Implementation of various data structures and algorithms in Go.
All data structures implement the container interface with the following methods:
type Container interface {
Empty() bool
Size() int
Clear()
Values() []interface{}
}Containers are either ordered or unordered. All ordered containers provide stateful iterators and some of them allow enumerable functions.
| Container | Ordered | Iterator | Enumerable | Ordered by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ArrayList | yes | yes | yes | index |
| SinglyLinkedList | yes | yes | yes | index |
| DoublyLinkedList | yes | yes | yes | index |
| HashSet | no | no | no | index |
| TreeSet | yes | yes | yes | index |
| LinkedListStack | yes | yes | no | index |
| ArrayStack | yes | yes | no | index |
| HashMap | no | no | no | key |
| TreeMap | yes | yes | yes | key |
| RedBlackTree | yes | yes | no | key |
| BinaryHeap | yes | yes | no | index |
A list is a data structure that stores values and may have repeated values.
Implements Container interface.
type List interface {
Get(index int) (interface{}, bool)
Remove(index int)
Add(values ...interface{})
Contains(values ...interface{}) bool
Sort(comparator utils.Comparator)
Swap(index1, index2 int)
Insert(index int, values ...interface{})
containers.Container
// Empty() bool
// Size() int
// Clear()
// Values() []interface{}
}A list backed by a dynamic array that grows and shrinks implicitly.
Implements List, IteratorWithIndex and EnumerableWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import (
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/arraylist"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)
func main() {
list := arraylist.New()
list.Add("a") // ["a"]
list.Add("c", "b") // ["a","c","b"]
list.Sort(utils.StringComparator) // ["a","b","c"]
_, _ = list.Get(0) // "a",true
_, _ = list.Get(100) // nil,false
_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c") // true
_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c", "d") // false
list.Swap(0, 1) // ["b","a",c"]
list.Remove(2) // ["b","a"]
list.Remove(1) // ["b"]
list.Remove(0) // []
list.Remove(0) // [] (ignored)
_ = list.Empty() // true
_ = list.Size() // 0
list.Add("a") // ["a"]
list.Clear() // []
list.Insert(0, "b") // ["b"]
list.Insert(0, "a") // ["a","b"]
}A list where each element points to the next element in the list.
Implements List, IteratorWithIndex and EnumerableWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import (
sll "github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/singlylinkedlist"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)
func main() {
list := sll.New()
list.Add("a") // ["a"]
list.Add("c", "b") // ["a","c","b"]
list.Sort(utils.StringComparator) // ["a","b","c"]
_, _ = list.Get(0) // "a",true
_, _ = list.Get(100) // nil,false
_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c") // true
_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c", "d") // false
list.Swap(0, 1) // ["b","a",c"]
list.Remove(2) // ["b","a"]
list.Remove(1) // ["b"]
list.Remove(0) // []
list.Remove(0) // [] (ignored)
_ = list.Empty() // true
_ = list.Size() // 0
list.Add("a") // ["a"]
list.Clear() // []
list.Insert(0, "b") // ["b"]
list.Insert(0, "a") // ["a","b"]
}A list where each element points to the next and previous elements in the list.
Implements List, IteratorWithIndex and EnumerableWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import (
dll "github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/doublylinkedlist"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)
func main() {
list := dll.New()
list.Add("a") // ["a"]
list.Add("c", "b") // ["a","c","b"]
list.Sort(utils.StringComparator) // ["a","b","c"]
_, _ = list.Get(0) // "a",true
_, _ = list.Get(100) // nil,false
_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c") // true
_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c", "d") // false
list.Swap(0, 1) // ["b","a",c"]
list.Remove(2) // ["b","a"]
list.Remove(1) // ["b"]
list.Remove(0) // []
list.Remove(0) // [] (ignored)
_ = list.Empty() // true
_ = list.Size() // 0
list.Add("a") // ["a"]
list.Clear() // []
list.Insert(0, "b") // ["b"]
list.Insert(0, "a") // ["a","b"]
}A set is a data structure that can store elements and has no repeated values. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests an element for membership in a set. This structed is often used to ensure that no duplicates are present in a container.
