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…t/davem/net Conflicts: drivers/net/ethernet/qlogic/qlcnic/qlcnic_sriov_pf.c net/ipv6/ip6_tunnel.c net/ipv6/ip6_vti.c ipv6 tunnel statistic bug fixes conflicting with consolidation into generic sw per-cpu net stats. qlogic conflict between queue counting bug fix and the addition of multiple MAC address support. Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <[email protected]>
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Null block device driver | ||
================================================================================ | ||
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I. Overview | ||
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The null block device (/dev/nullb*) is used for benchmarking the various | ||
block-layer implementations. It emulates a block device of X gigabytes in size. | ||
The following instances are possible: | ||
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Single-queue block-layer | ||
- Request-based. | ||
- Single submission queue per device. | ||
- Implements IO scheduling algorithms (CFQ, Deadline, noop). | ||
Multi-queue block-layer | ||
- Request-based. | ||
- Configurable submission queues per device. | ||
No block-layer (Known as bio-based) | ||
- Bio-based. IO requests are submitted directly to the device driver. | ||
- Directly accepts bio data structure and returns them. | ||
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All of them have a completion queue for each core in the system. | ||
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II. Module parameters applicable for all instances: | ||
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queue_mode=[0-2]: Default: 2-Multi-queue | ||
Selects which block-layer the module should instantiate with. | ||
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0: Bio-based. | ||
1: Single-queue. | ||
2: Multi-queue. | ||
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home_node=[0--nr_nodes]: Default: NUMA_NO_NODE | ||
Selects what CPU node the data structures are allocated from. | ||
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gb=[Size in GB]: Default: 250GB | ||
The size of the device reported to the system. | ||
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bs=[Block size (in bytes)]: Default: 512 bytes | ||
The block size reported to the system. | ||
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nr_devices=[Number of devices]: Default: 2 | ||
Number of block devices instantiated. They are instantiated as /dev/nullb0, | ||
etc. | ||
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irq_mode=[0-2]: Default: 1-Soft-irq | ||
The completion mode used for completing IOs to the block-layer. | ||
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0: None. | ||
1: Soft-irq. Uses IPI to complete IOs across CPU nodes. Simulates the overhead | ||
when IOs are issued from another CPU node than the home the device is | ||
connected to. | ||
2: Timer: Waits a specific period (completion_nsec) for each IO before | ||
completion. | ||
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completion_nsec=[ns]: Default: 10.000ns | ||
Combined with irq_mode=2 (timer). The time each completion event must wait. | ||
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submit_queues=[0..nr_cpus]: | ||
The number of submission queues attached to the device driver. If unset, it | ||
defaults to 1 on single-queue and bio-based instances. For multi-queue, | ||
it is ignored when use_per_node_hctx module parameter is 1. | ||
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hw_queue_depth=[0..qdepth]: Default: 64 | ||
The hardware queue depth of the device. | ||
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III: Multi-queue specific parameters | ||
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use_per_node_hctx=[0/1]: Default: 0 | ||
0: The number of submit queues are set to the value of the submit_queues | ||
parameter. | ||
1: The multi-queue block layer is instantiated with a hardware dispatch | ||
queue for each CPU node in the system. |
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============================== | ||
KERNEL MODULE SIGNING FACILITY | ||
============================== | ||
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CONTENTS | ||
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- Overview. | ||
- Configuring module signing. | ||
- Generating signing keys. | ||
- Public keys in the kernel. | ||
- Manually signing modules. | ||
- Signed modules and stripping. | ||
- Loading signed modules. | ||
- Non-valid signatures and unsigned modules. | ||
- Administering/protecting the private key. | ||
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======== | ||
OVERVIEW | ||
======== | ||
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The kernel module signing facility cryptographically signs modules during | ||
installation and then checks the signature upon loading the module. This | ||
allows increased kernel security by disallowing the loading of unsigned modules | ||
or modules signed with an invalid key. Module signing increases security by | ||
making it harder to load a malicious module into the kernel. The module | ||
signature checking is done by the kernel so that it is not necessary to have | ||
trusted userspace bits. | ||
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This facility uses X.509 ITU-T standard certificates to encode the public keys | ||
involved. The signatures are not themselves encoded in any industrial standard | ||
type. The facility currently only supports the RSA public key encryption | ||
standard (though it is pluggable and permits others to be used). The possible | ||
hash algorithms that can be used are SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and | ||
SHA-512 (the algorithm is selected by data in the signature). | ||
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========================== | ||
CONFIGURING MODULE SIGNING | ||
========================== | ||
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The module signing facility is enabled by going to the "Enable Loadable Module | ||
Support" section of the kernel configuration and turning on | ||
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CONFIG_MODULE_SIG "Module signature verification" | ||
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This has a number of options available: | ||
