- Project Description
In this project, you’ll apply the skills you learned in Introduction to Python and Intermediate Python to solve a real-world data science problem.
You’ll also gain experience in an essential data science skill — exploratory data analysis. This will allow you to perform critical tasks such as manipulating raw data and drawing conclusions from plots you create of the data.
Dig into a real-world Netflix movie dataset using everything from lists and loops to pandas and matplotlib.
- Project tasks
- Loading a friend's data into a dictionary
- Creating a DataFrame from a dictionary
- A visual inspection of our data
- Loading the rest of the data from a CSV
- Filtering for movies!
- Creating a scatter plot
- Digging deeper
- Marking non-feature films
- Plotting with color!
- What next?
Netflix! What started in 1997 as a DVD rental service has since exploded into the largest entertainment/media company by market capitalization, boasting over 200 million subscribers as of January 2021.
Given the large number of movies and series available on the platform, it is a perfect opportunity to flex our data manipulation skills and dive into the entertainment industry. Our friend has also been brushing up on their Python skills and has taken a first crack at a CSV file containing Netflix data. For their first order of business, they have been performing some analyses, and they believe that the average duration of movies has been declining.
As evidence of this, they have provided us with the following information. For the years from 2011 to 2020, the average movie durations are 103, 101, 99, 100, 100, 95, 95, 96, 93, and 90, respectively.
If we're going to be working with this data, we know a good place to start would be to probably start working with pandas. But first we'll need to create a DataFrame from scratch. Let's start by creating a Python object covered in Intermediate Python: a dictionary!
# Create the years and durations lists
years = [2011, 2012 , 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,2019, 2020]
durations = [103, 101, 99, 100, 100, 95, 95, 96, 93, 90]
# Create a dictionary with the two lists
movie_dict = {"years": years, "durations": durations}
# Print the dictionary
print(movie_dict)
{'years': [2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020], 'durations': [103, 101, 99, 100, 100, 95, 95, 96, 93, 90]}
To convert our dictionary movie_dict to a pandas DataFrame, we will first need to import the library under its usual alias. We'll also want to inspect our DataFrame to ensure it was created correctly. Let's perform these steps now.
# Import pandas under its usual alias
import pandas as pd
# Create a DataFrame from the dictionary
durations_df = pd.DataFrame(movie_dict)
# Print the DataFrame
print(durations_df)
years durations
0 2011 103
1 2012 101
2 2013 99
3 2014 100
4 2015 100
5 2016 95
6 2017 95
7 2018 96
8 2019 93
9 2020 90
Alright, we now have a pandas DataFrame, the most common way to work with tabular data in Python. Now back to the task at hand. We want to follow up on our friend's assertion that movie lengths have been decreasing over time. A great place to start will be a visualization of the data.
Given that the data is continuous, a line plot would be a good choice, with the dates represented along the x-axis and the average length in minutes along the y-axis. This will allow us to easily spot any trends in movie durations. There are many ways to visualize data in Python, but matploblib.pyplot is one of the most common packages to do so.
Note: In order for us to correctly test your plot, you will need to initalize a matplotlib.pyplot Figure object, which we have already provided in the cell below. You can continue to create your plot as you have learned in Intermediate Python.
# Import matplotlib.pyplot under its usual alias and create a figure
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
# Draw a line plot of release_years and durations
plt.plot(years, durations)
# Create a title
plt.title("Netflix Movie Durations 2011-2020")
# Show the plot
plt.show()
Well, it looks like there is something to the idea that movie lengths have decreased over the past ten years! But equipped only with our friend's aggregations, we're limited in the further explorations we can perform. There are a few questions about this trend that we are currently unable to answer, including:
What does this trend look like over a longer period of time? Is this explainable by something like the genre of entertainment? Upon asking our friend for the original CSV they used to perform their analyses, they gladly oblige and send it. We now have access to the CSV file, available at the path "datasets/netflix_data.csv". Let's create another DataFrame, this time with all of the data. Given the length of our friend's data, printing the whole DataFrame is probably not a good idea, so we will inspect it by printing only the first five rows.