Implements Container interface.
type Set interface {
Add(elements ...interface{})
Remove(elements ...interface{})
Contains(elements ...interface{}) bool
containers.Container
// Empty() bool
// Size() int
// Clear()
// Values() []interface{}
}A set backed by a hash table (actually a Go's map). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set.
Implements Set interface.
package main
import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/hashset"
func main() {
set := hashset.New() // empty
set.Add(1) // 1
set.Add(2, 2, 3, 4, 5) // 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 (random order, duplicates ignored)
set.Remove(4) // 5, 3, 2, 1 (random order)
set.Remove(2, 3) // 1, 5 (random order)
set.Contains(1) // true
set.Contains(1, 5) // true
set.Contains(1, 6) // false
_ = set.Values() // []int{5,1} (random order)
set.Clear() // empty
set.Empty() // true
set.Size() // 0
}A set backed by a red-black tree to keep the elements ordered with respect to the comparator.
Implements Set, IteratorWithIndex and EnumerableWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/treeset"
func main() {
set := treeset.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (keys are of type int)
set.Add(1) // 1
set.Add(2, 2, 3, 4, 5) // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (in order, duplicates ignored)
set.Remove(4) // 1, 2, 3, 5 (in order)
set.Remove(2, 3) // 1, 5 (in order)
set.Contains(1) // true
set.Contains(1, 5) // true
set.Contains(1, 6) // false
_ = set.Values() // []int{1,5} (in order)
set.Clear() // empty
set.Empty() // true
set.Size() // 0
}A stack that represents a last-in-first-out (LIFO) data structure. The usual push and pop operations are provided, as well as a method to peek at the top item on the stack.
Implements Container interface.
type Stack interface {
Push(value interface{})
Pop() (value interface{}, ok bool)
Peek() (value interface{}, ok bool)
containers.Container
// Empty() bool
// Size() int
// Clear()
// Values() []interface{}
}A stack based on a linked list.
Implements Stack and IteratorWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import lls "github.com/emirpasic/gods/stacks/linkedliststack"
func main() {
stack := lls.New() // empty
stack.Push(1) // 1
stack.Push(2) // 1, 2
stack.Values() // 2, 1 (LIFO order)
_, _ = stack.Peek() // 2,true
_, _ = stack.Pop() // 2, true
_, _ = stack.Pop() // 1, true
_, _ = stack.Pop() // nil, false (nothing to pop)
stack.Push(1) // 1
stack.Clear() // empty
stack.Empty() // true
stack.Size() // 0
}A stack based on a array list.
Implements Stack and IteratorWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/stacks/arraystack"
func main() {
stack := arraystack.New() // empty
stack.Push(1) // 1
stack.Push(2) // 1, 2
stack.Values() // 2, 1 (LIFO order)
_, _ = stack.Peek() // 2,true
_, _ = stack.Pop() // 2, true
_, _ = stack.Pop() // 1, true
_, _ = stack.Pop() // nil, false (nothing to pop)
stack.Push(1) // 1
stack.Clear() // empty
stack.Empty() // true
stack.Size() // 0
}A Map is a data structure that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys and each key can map to at most one value.
Implements Container interface.
type Map interface {
Put(key interface{}, value interface{})
Get(key interface{}) (value interface{}, found bool)
Remove(key interface{})
Keys() []interface{}
containers.Container
// Empty() bool
// Size() int
// Clear()
// Values() []interface{}
}A map based on hash tables. Keys are unordered.
Implements Map interface.
package main
import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/hashmap"
func main() {
m := hashmap.New() // empty
m.Put(1, "x") // 1->x
m.Put(2, "b") // 2->b, 1->x (random order)
m.Put(1, "a") // 2->b, 1->a (random order)
_, _ = m.Get(2) // b, true
_, _ = m.Get(3) // nil, false
_ = m.Values() // []interface {}{"b", "a"} (random order)
_ = m.Keys() // []interface {}{1, 2} (random order)
m.Remove(1) // 2->b
m.Clear() // empty
m.Empty() // true
m.Size() // 0
}A map based on red-black tree. Keys are ordered ordered with respect to the comparator.
