commit the codes of chapter09

source/chapter09/autoscp.cpp

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+// autoscp.cpp -- illustrating scope of automatic variables
+#include <iostream>
+void oil(int x);
+int main()
+{
+    using namespace std;
+
+    int texas = 31;
+    int year = 2011;
+    cout << "In main(), texas = " << texas << ", &texas = ";
+    cout << &texas << endl;
+    cout << "In main(), year = " << year << ", &year = ";
+    cout << &year << endl;
+    oil(texas);
+    cout << "In main(), texas = " << texas << ", &texas = ";
+    cout << &texas << endl;
+    cout << "In main(), year = " << year << ", &year = ";
+    cout << &year << endl;
+	// cin.get();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void oil(int x)
+{
+    using namespace std;
+    int texas = 5;
+
+    cout << "In oil(), texas = " << texas << ", &texas = ";
+    cout << &texas << endl;
+    cout << "In oil(), x = " << x << ", &x = ";
+    cout << &x << endl;
+    {                               // start a block
+        int texas = 113;
+        cout << "In block, texas = " << texas;
+        cout << ", &texas = " << &texas << endl;
+                cout << "In block, x = " << x << ", &x = ";
+        cout << &x << endl;
+    }                               // end a block
+    cout << "Post-block texas = " << texas;
+    cout << ", &texas = " << &texas << endl;
+}

source/chapter09/coordin.h

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+// coordin.h -- structure templates and function prototypes
+// structure templates
+#ifndef COORDIN_H_
+#define COORDIN_H_
+
+struct polar
+{
+    double distance;    // distance from origin
+    double angle;        // direction from origin
+};
+struct rect
+{
+    double x;        // horizontal distance from origin
+    double y;        // vertical distance from origin
+};
+
+// prototypes
+polar rect_to_polar(rect xypos);
+void show_polar(polar dapos); 
+
+#endif

source/chapter09/external.cpp

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+// external.cpp -- external variable
+// compile with support.cpp
+#include <iostream>
+// external variable
+double warming = 0.3;       // warming defined
+
+// function prototypes
+void update(double dt);
+void local();
+
+int main()                  // uses global variable
+{
+    using namespace std;
+    cout << "Global warming is " << warming << " degrees.\n";
+    update(0.1);            // call function to change warming
+    cout << "Global warming is " << warming << " degrees.\n";
+    local();                // call function with local warming
+    cout << "Global warming is " << warming << " degrees.\n";
+    // cin.get();
+    return 0;
+}

source/chapter09/file1.cpp

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+// file1.cpp -- example of a three-file program
+#include <iostream>
+#include "coordin.h" // structure templates, function prototypes
+using namespace std;
+int main()
+{
+    rect rplace;
+    polar pplace;
+
+    cout << "Enter the x and y values: ";
+    while (cin >> rplace.x >> rplace.y)  // slick use of cin
+    {
+        pplace = rect_to_polar(rplace);
+        show_polar(pplace);
+        cout << "Next two numbers (q to quit): ";
+    }
+    cout << "Bye!\n";
+// keep window open in MSVC++
+/*
+    cin.clear();
+    while (cin.get() != '\n')
+        continue;
+    cin.get();
+*/
+    return 0; 
+}

source/chapter09/file2.cpp

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+// file2.cpp -- contains functions called in file1.cpp
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cmath>
+#include "coordin.h" // structure templates, function prototypes
+
+// convert rectangular to polar coordinates
+polar rect_to_polar(rect xypos)
+{
+    using namespace std;
+    polar answer;
+
+    answer.distance =
+        sqrt( xypos.x * xypos.x + xypos.y * xypos.y);
+    answer.angle = atan2(xypos.y, xypos.x);
+    return answer;      // returns a polar structure
+}
+
+// show polar coordinates, converting angle to degrees
+void show_polar (polar dapos)
+{
+    using namespace std;
+    const double Rad_to_deg = 57.29577951;
+
+    cout << "distance = " << dapos.distance;
+    cout << ", angle = " << dapos.angle * Rad_to_deg;
+    cout << " degrees\n";
+}

