i18n: Add TypeScript configuration/build to i18n-calypso

[chriskmnds]

Part of addressing https://github.com/Automattic/i18n-issues/issues/940 (and others)

Proposed Changes

• Adds TS configuration presets to i18n-calypso so it can be built as a TS package
• Does not refactor any actual code to TS, except for some minimal file renames
• Updates dependencies and some references to the previous types file

Why are these changes being made?

• Part of addressing https://github.com/Automattic/i18n-issues/issues/940 (and others)
• It will help move and add more TS parts into this package, including tests in TS e.g. we can now get the Jest types needed for i18n: Abstract number-formatters in i18n-calypso. Add caching and numberFormatCompact abstraction. #99538 to pass

Testing Instructions

• No functional changes.
• The package should now have a /dist folder with the respective cjs, esm, and types folders.
• Exported types can now be retrieved directly from i18n-calypso.

Pre-merge Checklist

• Has the general commit checklist been followed? (PCYsg-hS-p2)
• Have you written new tests for your changes?
• Have you tested the feature in Simple (P9HQHe-k8-p2), Atomic (P9HQHe-jW-p2), and self-hosted Jetpack sites (PCYsg-g6b-p2)?
• Have you checked for TypeScript, React or other console errors?
• Have you used memoizing on expensive computations? More info in Memoizing with create-selector and Using memoizing selectors and Our Approach to Data
• Have we added the "[Status] String Freeze" label as soon as any new strings were ready for translation (p4TIVU-5Jq-p2)?
  • For UI changes, have we tested the change in various languages (for example, ES, PT, FR, or DE)? The length of text and words vary significantly between languages.
• For changes affecting Jetpack: Have we added the "[Status] Needs Privacy Updates" label if this pull request changes what data or activity we track or use (p4TIVU-aUh-p2)?

[github-actions]

Calypso Live (direct link)

https://calypso.live?image=registry.a8c.com/calypso/app:build-132764

Jetpack Cloud live (direct link)

https://calypso.live?image=registry.a8c.com/calypso/app:build-132764&env=jetpack

Automattic for Agencies live (direct link)

https://calypso.live?image=registry.a8c.com/calypso/app:build-132764&env=a8c-for-agencies

[matticbot]

This PR does not affect the size of JS and CSS bundles shipped to the user's browser.

Generated by performance advisor bot at iscalypsofastyet.com.

[matticbot]

This PR modifies the release build for the following Calypso Apps:

For info about this notification, see here: PCYsg-OT6-p2

• blaze-dashboard
• command-palette-wp-admin
• happy-blocks
• help-center
• notifications
• odyssey-stats
• wpcom-block-editor

To test WordPress.com changes, run install-plugin.sh $pluginSlug update/i18n-calypso-ts-build on your sandbox.

[chriskmnds]

Merging this. What could go wrong? 🙄