Implements Map, IteratorWithKey and EnumerableWithKey interfaces.
package main
import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/treemap"
func main() {
m := treemap.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (keys are of type int)
m.Put(1, "x") // 1->x
m.Put(2, "b") // 1->x, 2->b (in order)
m.Put(1, "a") // 1->a, 2->b (in order)
_, _ = m.Get(2) // b, true
_, _ = m.Get(3) // nil, false
_ = m.Values() // []interface {}{"a", "b"} (in order)
_ = m.Keys() // []interface {}{1, 2} (in order)
m.Remove(1) // 2->b
m.Clear() // empty
m.Empty() // true
m.Size() // 0
// Other:
m.Min() // Returns the minimum key and its value from map.
m.Max() // Returns the maximum key and its value from map.
}A tree is a widely used data data structure that simulates a hierarchical tree structure, with a root value and subtrees of children, represented as a set of linked nodes; thus no cyclic links.
Implements Container interface.
type Tree interface {
containers.Container
// Empty() bool
// Size() int
// Clear()
// Values() []interface{}
}A red–black tree is a binary search tree with an extra bit of data per node, its color, which can be either red or black. The extra bit of storage ensures an approximately balanced tree by constraining how nodes are colored from any path from the root to the leaf. Thus, it is a data structure which is a type of self-balancing binary search tree.
The balancing of the tree is not perfect but it is good enough to allow it to guarantee searching in O(log n) time, where n is the total number of elements in the tree. The insertion and deletion operations, along with the tree rearrangement and recoloring, are also performed in O(log n) time. Wikipedia
Implements Tree and IteratorWithKey interfaces.
package main
import (
"fmt"
rbt "github.com/emirpasic/gods/trees/redblacktree"
)
func main() {
tree := rbt.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (keys are of type int)
tree.Put(1, "x") // 1->x
tree.Put(2, "b") // 1->x, 2->b (in order)
tree.Put(1, "a") // 1->a, 2->b (in order, replacement)
tree.Put(3, "c") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c (in order)
tree.Put(4, "d") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d (in order)
tree.Put(5, "e") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e (in order)
tree.Put(6, "f") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)
fmt.Println(m)
//
// RedBlackTree
// │ ┌── 6
// │ ┌── 5
// │ ┌── 4
// │ │ └── 3
// └── 2
// └── 1
_ = tree.Values() // []interface {}{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"} (in order)
_ = tree.Keys() // []interface {}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (in order)
tree.Remove(2) // 1->a, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)
fmt.Println(m)
//
// RedBlackTree
// │ ┌── 6
// │ ┌── 5
// └── 4
// │ ┌── 3
// └── 1
tree.Clear() // empty
tree.Empty() // true
tree.Size() // 0
// Other:
tree.Left() // gets the left-most (min) node
tree.Right() // get the right-most (max) node
tree.Floor(1) // get the floor node
tree.Ceiling(1) // get the ceiling node
}Extending the red-black tree's functionality has been demonstrated in the following example.
A binary heap is a tree created using a binary tree. It can be seen as a binary tree with two additional constraints:
-
Shape property:
A binary heap is a complete binary tree; that is, all levels of the tree, except possibly the last one (deepest) are fully filled, and, if the last level of the tree is not complete, the nodes of that level are filled from left to right.
-
Heap property:
All nodes are either greater than or equal to or less than or equal to each of its children, according to a comparison predicate defined for the heap. Wikipedia
Implements Tree and IteratorWithIndex interfaces.
package main
import (
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/trees/binaryheap"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)
func main() {
// Min-heap
heap := binaryheap.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (min-heap)
heap.Push(2) // 2
heap.Push(3) // 2, 3
heap.Push(1) // 1, 3, 2
heap.Values() // 1, 3, 2
_, _ = heap.Peek() // 1,true
_, _ = heap.Pop() // 1, true
_, _ = heap.Pop() // 2, true
_, _ = heap.Pop() // 3, true
_, _ = heap.Pop() // nil, false (nothing to pop)
heap.Push(1) // 1
heap.Clear() // empty
heap.Empty() // true
heap.Size() // 0
// Max-heap
inverseIntComparator := func(a, b interface{}) int {
return -utils.IntComparator(a, b)
}
heap = binaryheap.NewWith(inverseIntComparator) // empty (min-heap)
heap.Push(2) // 2
heap.Push(3) // 3, 2
heap.Push(1) // 3, 2, 1
heap.Values() // 3, 2, 1
}Various helper functions used throughout the library.