source/chapter09/namesp.cpp

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+// namesp.cpp -- namespaces
+#include <iostream>
+#include "namesp.h"
+
+namespace pers
+{
+    using std::cout;
+    using std::cin;
+    void getPerson(Person & rp)
+    {
+        cout << "Enter first name: ";
+        cin >> rp.fname;
+        cout << "Enter last name: ";
+        cin >> rp.lname;
+    }
+
+    void showPerson(const Person & rp)
+    {
+        std::cout << rp.lname << ", " << rp.fname;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace debts
+{
+    void getDebt(Debt & rd)
+    {
+        getPerson(rd.name);
+        std::cout << "Enter debt: ";
+        std::cin >> rd.amount;
+    }
+
+    void showDebt(const Debt & rd)
+    {
+        showPerson(rd.name);
+        std::cout <<": $" << rd.amount << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    double sumDebts(const Debt ar[], int n)
+    {
+        double total = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            total += ar[i].amount;
+        return total;
+    }
+}

source/chapter09/namesp.h

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+// namesp.h
+#include <string>
+// create the pers and debts namespaces
+namespace pers
+{
+    struct Person
+    { 
+        std::string fname;
+        std::string lname;
+     };
+    void getPerson(Person &);
+    void showPerson(const Person &);
+}
+
+namespace debts
+{
+    using namespace pers;
+    struct Debt
+    {
+        Person name;
+        double amount;
+    };
+
+    void getDebt(Debt &);
+    void showDebt(const Debt &);
+    double sumDebts(const Debt ar[], int n); 
+}

source/chapter09/newer.h

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+// new standard header for Microsoft
+#include <iostream>
+using namespace std;
+#pragma once
+#ifndef _NEWER_
+#define _NEWER_
+#ifndef RC_INVOKED
+#include <exception>
+
+ #pragma pack(push,_CRT_PACKING)
+ #pragma warning(push,3)
+// #pragma push_macro("new")
+
+ // #undef new
+
+
+#if !defined(__CRTDECL)
+#if defined(_M_CEE_PURE)
+#define __CRTDECL
+#else
+#define __CRTDECL   __cdecl
+#endif
+#endif
+
+_STD_BEGIN
+
+		// SUPPORT TYPES
+ #if !defined(_INC_NEW) || !defined(_MSC_EXTENSIONS)
+// handler for operator new failures
+#ifdef _M_CEE_PURE
+typedef void (__clrcall * new_handler) ();
+#else
+typedef void (__cdecl * new_handler) ();
+#endif
+ #endif /* !defined(_INC_NEW) || !defined(_MSC_EXTENSIONS) */
+
+ #ifndef __NOTHROW_T_DEFINED
+struct nothrow_t
+	{	// placement new tag type to suppress exceptions
+	};
+
+extern const nothrow_t nothrow;	// constant for placement new tag
+ #endif /* __NOTHROW_T_DEFINED */
+
+		// FUNCTION AND OBJECT DECLARATIONS
+_CRTIMP2 new_handler __cdecl set_new_handler(_In_opt_ new_handler)
+	_THROW0();	// establish alternate new handler
+_STD_END
+
+		// new AND delete DECLARATIONS (NB: NOT IN std)
+void __CRTDECL operator delete(void *) _THROW0();
+#pragma warning (suppress: 4985)
+_Ret_bytecap_(_Size) void *__CRTDECL operator new(size_t _Size) _THROW1(_STD bad_alloc);
+
+ #ifndef __PLACEMENT_NEW_INLINE
+  #define __PLACEMENT_NEW_INLINE
+inline void *__CRTDECL operator new(size_t, void *_Where) _THROW0()
+	{	// construct array with placement at _Where
+	cout << "New!\n";
+	return (_Where);
+	}
+
+inline void __CRTDECL operator delete(void *, void *) _THROW0()
+	{	// delete if placement new fails
+		cout << "Delete!\n";
+	}
+ #endif /* __PLACEMENT_NEW_INLINE */
+
+ #ifndef __PLACEMENT_VEC_NEW_INLINE
+  #define __PLACEMENT_VEC_NEW_INLINE
+inline void *__CRTDECL operator new[](size_t, void *_Where) _THROW0()
+	{	// construct array with placement at _Where
+	cout << "New!\n";
+	return (_Where);
+	}
+
+inline void __CRTDECL operator delete[](void *, void *) _THROW0()
+	{	// delete if placement array new fails
+		cout << "Delete!\n";
+	}
+ #endif /* __PLACEMENT_VEC_NEW_INLINE */
+
+void __CRTDECL operator delete[](void *) _THROW0();	// delete allocated array
+
+_Ret_bytecap_(_Size) void *__CRTDECL operator new[](size_t _Size)
+	_THROW1(_STD bad_alloc);	// allocate array or throw exception
+
+ #ifndef __NOTHROW_T_DEFINED
+  #define __NOTHROW_T_DEFINED
+_Ret_opt_bytecap_(_Size) void *__CRTDECL operator new(size_t _Size, const _STD nothrow_t&)
+	_THROW0();
+
+_Ret_opt_bytecap_(_Size) void *__CRTDECL operator new[](size_t _Size, const _STD nothrow_t&)
+	_THROW0();	// allocate array or return null pointer
+
+void __CRTDECL operator delete(void *, const _STD nothrow_t&)
+	_THROW0();	// delete if nothrow new fails -- REPLACEABLE
+
+void __CRTDECL operator delete[](void *, const _STD nothrow_t&)
+	_THROW0();	// delete if nothrow array new fails -- REPLACEABLE
+ #endif /* __NOTHROW_T_DEFINED */
+
+
+ #if !defined(_INC_NEW) || !defined(_MSC_EXTENSIONS)
+using _STD new_handler;
+ #endif /* !defined(_INC_NEW) || !defined(_MSC_EXTENSIONS) */
+
+ #pragma pop_macro("new")
+ #pragma warning(pop)
+ #pragma pack(pop)
+
+#endif /* RC_INVOKED */
+#endif /* _NEWER_ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1992-2007 by P.J. Plauger.  ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
+ * Consult your license regarding permissions and restrictions.
+ V5.03:0009 */