# Read in the CSV as a DataFrame
netflix_df = pd.read_csv("datasets/netflix_data.csv")
# Print the first five rows of the DataFrame
print(netflix_df.head(5))
show_id type title director \
0 s1 TV Show 3% NaN
1 s2 Movie 7:19 Jorge Michel Grau
2 s3 Movie 23:59 Gilbert Chan
3 s4 Movie 9 Shane Acker
4 s5 Movie 21 Robert Luketic
cast country \
0 João Miguel, Bianca Comparato, Michel Gomes, R... Brazil
1 Demián Bichir, Héctor Bonilla, Oscar Serrano, ... Mexico
2 Tedd Chan, Stella Chung, Henley Hii, Lawrence ... Singapore
3 Elijah Wood, John C. Reilly, Jennifer Connelly... United States
4 Jim Sturgess, Kevin Spacey, Kate Bosworth, Aar... United States
date_added release_year duration \
0 August 14, 2020 2020 4
1 December 23, 2016 2016 93
2 December 20, 2018 2011 78
3 November 16, 2017 2009 80
4 January 1, 2020 2008 123
description genre
0 In a future where the elite inhabit an island ... International TV
1 After a devastating earthquake hits Mexico Cit... Dramas
2 When an army recruit is found dead, his fellow... Horror Movies
3 In a postapocalyptic world, rag-doll robots hi... Action
4 A brilliant group of students become card-coun... Dramas
Okay, we have our data! Now we can dive in and start looking at movie lengths.
Or can we? Looking at the first five rows of our new DataFrame, we notice a column type. Scanning the column, it's clear there are also TV shows in the dataset! Moreover, the duration column we planned to use seems to represent different values depending on whether the row is a movie or a show (perhaps the number of minutes versus the number of seasons)?
Fortunately, a DataFrame allows us to filter data quickly, and we can select rows where type is Movie. While we're at it, we don't need information from all of the columns, so let's create a new DataFrame netflix_movies containing only title, country, genre, release_year, and duration.
Let's put our data subsetting skills to work!
# Subset the DataFrame for type "Movie"
netflix_df_movies_only = netflix_df[netflix_df["type"] == "Movie"]
# Select only the columns of interest
netflix_movies_col_subset = netflix_df_movies_only[["title","country","genre","release_year","duration"]]
# Print the first five rows of the new DataFrame
print(netflix_movies_col_subset.head(5))
title country genre release_year duration
1 7:19 Mexico Dramas 2016 93
2 23:59 Singapore Horror Movies 2011 78
3 9 United States Action 2009 80
4 21 United States Dramas 2008 123
6 122 Egypt Horror Movies 2019 95
Okay, now we're getting somewhere. We've read in the raw data, selected rows of movies, and have limited our DataFrame to our columns of interest. Let's try visualizing the data again to inspect the data over a longer range of time.
This time, we are no longer working with aggregates but instead with individual movies. A line plot is no longer a good choice for our data, so let's try a scatter plot instead. We will again plot the year of release on the x-axis and the movie duration on the y-axis.
Note: Although not taught in Intermediate Python, we have provided you the code fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8)) to increase the size of the plot (to help you see the results), as well as to assist with testing. For more information on how to create or work with a matplotlib figure, refer to the documentation.
# Create a figure and increase the figure size
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))
# Create a scatter plot of duration versus year
plt.scatter(netflix_movies_col_subset["release_year"], netflix_movies_col_subset["duration"])
# Create a title
plt.title("Movie Duration by Year of Release")
# Show the plot
plt.show()
This is already much more informative than the simple plot we created when our friend first gave us some data. We can also see that, while newer movies are overrepresented on the platform, many short movies have been released in the past two decades.
Upon further inspection, something else is going on. Some of these films are under an hour long! Let's filter our DataFrame for movies with a duration under 60 minutes and look at the genres. This might give us some insight into what is dragging down the average.