Some data structures (e.g. TreeMap, TreeSet) require a comparator function to automatically keep their elements sorted upon insertion. This comparator is necessary during the initalization.
Comparator is defined as:
Return values:
-1, if a < b
0, if a == b
1, if a > bComparator signature:
type Comparator func(a, b interface{}) intTwo common comparators are included in the library:
func IntComparator(a, b interface{}) intfunc StringComparator(a, b interface{}) intWriting custom comparators is easy:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/treeset"
)
type User struct {
id int
name string
}
// Custom comparator (sort by IDs)
func byID(a, b interface{}) int {
// Type assertion, program will panic if this is not respected
c1 := a.(User)
c2 := b.(User)
switch {
case c1.id > c2.id:
return 1
case c1.id < c2.id:
return -1
default:
return 0
}
}
func main() {
set := treeset.NewWith(byID)
set.Add(User{2, "Second"})
set.Add(User{3, "Third"})
set.Add(User{1, "First"})
set.Add(User{4, "Fourth"})
fmt.Println(set) // {1 First}, {2 Second}, {3 Third}, {4 Fourth}
}All ordered containers have stateful iterators. Typically an iterator is obtained by Iterator() function of an ordered container. Once obtained, iterator's Next() function moves the iterator to the next element and returns true if there was a next element. If there was an element, then element's can be obtained by iterator's Value() function. Depending on the ordering type, it's position can be obtained by iterator's Index() or Key() functions.
A iterator whose elements are referenced by an index. Typical usage:
it := list.Iterator()
for it.Next() {
index, value := it.Index(), it.Value()
...
}A iterator whose elements are referenced by a key. Typical usage:
it := map.Iterator()
for it.Next() {
key, value := it.Key(), it.Value()
...
}Enumerable functions for ordered containers that implement EnumerableWithIndex or EnumerableWithKey interfaces.
Enumerable functions for ordered containers whose values can be fetched by an index.
Each
Calls the given function once for each element, passing that element's index and value.
Each(func(index int, value interface{}))Map
Invokes the given function once for each element and returns a container containing the values returned by the given function.
Map(func(index int, value interface{}) interface{}) ContainerSelect
Returns a new container containing all elements for which the given function returns a true value.
Select(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) ContainerAny
Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function ever returns true for any element.
Any(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) boolAll
Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function returns true for all elements.
All(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) boolFind
Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns the first (index,value) for which the function is true or -1,nil otherwise if no element matches the criteria.
Find(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) (int, interface{})}Example:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/treeset"
)
func printSet(txt string, set *treeset.Set) {
fmt.Print(txt, "[ ")
set.Each(func(index int, value interface{}) {
fmt.Print(value, " ")
})
fmt.Println("]")
}
func main() {
set := treeset.NewWithIntComparator()
set.Add(2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8)
printSet("Initial", set) // [ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]
even := set.Select(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int)%2 == 0
})
printSet("Even numbers", even) // [ 2 4 6 8 ]
foundIndex, foundValue := set.Find(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int)%2 == 0 && value.(int)%3 == 0
})
if foundIndex != -1 {
fmt.Println("Number divisible by 2 and 3 found is", foundValue, "at index", foundIndex) // value: 6, index: 4
}
square := set.Map(func(index int, value interface{}) interface{} {
return value.(int) * value.(int)
})
printSet("Numbers squared", square) // [ 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 ]
bigger := set.Any(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) > 5
})
fmt.Println("Set contains a number bigger than 5 is ", bigger) // true
positive := set.All(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) > 0
})
fmt.Println("All numbers are positive is", positive) // true
evenNumbersSquared := set.Select(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int)%2 == 0
}).Map(func(index int, value interface{}) interface{} {
return value.(int) * value.(int)
})
printSet("Chaining", evenNumbersSquared) // [ 4 16 36 64 ]
}Enumerable functions for ordered containers whose values whose elements are key/value pairs.
Each
Calls the given function once for each element, passing that element's key and value.
Each(func(key interface{}, value interface{}))Map
Invokes the given function once for each element and returns a container containing the values returned by the given function as key/value pairs.