source/chapter09/newplace.cpp

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+// newplace.cpp -- using placement new
+#include <iostream>
+#include <new> // for placement new
+const int BUF = 512;
+const int N = 5;
+char buffer[BUF];      // chunk of memory
+int main()
+{
+    using namespace std;
+
+    double *pd1, *pd2;
+    int i;
+    cout << "Calling new and placement new:\n";
+    pd1 = new double[N];           // use heap
+    pd2 = new (buffer) double[N];  // use buffer array
+    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
+        pd2[i] = pd1[i] = 1000 + 20.0 * i;
+    cout << "Memory addresses:\n" << "  heap: " << pd1
+        << "  static: " <<  (void *) buffer  <<endl;
+    cout << "Memory contents:\n";
+    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
+    {
+        cout << pd1[i] << " at " << &pd1[i] << "; ";
+        cout << pd2[i] << " at " << &pd2[i] << endl;
+    }
+
+    cout << "\nCalling new and placement new a second time:\n";
+    double *pd3, *pd4;
+    pd3= new double[N];            // find new address
+    pd4 = new (buffer) double[N];  // overwrite old data
+    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
+        pd4[i] = pd3[i] = 1000 + 40.0 * i;
+    cout << "Memory contents:\n";
+    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
+    {
+        cout << pd3[i] << " at " << &pd3[i] << "; ";
+        cout << pd4[i] << " at " << &pd4[i] << endl;
+    }
+
+    cout << "\nCalling new and placement new a third time:\n";
+    delete [] pd1;
+    pd1= new double[N];
+    pd2 = new (buffer + N * sizeof(double)) double[N]; 
+    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
+        pd2[i] = pd1[i] = 1000 + 60.0 * i;
+    cout << "Memory contents:\n";
+    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
+    {
+        cout << pd1[i] << " at " << &pd1[i] << "; ";
+        cout << pd2[i] << " at " << &pd2[i] << endl;
+    }
+    delete [] pd1;
+    delete [] pd3;
+    // cin.get();
+    return 0;
+}