# Filter for durations shorter than 60 minutes
short_movies = netflix_movies_col_subset[netflix_movies_col_subset["duration"] < 60]
# Print the first 20 rows of short_movies
print(short_movies.head(20))
title country \
35 #Rucker50 United States
55 100 Things to do Before High School United States
67 13TH: A Conversation with Oprah Winfrey & Ava ... NaN
101 3 Seconds Divorce Canada
146 A 3 Minute Hug Mexico
162 A Christmas Special: Miraculous: Tales of Lady... France
171 A Family Reunion Christmas United States
177 A Go! Go! Cory Carson Christmas United States
178 A Go! Go! Cory Carson Halloween NaN
179 A Go! Go! Cory Carson Summer Camp NaN
181 A Grand Night In: The Story of Aardman United Kingdom
200 A Love Song for Latasha United States
220 A Russell Peters Christmas Canada
233 A StoryBots Christmas United States
237 A Tale of Two Kitchens United States
242 A Trash Truck Christmas NaN
247 A Very Murray Christmas United States
285 Abominable Christmas United States
295 Across Grace Alley United States
305 Adam Devine: Best Time of Our Lives United States
genre release_year duration
35 Documentaries 2016 56
55 Uncategorized 2014 44
67 Uncategorized 2017 37
101 Documentaries 2018 53
146 Documentaries 2019 28
162 Uncategorized 2016 22
171 Uncategorized 2019 29
177 Children 2020 22
178 Children 2020 22
179 Children 2020 21
181 Documentaries 2015 59
200 Documentaries 2020 20
220 Stand-Up 2011 44
233 Children 2017 26
237 Documentaries 2019 30
242 Children 2020 28
247 Comedies 2015 57
285 Children 2012 44
295 Dramas 2013 24
305 Stand-Up 2019 59
Interesting! It looks as though many of the films that are under 60 minutes fall into genres such as "Children", "Stand-Up", and "Documentaries". This is a logical result, as these types of films are probably often shorter than 90 minute Hollywood blockbuster.
We could eliminate these rows from our DataFrame and plot the values again. But another interesting way to explore the effect of these genres on our data would be to plot them, but mark them with a different color.
In Python, there are many ways to do this, but one fun way might be to use a loop to generate a list of colors based on the contents of the genre column. Much as we did in Intermediate Python, we can then pass this list to our plotting function in a later step to color all non-typical genres in a different color!
Note: Although we are using the basic colors of red, blue, green, and black, matplotlib has many named colors you can use when creating plots. For more information, you can refer to the documentation here!
# Define an empty list
colors = []
# Iterate over rows of netflix_movies_col_subset
for a, b in netflix_movies_col_subset.iterrows():
if b["genre"] == "Children":
colors.append("red")
elif b["genre"] == "Documentaries" :
colors.append("blue")
elif b["genre"] == "Stand-Up":
colors.append("green")
else:
colors.append("black")
# Inspect the first 10 values in your list
print(colors[:11])
['black', 'black', 'black', 'black', 'black', 'black', 'black', 'black', 'black', 'blue', 'black']
Lovely looping! We now have a colors list that we can pass to our scatter plot, which should allow us to visually inspect whether these genres might be responsible for the decline in the average duration of movies.
This time, we'll also spruce up our plot with some additional axis labels and a new theme with plt.style.use(). The latter isn't taught in Intermediate Python, but can be a fun way to add some visual flair to a basic matplotlib plot. You can find more information on customizing the style of your plot here!
# Set the figure style and initalize a new figure
plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,8))
# Create a scatter plot of duration versus release_year
plt.scatter( netflix_movies_col_subset["release_year"], netflix_movies_col_subset["duration"], color = colors)
# Create a title and axis labels
plt.title("Movie duration by year of release")
plt.xlabel("Release year")
plt.ylabel("Duration (min)")
# Show the plot
plt.show()
Well, as we suspected, non-typical genres such as children's movies and documentaries are all clustered around the bottom half of the plot. But we can't know for certain until we perform additional analyses.
Congratulations, you've performed an exploratory analysis of some entertainment data, and there are lots of fun ways to develop your skills as a Pythonic data scientist. These include learning how to analyze data further with statistics, creating more advanced visualizations, and perhaps most importantly, learning more advanced ways of working with data in pandas. This latter skill is covered in our fantastic course Data Manipulation with pandas.
We hope you enjoyed this application of the skills learned in Intermediate Python, and wish you all the best on the rest of your journey!
# Are we certain that movies are getting shorter?
....