Map(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) (interface{}, interface{})) ContainerSelect
Returns a new container containing all elements for which the given function returns a true value.
Select(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) ContainerAny
Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function ever returns true for any element.
Any(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) boolAll
Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function returns true for all elements.
All(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) boolFind
Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns the first (key,value) for which the function is true or nil,nil otherwise if no element matches the criteria.
Find(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) (interface{}, interface{})Example:
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/treemap"
)
func printMap(txt string, m *treemap.Map) {
fmt.Print(txt, " { ")
m.Each(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) {
fmt.Print(key, ":", value, " ")
})
fmt.Println("}")
}
func main() {
m := treemap.NewWithStringComparator()
m.Put("g", 7)
m.Put("f", 6)
m.Put("e", 5)
m.Put("d", 4)
m.Put("c", 3)
m.Put("b", 2)
m.Put("a", 1)
printMap("Initial", m) // { a:1 b:2 c:3 d:4 e:5 f:6 g:7 }
even := m.Select(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) % 2 == 0
})
printMap("Elements with even values", even) // { b:2 d:4 f:6 }
foundKey, foundValue := m.Find(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) % 2 == 0 && value.(int) % 3 == 0
})
if foundKey != nil {
fmt.Println("Element with value divisible by 2 and 3 found is", foundValue, "with key", foundKey) // value: 6, index: 4
}
square := m.Map(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) (interface{}, interface{}) {
return key.(string) + key.(string), value.(int) * value.(int)
})
printMap("Elements' values squared and letters duplicated", square) // { aa:1 bb:4 cc:9 dd:16 ee:25 ff:36 gg:49 }
bigger := m.Any(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) > 5
})
fmt.Println("Map contains element whose value is bigger than 5 is", bigger) // true
positive := m.All(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) > 0
})
fmt.Println("All map's elements have positive values is", positive) // true
evenNumbersSquared := m.Select(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
return value.(int) % 2 == 0
}).Map(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) (interface{}, interface{}) {
return key, value.(int) * value.(int)
})
printMap("Chaining", evenNumbersSquared) // { b:4 d:16 f:36 }
}Sort uses timsort for best performance on real-world data. Lists have an in-place Sort() method. All containers can return their sorted elements via GetSortedValues() call.
Internally they use the utils.Sort() method:
package main
import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
func main() {
strings := []interface{}{} // []
strings = append(strings, "d") // ["d"]
strings = append(strings, "a") // ["d","a"]
strings = append(strings, "b") // ["d","a",b"
strings = append(strings, "c") // ["d","a",b","c"]
utils.Sort(strings, utils.StringComparator) // ["a","b","c","d"]
}Container specific operations:
// Returns sorted container''s elements with respect to the passed comparator.
// Does not effect the ordering of elements within the container.
// Uses timsort.
func GetSortedValues(container Container, comparator utils.Comparator) []interface{}Usage:
package main
import (
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/arraylist"
"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)
func main() {
list := arraylist.New()
list.Add(2, 1, 3)
values := GetSortedValues(container, utils.StringComparator) // [1, 2, 3]
}Collections and data structures found in other languages: Java Collections, C++ Standard Template Library (STL) containers, Qt Containers, Ruby Enumerable etc.
Fast algorithms:
- Based on decades of knowledge and experiences of other libraries mentioned above.
Memory efficient algorithms:
- Avoiding to consume memory by using optimal algorithms and data structures for the given set of problems, e.g. red-black tree in case of TreeMap to avoid keeping redundant sorted array of keys in memory.
Easy to use library:
- Well-structured library with minimalistic set of atomic operations from which more complex operations can be crafted.
Stable library:
- Only additions are permitted keeping the library backward compatible.
Solid documentation and examples:
- Learning by example.
Production ready:
- Used in production.
There is often a tug of war between speed and memory when crafting algorithms. We choose to optimize for speed in most cases within reasonable limits on memory consumption.
Thread safety is not a concern of this project, this should be handled at a higher level.
go test -v -bench . -benchmem -benchtime 1s ./...
Biggest contribution towards this library is to use it and give us feedback for further improvements and additions.
For direct contributions, pull request into master or ask to become a contributor.
This library is distributed under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
TimSort copied from https://github.com/psilva261/timsort with MIT LICENSE file.