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(1) "Require modules to be validly signed" (CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE) | ||
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This specifies how the kernel should deal with a module that has a | ||
signature for which the key is not known or a module that is unsigned. | ||
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If this is off (ie. "permissive"), then modules for which the key is not | ||
available and modules that are unsigned are permitted, but the kernel will | ||
be marked as being tainted. | ||
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If this is on (ie. "restrictive"), only modules that have a valid | ||
signature that can be verified by a public key in the kernel's possession | ||
will be loaded. All other modules will generate an error. | ||
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Irrespective of the setting here, if the module has a signature block that | ||
cannot be parsed, it will be rejected out of hand. | ||
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(2) "Automatically sign all modules" (CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL) | ||
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If this is on then modules will be automatically signed during the | ||
modules_install phase of a build. If this is off, then the modules must | ||
be signed manually using: | ||
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scripts/sign-file | ||
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(3) "Which hash algorithm should modules be signed with?" | ||
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This presents a choice of which hash algorithm the installation phase will | ||
sign the modules with: | ||
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CONFIG_SIG_SHA1 "Sign modules with SHA-1" | ||
CONFIG_SIG_SHA224 "Sign modules with SHA-224" | ||
CONFIG_SIG_SHA256 "Sign modules with SHA-256" | ||
CONFIG_SIG_SHA384 "Sign modules with SHA-384" | ||
CONFIG_SIG_SHA512 "Sign modules with SHA-512" | ||
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The algorithm selected here will also be built into the kernel (rather | ||
than being a module) so that modules signed with that algorithm can have | ||
their signatures checked without causing a dependency loop. | ||
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======================= | ||
GENERATING SIGNING KEYS | ||
======================= | ||
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Cryptographic keypairs are required to generate and check signatures. A | ||
private key is used to generate a signature and the corresponding public key is | ||
used to check it. The private key is only needed during the build, after which | ||
it can be deleted or stored securely. The public key gets built into the | ||
kernel so that it can be used to check the signatures as the modules are | ||
loaded. | ||
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Under normal conditions, the kernel build will automatically generate a new | ||
keypair using openssl if one does not exist in the files: | ||
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signing_key.priv | ||
signing_key.x509 | ||
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during the building of vmlinux (the public part of the key needs to be built | ||
into vmlinux) using parameters in the: | ||
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x509.genkey | ||
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file (which is also generated if it does not already exist). | ||
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It is strongly recommended that you provide your own x509.genkey file. | ||
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Most notably, in the x509.genkey file, the req_distinguished_name section | ||
should be altered from the default: | ||
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[ req_distinguished_name ] | ||
O = Magrathea | ||
CN = Glacier signing key | ||
emailAddress = [email protected] | ||
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The generated RSA key size can also be set with: | ||
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[ req ] | ||
default_bits = 4096 | ||
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It is also possible to manually generate the key private/public files using the | ||
x509.genkey key generation configuration file in the root node of the Linux | ||
kernel sources tree and the openssl command. The following is an example to | ||
generate the public/private key files: | ||
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openssl req -new -nodes -utf8 -sha256 -days 36500 -batch -x509 \ | ||
-config x509.genkey -outform DER -out signing_key.x509 \ | ||
-keyout signing_key.priv | ||
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========================= | ||
PUBLIC KEYS IN THE KERNEL | ||
========================= | ||
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The kernel contains a ring of public keys that can be viewed by root. They're | ||
in a keyring called ".system_keyring" that can be seen by: | ||
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[root@deneb ~]# cat /proc/keys | ||
... | ||
223c7853 I------ 1 perm 1f030000 0 0 keyring .system_keyring: 1 | ||
302d2d52 I------ 1 perm 1f010000 0 0 asymmetri Fedora kernel signing key: d69a84e6bce3d216b979e9505b3e3ef9a7118079: X509.RSA a7118079 [] | ||
... | ||
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Beyond the public key generated specifically for module signing, any file | ||
placed in the kernel source root directory or the kernel build root directory | ||
whose name is suffixed with ".x509" will be assumed to be an X.509 public key | ||
and will be added to the keyring. | ||
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Further, the architecture code may take public keys from a hardware store and | ||
add those in also (e.g. from the UEFI key database). | ||
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Finally, it is possible to add additional public keys by doing: | ||
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keyctl padd asymmetric "" [.system_keyring-ID] <[key-file] | ||
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e.g.: | ||
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keyctl padd asymmetric "" 0x223c7853 <my_public_key.x509 | ||
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Note, however, that the kernel will only permit keys to be added to | ||
