SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings

This repository contains the code and pre-trained models for our paper SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings.

**************************** Updates ****************************

• 8/31: Our paper has been accepted to EMNLP! Please check out our updated paper (with updated numbers and baselines).
• 5/12: We updated our unsupervised models with new hyperparameters and better performance.
• 5/10: We released our sentence embedding tool and demo code.
• 4/23: We released our training code.
• 4/20: We released our model checkpoints and evaluation code.
• 4/18: We released our paper. Check it out!

Quick Links

• Overview
• Getting Started
• Model List
• Use SimCSE with Huggingface
• Train SimCSE
  • Requirements
  • Evaluation
  • Training
• Bugs or Questions?
• Citation
• SimCSE Elsewhere

Overview

We propose a simple contrastive learning framework that works with both unlabeled and labeled data. Unsupervised SimCSE simply takes an input sentence and predicts itself in a contrastive learning framework, with only standard dropout used as noise. Our supervised SimCSE incorporates annotated pairs from NLI datasets into contrastive learning by using entailment pairs as positives and contradiction pairs as hard negatives. The following figure is an illustration of our models.

Getting Started

We provide an easy-to-use sentence embedding tool based on our SimCSE model (see our Wiki for detailed usage). To use the tool, first install the simcse package from PyPI

pip install simcse

Or directly install it from our code

python setup.py install

Note that if you want to enable GPU encoding, you should install the correct version of PyTorch that supports CUDA. See PyTorch official website for instructions.

After installing the package, you can load our model by just two lines of code

from simcse import SimCSE
model = SimCSE("princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-base-uncased")

See model list for a full list of available models.

Then you can use our model for encoding sentences into embeddings

embeddings = model.encode("A woman is reading.")

Compute the cosine similarities between two groups of sentences

sentences_a = ['A woman is reading.', 'A man is playing a guitar.']
sentences_b = ['He plays guitar.', 'A woman is making a photo.']
similarities = model.similarity(sentences_a, sentences_b)

Or build index for a group of sentences and search among them

sentences = ['A woman is reading.', 'A man is playing a guitar.']
model.build_index(sentences)
results = model.search("He plays guitar.")

We also support faiss, an efficient similarity search library. Just install the package following instructions here and simcse will automatically use faiss for efficient search.

WARNING: We have found that faiss did not well support Nvidia AMPERE GPUs (3090 and A100). In that case, you should change to other GPUs or install the CPU version of faiss package.

We also provide an easy-to-build demo website to show how SimCSE can be used in sentence retrieval. The code is based on DensePhrases' repo and demo (a lot of thanks to the authors of DensePhrases).

Model List

Our released models are listed as following. You can import these models by using the simcse package or using HuggingFace's Transformers.

Model	Avg. STS
princeton-nlp/unsup-simcse-bert-base-uncased	76.25
princeton-nlp/unsup-simcse-bert-large-uncased	78.41
princeton-nlp/unsup-simcse-roberta-base	76.57
princeton-nlp/unsup-simcse-roberta-large	78.90
princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-base-uncased	81.57
princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-large-uncased	82.21
princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-roberta-base	82.52
princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-roberta-large	83.76

Note that the results are slightly better than what we have reported in the current version of the paper after adopting a new set of hyperparameters (for hyperparamters, see the training section).

Naming rules: unsup and sup represent "unsupervised" (trained on Wikipedia corpus) and "supervised" (trained on NLI datasets) respectively.

