all: upgrade minimum supported Go release to 1.23

[darccio]

What does this PR do?

With Go 1.24 released on 2025-02-11, we drop support for Go 1.22. This means Go 1.23 is now our minimum supported Go release. Update our CI files to reflect our current supported Go versions, and remove pre-Go 1.23 workarounds.

Motivation

Follow our declared Go support policy.

Reviewer's Checklist

• Changed code has unit tests for its functionality at or near 100% coverage.
• System-Tests covering this feature have been added and enabled with the va.b.c-dev version tag.
• There is a benchmark for any new code, or changes to existing code.
• If this interacts with the agent in a new way, a system test has been added.
• Add an appropriate team label so this PR gets put in the right place for the release notes.
• Non-trivial go.mod changes, e.g. adding new modules, are reviewed by @DataDog/dd-trace-go-guild.
• For internal contributors, a matching PR should be created to the v2-dev branch and reviewed by @DataDog/apm-go.

Unsure? Have a question? Request a review!

[datadog-datadog-prod-us1]

Datadog Report

Branch report: dario.castane/langplat-317/go-123
Commit report: ea597f4
Test service: dd-trace-go

❌ 11 Failed (11 Known Flaky), 5034 Passed, 70 Skipped, 1m 50.14s Total Time

❌ Failed Tests (11)

This report shows up to 5 failed tests.

• TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode - gopkg.in/DataDog/dd-trace-go.v1/contrib/database/sql - ❄️ Known flaky - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode
   --- FAIL: TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode (0.07s)
  

• TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register - gopkg.in/DataDog/dd-trace-go.v1/contrib/database/sql - ❄️ Known flaky - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register
       propagation_test.go:441: 
           	Error Trace:	/home/runner/work/dd-trace-go/dd-trace-go/contrib/database/sql/propagation_test.go:441
           	Error:      	Received unexpected error:
           	            	TLS Handshake failed: tls: failed to parse certificate from server: x509: negative serial number
           	Test:       	TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register
       --- FAIL: TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register (0.02s)
  

• TestSqlServer - gopkg.in/DataDog/dd-trace-go.v1/contrib/database/sql - ❄️ Known flaky - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestSqlServer
   --- FAIL: TestSqlServer (0.01s)
  

• TestSqlServer/Ping - gopkg.in/DataDog/dd-trace-go.v1/contrib/database/sql - ❄️ Known flaky - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestSqlServer/Ping
       sqltest.go:96: 
           	Error Trace:	/home/runner/work/dd-trace-go/dd-trace-go/contrib/internal/sqltest/sqltest.go:96
           	Error:      	Expected nil, but got: &errors.errorString{s:"TLS Handshake failed: tls: failed to parse certificate from server: x509: negative serial number"}
           	Test:       	TestSqlServer/Ping
       sqltest.go:98: 
           	Error Trace:	/home/runner/work/dd-trace-go/dd-trace-go/contrib/internal/sqltest/sqltest.go:98
           	Error:      	"[
   ...
  

• TestSqlServer/Query - gopkg.in/DataDog/dd-trace-go.v1/contrib/database/sql