</p>
<p>E752x error</p>
<p>服务器dmesg信息中包含如下信息：</p>
<p>Contact your BIOS vendor to see if the E752x error registers can be safely un-hidden</p>
<p>e752x_edac: probe of 0000:00:00.0 failed with error -12</p>
<p>出现此报错信息的服务器是Dell 2850,其实同样有此报错的还有HP的服务器，下面是HP官方的解释。</p>
<p><a href="http://www.icare.hp.com.cn/TechCenter_StaticArticle/44490/44490.html">http://www.icare.hp.com.cn/TechCenter_StaticArticle/44490/44490.html</a></p>
<p>启动配有 Intel E7520、E7525 或 E7320 芯片组并且运行 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 的 HP ProLiant 服务器时，可能会出现下列 Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) 模块消息：</p>
<p>kernel: Contact your BIOS vendor to see if the E752x error registers can be safely un-hidden</p>
<p>kernel: e752x_edac: probe of 0000:00:00.0 failed with error -12</p>
<p>出现这个问题是因为服务器 System ROM 配置这些寄存器兼容 HP Management Agents for Linux，以求提供错误检测与硬件事件报告功能。</p>
<p>下面“受影响平台”部分所列出的任何 HP ProLiant 服务器，配有 Intel 7520、E7525 或 E7320 服务器芯片组并运行 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1。</p>
<p>为了避免出现这个消息，请在 /etc/modprobe.conf 中添加下列内容：</p>
<p>alias e752x_edac off</p>
<p>这个新条目将能避免 Linux EDAC 模块在启动过程中自动加载。</p>
<p>目前FreeBSD系统下还没有发现此现象，在Dell服务器上如果要运行Dell日志清除工具的话可能会造成服务器的短暂不响应，不过很快就会恢复正常.</p>
<p>如果大家觉得这个选项没有太大用处的话可以按照上面的方法禁用。</p>
<p>参考： <a href="http://mycoding.spaces.live.com/?_c11_BlogPart_pagedir=Next&_c11_BlogPart_handle=cns!337B0545DDC11E83!251&_c11_BlogPart_BlogPart=blogview&_c=BlogPart"><a href="http://mycoding.spaces.live.com/?_c11_BlogPart_pagedir=Next&_c11_BlogPart_handle=cns!337B0545DDC11E83!251&_c11_BlogPart_BlogPart=blogview&_c=BlogPart">http://mycoding.spaces.live.com/?_c11_BlogPart_pagedir=Next&_c11_BlogPart_handle=cns!337B0545DDC11E83!251&_c11_BlogPart_BlogPart=blogview&_c=BlogPart</a></a></p>
]]></content>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/E752x/" term="E752x"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/tags/kernel/" term="kernel"/>
<category scheme="http://bubbyroom.com/categories/faq/" term="faq"/>
</entry>