.system_keyring _if_ the new key's X.509 wrapper is validly signed by a key | ||
that is already resident in the .system_keyring at the time the key was added. | ||
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========================= | ||
MANUALLY SIGNING MODULES | ||
========================= | ||
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To manually sign a module, use the scripts/sign-file tool available in | ||
the Linux kernel source tree. The script requires 4 arguments: | ||
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1. The hash algorithm (e.g., sha256) | ||
2. The private key filename | ||
3. The public key filename | ||
4. The kernel module to be signed | ||
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The following is an example to sign a kernel module: | ||
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scripts/sign-file sha512 kernel-signkey.priv \ | ||
kernel-signkey.x509 module.ko | ||
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The hash algorithm used does not have to match the one configured, but if it | ||
doesn't, you should make sure that hash algorithm is either built into the | ||
kernel or can be loaded without requiring itself. | ||
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============================ | ||
SIGNED MODULES AND STRIPPING | ||
============================ | ||
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A signed module has a digital signature simply appended at the end. The string | ||
"~Module signature appended~." at the end of the module's file confirms that a | ||
signature is present but it does not confirm that the signature is valid! | ||
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Signed modules are BRITTLE as the signature is outside of the defined ELF | ||
container. Thus they MAY NOT be stripped once the signature is computed and | ||
attached. Note the entire module is the signed payload, including any and all | ||
debug information present at the time of signing. | ||
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====================== | ||
LOADING SIGNED MODULES | ||
====================== | ||
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Modules are loaded with insmod, modprobe, init_module() or finit_module(), | ||
exactly as for unsigned modules as no processing is done in userspace. The | ||
signature checking is all done within the kernel. | ||
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========================================= | ||
NON-VALID SIGNATURES AND UNSIGNED MODULES | ||
========================================= | ||
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If CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is enabled or enforcemodulesig=1 is supplied on | ||
the kernel command line, the kernel will only load validly signed modules | ||
for which it has a public key. Otherwise, it will also load modules that are | ||
unsigned. Any module for which the kernel has a key, but which proves to have | ||
a signature mismatch will not be permitted to load. | ||
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Any module that has an unparseable signature will be rejected. | ||
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========================================= | ||
ADMINISTERING/PROTECTING THE PRIVATE KEY | ||
========================================= | ||
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Since the private key is used to sign modules, viruses and malware could use | ||
the private key to sign modules and compromise the operating system. The | ||
private key must be either destroyed or moved to a secure location and not kept | ||
in the root node of the kernel source tree. |
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@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ F: arch/arm/boot/dts/sama*.dts | |
F: arch/arm/boot/dts/sama*.dtsi | ||
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ARM/CALXEDA HIGHBANK ARCHITECTURE | ||
M: Rob Herring <[email protected]> | ||
M: Rob Herring <[email protected]> | ||
L: [email protected] (moderated for non-subscribers) | ||
S: Maintained | ||
F: arch/arm/mach-highbank/ | ||
|
@@ -1008,6 +1008,8 @@ M: Santosh Shilimkar <[email protected]> | |
L: [email protected] (moderated for non-subscribers) | ||
S: Maintained | ||
F: arch/arm/mach-keystone/ | ||
F: drivers/clk/keystone/ | ||
T: git git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ssantosh/linux-keystone.git | ||
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ARM/LOGICPD PXA270 MACHINE SUPPORT | ||
M: Lennert Buytenhek <[email protected]> | ||
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@@ -3823,6 +3825,12 @@ T: git git://linuxtv.org/media_tree.git | |
S: Maintained | ||
F: drivers/media/usb/gspca/ | ||
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GUID PARTITION TABLE (GPT) | ||
M: Davidlohr Bueso <[email protected]> | ||
L: [email protected] | ||
S: Maintained | ||
F: block/partitions/efi.* | ||
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STK1160 USB VIDEO CAPTURE DRIVER | ||
M: Ezequiel Garcia <[email protected]> | ||
L: [email protected] | ||
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@@ -6240,7 +6248,7 @@ F: drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-ocores.c | |
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OPEN FIRMWARE AND FLATTENED DEVICE TREE | ||
M: Grant Likely <[email protected]> | ||
M: Rob Herring <[email protected]> | ||
M: Rob Herring <[email protected]> | ||
L: [email protected] | ||
W: http://fdt.secretlab.ca | ||
T: git git://git.secretlab.ca/git/linux-2.6.git | ||
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@@ -6252,7 +6260,7 @@ K: of_get_property | |
K: of_match_table | ||
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OPEN FIRMWARE AND FLATTENED DEVICE TREE BINDINGS | ||
M: Rob Herring <[email protected]> | ||
M: Rob Herring <[email protected]> | ||
M: Pawel Moll <[email protected]> | ||
M: Mark Rutland <[email protected]> | ||
M: Ian Campbell <[email protected]> | ||
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@@ -9581,7 +9589,7 @@ F: drivers/xen/*swiotlb* | |
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XFS FILESYSTEM | ||
P: Silicon Graphics Inc | ||
M: Dave Chinner <dchinner@fromorbit.com> | ||
M: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> | ||
M: Ben Myers <[email protected]> | ||
M: [email protected] | ||
L: [email protected] | ||
|
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