Use SimCSE with Huggingface

Besides using our provided sentence embedding tool, you can also easily import our models with HuggingFace's transformers:

import torch
from scipy.spatial.distance import cosine
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer

# Import our models. The package will take care of downloading the models automatically
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-base-uncased")
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-base-uncased")

# Tokenize input texts
texts = [
    "There's a kid on a skateboard.",
    "A kid is skateboarding.",
    "A kid is inside the house."
]
inputs = tokenizer(texts, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors="pt")

# Get the embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    embeddings = model(**inputs, output_hidden_states=True, return_dict=True).pooler_output

# Calculate cosine similarities
# Cosine similarities are in [-1, 1]. Higher means more similar
cosine_sim_0_1 = 1 - cosine(embeddings[0], embeddings[1])
cosine_sim_0_2 = 1 - cosine(embeddings[0], embeddings[2])

print("Cosine similarity between \"%s\" and \"%s\" is: %.3f" % (texts[0], texts[1], cosine_sim_0_1))
print("Cosine similarity between \"%s\" and \"%s\" is: %.3f" % (texts[0], texts[2], cosine_sim_0_2))

If you encounter any problem when directly loading the models by HuggingFace's API, you can also download the models manually from the above table and use model = AutoModel.from_pretrained({PATH TO THE DOWNLOAD MODEL}).

Train SimCSE

In the following section, we describe how to train a SimCSE model by using our code.

Requirements

First, install PyTorch by following the instructions from the official website. To faithfully reproduce our results, please use the correct 1.7.1 version corresponding to your platforms/CUDA versions. PyTorch version higher than 1.7.1 should also work. For example, if you use Linux and CUDA11 (how to check CUDA version), install PyTorch by the following command,

pip install torch==1.7.1+cu110 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html

If you instead use CUDA <11 or CPU, install PyTorch by the following command,

pip install torch==1.7.1

Then run the following script to install the remaining dependencies,

pip install -r requirements.txt

Evaluation

Our evaluation code for sentence embeddings is based on a modified version of SentEval. It evaluates sentence embeddings on semantic textual similarity (STS) tasks and downstream transfer tasks. For STS tasks, our evaluation takes the "all" setting, and report Spearman's correlation. See our paper (Appendix B) for evaluation details.

Before evaluation, please download the evaluation datasets by running

cd SentEval/data/downstream/
bash download_dataset.sh

Then come back to the root directory, you can evaluate any transformers-based pre-trained models using our evaluation code. For example,

python evaluation.py \
    --model_name_or_path princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-base-uncased \
    --pooler cls \
    --task_set sts \
    --mode test

which is expected to output the results in a tabular format:

------ test ------
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------------+-----------------+-------+
| STS12 | STS13 | STS14 | STS15 | STS16 | STSBenchmark | SICKRelatedness |  Avg. |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------------+-----------------+-------+
| 75.30 | 84.67 | 80.19 | 85.40 | 80.82 |    84.26     |      80.39      | 81.58 |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------------+-----------------+-------+

Arguments for the evaluation script are as follows,

• --model_name_or_path: The name or path of a transformers-based pre-trained checkpoint. You can directly use the models in the above table, e.g., princeton-nlp/sup-simcse-bert-base-uncased.
• --pooler: Pooling method. Now we support
  • cls (default): Use the representation of [CLS] token. A linear+activation layer is applied after the representation (it's in the standard BERT implementation). If you use supervised SimCSE, you should use this option.
  • cls_before_pooler: Use the representation of [CLS] token without the extra linear+activation. If you use unsupervised SimCSE, you should take this option.
  • avg: Average embeddings of the last layer. If you use checkpoints of SBERT/SRoBERTa (paper), you should use this option.
  • avg_top2: Average embeddings of the last two layers.
  • avg_first_last: Average embeddings of the first and last layers. If you use vanilla BERT or RoBERTa, this works the best. Note that in the paper we reported the average of last layer and the static word embedding; we fixed this to be last and first layer average and it led to better performance. See this issue for a detailed discussion.
• --mode: Evaluation mode
  • test (default): The default test mode. To faithfully reproduce our results, you should use this option.
  • dev: Report the development set results. Note that in STS tasks, only STS-B and SICK-R have development sets, so we only report their numbers. It also takes a fast mode for transfer tasks, so the running time is much shorter than the test mode (though numbers are slightly lower).
  • fasttest: It is the same as test, but with a fast mode so the running time is much shorter, but the reported numbers may be lower (only for transfer tasks).
• --task_set: What set of tasks to evaluate on (if set, it will override --tasks)
  • sts (default): Evaluate on STS tasks, including STS 12~16, STS-B and SICK-R. This is the most commonly-used set of tasks to evaluate the quality of sentence embeddings.
  • transfer: Evaluate on transfer tasks.
  • full: Evaluate on both STS and transfer tasks.
  • na: Manually set tasks by --tasks.
• --tasks: Specify which dataset(s) to evaluate on. Will be overridden if --task_set is not na. See the code for a full list of tasks.

