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# mkdocs files | ||
site/ | ||
.cache/ | ||
overrides/ | ||
codes/python | ||
codes/cpp | ||
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docs/chapter_* |
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comments: true | ||
--- | ||
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# 数组 | ||
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「数组 Array」是一种将 **相同类型元素** 存储在 **连续内存空间** 的数据结构,将元素在数组中的位置称为元素的「索引 Index」。 | ||
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![array_definition](array.assets/array_definition.png) | ||
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<p style="text-align:center"> Fig. 数组定义与存储方式 </p> | ||
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!!! note | ||
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观察上图,我们发现 **数组首元素的索引为 $0$** 。你可能会想,这并不符合日常习惯,首个元素的索引为什么不是 $1$ 呢,这不是更加自然吗?我认同你的想法,但请先记住这个设定,后面讲内存地址计算时,我会尝试解答这个问题。 | ||
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**数组有多种初始化写法。** 根据实际需要,选代码最短的那一种就好。 | ||
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=== "Java" | ||
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```java title="array.java" | ||
/* 初始化数组 */ | ||
int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 } | ||
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 }; | ||
``` | ||
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=== "C++" | ||
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```cpp title="array.cpp" | ||
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``` | ||
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=== "Python" | ||
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```python title="array.py" | ||
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``` | ||
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## 数组优点 | ||
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**在数组中访问元素非常高效。** 这是因为在数组中,计算元素的内存地址非常容易。给定数组首个元素的地址、和一个元素的索引,利用以下公式可以直接计算得到该元素的内存地址,从而直接访问此元素。 | ||
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![array_memory_location_calculation](array.assets/array_memory_location_calculation.png) | ||
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<p style="text-align:center"> Fig. 数组元素的内存地址计算 </p> | ||
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```java title="" | ||
// 元素内存地址 = 数组内存地址 + 元素长度 * 元素索引 | ||
elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex | ||
``` | ||
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**为什么数组元素索引从 0 开始编号?** 根据地址计算公式,**索引本质上表示的是内存地址偏移量**,首个元素的地址偏移量是 $0$ ,那么索引是 $0$ 也就很自然了。 | ||
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访问元素的高效性带来了许多便利。例如,我们可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内随机获取一个数组中的元素。 | ||
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=== "Java" | ||
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```java title="array.java" | ||
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */ | ||
int randomAccess(int[] nums) { | ||
int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current(). | ||
nextInt(0, nums.length); | ||
int randomNum = nums[randomIndex]; | ||
return randomNum; | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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=== "C++" | ||
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```cpp title="array.cpp" | ||
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``` | ||
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=== "Python" | ||
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```python title="array.py" | ||
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``` | ||
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## 数组缺点 | ||
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**数组在初始化后长度不可变。** 由于系统无法保证数组之后的内存空间是可用的,因此数组长度无法扩展。而若希望扩容数组,则需新建一个数组,然后把原数组元素依次拷贝到新数组,在数组很大的情况下,这是非常耗时的。 | ||
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=== "Java" | ||
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```java title="array.java" | ||
/* 扩展数组长度 */ | ||
int[] extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) { | ||
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组 | ||
int[] res = new int[nums.length + enlarge]; | ||
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组 | ||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { | ||
res[i] = nums[i]; | ||
} | ||
// 返回扩展后的新数组 | ||
return res; | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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=== "C++" | ||
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```cpp title="array.cpp" | ||
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``` | ||
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=== "Python" | ||
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```python title="array.py" | ||
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``` | ||
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**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下。** 假设我们想要在数组中间某位置插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是 “紧挨着的” ,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。删除元素也是类似,需要把此索引之后的元素都向前移动一位。总体看有以下缺点: | ||
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- **时间复杂度高:** 数组的插入和删除的平均时间复杂度均为 $O(N)$ ,其中 $N$ 为数组长度。 | ||
- **丢失元素或:** 由于数组的长度不可变,因此在插入元素后,数组原来的末尾元素会丢失。 | ||
- **内存浪费:** 我们一般会初始化一个比较长的数组,只用前面一部分,这样在插入数据时,丢失的末尾元素都是我们不关心的,但这样做同时也会造成内存空间的浪费。 | ||
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![array_insert_remove_element](array.assets/array_insert_remove_element.png) | ||
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<p style="text-align:center"> Fig. 在数组中插入与删除元素 </p> | ||
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=== "Java" | ||
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```java title="array.java" | ||
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */ | ||
void insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) { | ||
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位 | ||
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) { | ||
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]; | ||
} | ||
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素 | ||
nums[index] = num; | ||
} | ||
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/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */ | ||
void remove(int[] nums, int index) { | ||
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位 | ||
for (int i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) { | ||
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]; | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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=== "C++" | ||
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```cpp title="array.cpp" | ||
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``` | ||
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=== "Python" | ||
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```python title="array.py" | ||
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``` | ||
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## 数组常用操作 | ||
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**数组遍历。** 以下介绍两种常用的遍历方法。 | ||
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=== "Java" | ||
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```java title="array.java" | ||
/* 遍历数组 */ | ||
void traverse(int[] nums) { | ||
int count = 0; | ||
// 通过索引遍历数组 | ||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { | ||
count++; | ||
} | ||
// 直接遍历数组 | ||
for (int num : nums) { | ||
count++; | ||
} | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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=== "C++" | ||
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```cpp title="array.cpp" | ||
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``` | ||
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=== "Python" | ||
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```python title="array.py" | ||
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``` | ||
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**数组查找。** 通过遍历数组,查找数组内的指定元素,并输出对应索引。 | ||
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=== "Java" | ||
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```java title="array.java" | ||
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */ | ||
int find(int[] nums, int target) { | ||
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) { | ||
if (nums[i] == target) | ||
return i; | ||
} | ||
return -1; | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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=== "C++" | ||
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```cpp title="array.cpp" | ||
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``` | ||
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=== "Python" | ||
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```python title="array.py" | ||
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``` | ||
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## 数组典型应用 | ||
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**随机访问。** 如果我们想要随机抽取一些样本,那么可以用数组存储,并生成一个随机序列,根据索引实现样本的随机抽取。 | ||
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**二分查找。** 例如前文查字典的例子,我们可以将字典中的所有字按照拼音顺序存储在数组中,然后使用与日常查纸质字典相同的 “翻开中间,排除一半” 的方式,来实现一个查电子字典的算法。 | ||
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**深度学习。** 神经网络中大量使用了向量、矩阵、张量之间的线性代数运算,这些数据都是以数组的形式构建的。数组是神经网络编程中最常使用的数据结构。 |
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