[v2] all: upgrade minimum supported Go release to 1.23

[darccio]

What does this PR do?

With Go 1.24 released on 2025-02-11, we drop support for Go 1.22. This means Go 1.23 is now our minimum supported Go release. Update our CI files to reflect our current supported Go versions, and remove pre-Go 1.23 workarounds.

Motivation

Follow our declared Go support policy.

Reviewer's Checklist

• Changed code has unit tests for its functionality at or near 100% coverage.
• System-Tests covering this feature have been added and enabled with the va.b.c-dev version tag.
• There is a benchmark for any new code, or changes to existing code.
• If this interacts with the agent in a new way, a system test has been added.
• Add an appropriate team label so this PR gets put in the right place for the release notes.
• Non-trivial go.mod changes, e.g. adding new modules, are reviewed by @DataDog/dd-trace-go-guild.
• For internal contributors, a matching PR should be created to the v2-dev branch and reviewed by @DataDog/apm-go.

Unsure? Have a question? Request a review!

[datadog-datadog-prod-us1]

Datadog Report

Branch report: dario.castane/langplat-317/go-123-v2
Commit report: 7e81f16
Test service: dd-trace-go

❌ 15 Failed (0 Known Flaky), 4129 Passed, 66 Skipped, 2m 5.42s Total Time

❌ Failed Tests (15)

This report shows up to 5 failed tests.

• TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode - github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-go/contrib/database/sql/v2 - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode
   --- FAIL: TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode (0.06s)
  

• TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register - github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-go/contrib/database/sql/v2 - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register
       propagation_test.go:438: 
           	Error Trace:	/home/runner/work/dd-trace-go/dd-trace-go/contrib/database/sql/propagation_test.go:438
           	Error:      	Received unexpected error:
           	            	TLS Handshake failed: tls: failed to parse certificate from server: x509: negative serial number
           	Test:       	TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register
       --- FAIL: TestDBMPropagation_PreventFullMode/sqlserver-implicit-register (0.02s)
  

• TestSqlServer - github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-go/contrib/database/sql/v2 - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestSqlServer
   --- FAIL: TestSqlServer (0.01s)
  

• TestSqlServer/Exec - github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-go/contrib/database/sql/v2 - Details

  Expand for error

   Failed
   
   === RUN   TestSqlServer/Exec
       sql.go:244: 
           	Error Trace:	/home/runner/work/dd-trace-go/dd-trace-go/instrumentation/testutils/sql/sql.go:244
           	Error:      	Not equal: 
           	            	expected: <nil>(<nil>)
           	            	actual  : *errors.errorString(&errors.errorString{s:"TLS Handshake failed: tls: failed to parse certificate from server: x509: negative serial number"})
           	Test:       	TestSqlServer/Exec
       --- FAIL: TestSqlServer/Exec (0.00s)
   ...
  

• TestSQLServer - github.com/DataDog/dd-trace-go/contrib/gorm.io/gorm.v1/v2 - Details

  Expand for error

   
   2025/02/18 09:35:35 �[35m/home/runner/work/dd-trace-go/dd-trace-go/contrib/gorm.io/gorm.v1/gorm.go:57
   �[0m�[31m[error] �[0mfailed to initialize database, got error TLS Handshake failed: tls: failed to parse certificate from server: x509: negative serial number
   2025/02/18 09:35:35 TLS Handshake failed: tls: failed to parse certificate from server: x509: negative serial number