Training

Data

For unsupervised SimCSE, we sample 1 million sentences from English Wikipedia; for supervised SimCSE, we use the SNLI and MNLI datasets. You can run data/download_wiki.sh and data/download_nli.sh to download the two datasets.

Training scripts

We provide example training scripts for both unsupervised and supervised SimCSE. In run_unsup_example.sh, we provide a single-GPU (or CPU) example for the unsupervised version, and in run_sup_example.sh we give a multiple-GPU example for the supervised version. Both scripts call train.py for training. We explain the arguments in following:

• --train_file: Training file path. We support "txt" files (one line for one sentence) and "csv" files (2-column: pair data with no hard negative; 3-column: pair data with one corresponding hard negative instance). You can use our provided Wikipedia or NLI data, or you can use your own data with the same format.
• --model_name_or_path: Pre-trained checkpoints to start with. For now we support BERT-based models (bert-base-uncased, bert-large-uncased, etc.) and RoBERTa-based models (RoBERTa-base, RoBERTa-large, etc.).
• --temp: Temperature for the contrastive loss.
• --pooler_type: Pooling method. It's the same as the --pooler_type in the evaluation part.
• --mlp_only_train: We have found that for unsupervised SimCSE, it works better to train the model with MLP layer but test the model without it. You should use this argument when training unsupervised SimCSE models.
• --hard_negative_weight: If using hard negatives (i.e., there are 3 columns in the training file), this is the logarithm of the weight. For example, if the weight is 1, then this argument should be set as 0 (default value).
• --do_mlm: Whether to use the MLM auxiliary objective. If True:
  • --mlm_weight: Weight for the MLM objective.
  • --mlm_probability: Masking rate for the MLM objective.

All the other arguments are standard Huggingface's transformers training arguments. Some of the often-used arguments are: --output_dir, --learning_rate, --per_device_train_batch_size. In our example scripts, we also set to evaluate the model on the STS-B development set (need to download the dataset following the evaluation section) and save the best checkpoint.

For results in the paper, we use Nvidia 3090 GPUs with CUDA 11. Using different types of devices or different versions of CUDA/other softwares may lead to slightly different performance.

Hyperparameters

We use the following hyperparamters for training SimCSE:

	Unsup. BERT	Unsup. RoBERTa	Sup.
Batch size	64	512	512
Learning rate (base)	3e-5	1e-5	5e-5
Learning rate (large)	1e-5	3e-5	1e-5

Convert models

Our saved checkpoints are slightly different from Huggingface's pre-trained checkpoints. Run python simcse_to_huggingface.py --path {PATH_TO_CHECKPOINT_FOLDER} to convert it. After that, you can evaluate it by our evaluation code or directly use it out of the box.

Bugs or questions?

If you have any questions related to the code or the paper, feel free to email Tianyu ([email protected]) and Xingcheng ([email protected]). If you encounter any problems when using the code, or want to report a bug, you can open an issue. Please try to specify the problem with details so we can help you better and quicker!

Citation

Please cite our paper if you use SimCSE in your work:

@inproceedings{gao2021simcse,
   title={{SimCSE}: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings},
   author={Gao, Tianyu and Yao, Xingcheng and Chen, Danqi},
   booktitle={Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
   year={2021}
}

SimCSE Elsewhere

We thank the community's efforts for extending SimCSE!

• Jianlin Su has provided a Chinese version of SimCSE.
• AK391 integrated to Huggingface Spaces with Gradio. See demo:
• Nils Reimers has implemented a sentence-transformers-based training code for SimCSE.