GitHub - cyberpanda/pytago: A source-to-source transpiler for Python to Go translation

Pytago is a source-to-source transpiler that converts some Python into human-readable Go.

Try out the web demo

Installation and usage

There are two "officially" supported ways to use Pytago:

A web application you can run via docker
A locally-installed command-line tool

Web application

Prerequisites

Docker

Installation and Usage

Running pre-built container

docker run -p 8080:8080 -e PORT=8080 -it nottheswimmer/pytago

Building from source (Alternative)

git clone https://github.com/nottheswimmer/pytago/
cd pytago
docker build -t pytago .
docker run -p 8080:8080 -e PORT=8080 -it pytago

Usage

# Open the user interface
open http://127.0.0.1:8080/

# API
curl --request POST 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/' \
  --header 'Content-Type: application/json'  \
  --data-raw '{"py": "print(\"Hello World\")"}'

Local command-line application

Prerequisites

Go 1.18.x
Python 3.10.x
- No, it will not work on 3.9 due to the (heavy) usage of match statements.

Required libraries for post-processing:

go install golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports@latest
go install mvdan.cc/gofumpt@latest
go install github.com/segmentio/golines@latest

Installation

via pip

pip install pytago

via setup.py (dev)

git clone https://github.com/nottheswimmer/pytago/
cd pytago
pip install -e .

via setup.py

git clone https://github.com/nottheswimmer/pytago/
cd pytago
pip install .

Usage

usage: pytago [-h] [-o OUTFILE] INFILE

positional arguments:
  INFILE                read python code from INFILE

options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -o OUTFILE, --out OUTFILE
                        write go code to OUTFILE

Examples

All examples presented here are used as tests for the program.

listappend

Python	Go
def main(): a = [1, 2, 3] a.append(4) print(a) if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main import "fmt" func main() { a := []int{1, 2, 3} a = append(a, 4) fmt.Println(a) }

abs

Python	Go
def main(): print(abs(-6)) print(abs(3)) if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main import ( "fmt" "math" ) func main() { fmt.Println(math.Abs(-6)) fmt.Println(math.Abs(3)) }

helloworld

Python	Go
def main(): print("hello world") if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main import "fmt" func main() { fmt.Println("hello world") }

input

Python

Go

def main():
    print("Hi, what's your name?")
    name = input("Name: ")
    print("Hi", name, "how old are you?")
    age = int(input("Age: "))
    print("Describe yourself in one sentence:")
    description = input()
    print("So your name is", name, "and you are", age, "years old, and your description is", '"' + description + '"')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println("Hi, what's your name?")
	name := func(msg string) string {
		fmt.Print(msg)
		text, _ := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')
		return strings.ReplaceAll(text, "\n", "")
	}("Name: ")
	fmt.Println("Hi", name, "how old are you?")
	age := func() int {
		i, err := strconv.ParseInt(func(msg string) string {
			fmt.Print(msg)
			text, _ := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')
			return strings.ReplaceAll(text, "\n", "")
		}("Age: "), 10, 64)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return int(i)
	}()
	fmt.Println("Describe yourself in one sentence:")
	description := func() string {
		text, _ := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')
		return strings.ReplaceAll(text, "\n", "")
	}()
	fmt.Println(
		"So your name is",
		name,
		"and you are",
		age,
		"years old, and your description is",
		"\""+description+"\"",
	)
}

randomness

Python

Go

import random


def main():
    print(random.random())
    print(random.randrange(9000, 10000))
    print(random.randint(9000, 10000))
    items = ["Hello", 3, "Potato", "Cake"]
    print(random.choice(items))
    random.shuffle(items)
    print(items)
    u = random.uniform(200, 500)
    print(u)
    if random.random() > 0.5:
        print("50/50")

    names = ['Kitchen', 'Animal', 'State', 'Tasty', 'Big', 'City', 'Fish', 'Pizza', 'Goat', 'Salty', 'Sandwich',
             'Lazy', 'Fun']
    company_type = ['LLC', 'Inc', 'Company', 'Corporation']
    company_cuisine = ['Pizza', 'Bar Food', 'Fast Food', 'Italian', 'Mexican', 'American', 'Sushi Bar', 'Vegetarian']
    for x in range(1, 501):
        business = {
            'name': names[random.randint(0, (len(names) - 1))] + ' ' + names[
                random.randint(0, (len(names) - 1))] + ' ' + company_type[random.randint(0, (len(company_type) - 1))],
            'rating': random.randint(1, 5),
            'cuisine': company_cuisine[random.randint(0, (len(company_cuisine) - 1))]
        }
        print(business)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"time"
)

func init() {
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(rand.Float64())
	fmt.Println(func(start int, stop int) int {
		n := stop - start
		return rand.Intn(n) + start
	}(9000, 10000))
	fmt.Println(func(start int, stop int) int {
		n := stop - start
		return rand.Intn(n) + start
	}(9000, 10000+1))
	items := []interface{}{"Hello", 3, "Potato", "Cake"}
	fmt.Println(items[rand.Intn(len(items))])
	rand.Shuffle(len(items), func(i int, j int) {
		items[i], items[j] = items[j], items[i]
	})
	fmt.Println(items)
	u := func(a float64, b float64) float64 {
		return rand.Float64()*(b-a) + a
	}(200, 500)
	fmt.Println(u)
	if rand.Float64() > 0.5 {
		fmt.Println("50/50")
	}
	names := []string{
		"Kitchen",
		"Animal",
		"State",
		"Tasty",
		"Big",
		"City",
		"Fish",
		"Pizza",
		"Goat",
		"Salty",
		"Sandwich",
		"Lazy",
		"Fun",
	}
	company_type := []string{"LLC", "Inc", "Company", "Corporation"}
	company_cuisine := []string{
		"Pizza",
		"Bar Food",
		"Fast Food",
		"Italian",
		"Mexican",
		"American",
		"Sushi Bar",
		"Vegetarian",
	}
	for x := 1; x < 501; x++ {
		business := map[string]interface{}{"name": names[func(start int, stop int) int {
			n := stop - start
			return rand.Intn(n) + start
		}(0, len(names)-1+1)] + " " + names[func(start int, stop int) int {
			n := stop - start
			return rand.Intn(n) + start
		}(0, len(names)-1+1)] + " " + company_type[func(start int, stop int) int {
			n := stop - start
			return rand.Intn(n) + start
		}(0, len(company_type)-1+1)], "rating": func(start int, stop int) int {
			n := stop - start
			return rand.Intn(n) + start
		}(1, 5+1), "cuisine": company_cuisine[func(start int, stop int) int {
			n := stop - start
			return rand.Intn(n) + start
		}(0, len(company_cuisine)-1+1)]}
		fmt.Println(business)
	}
}

string_methods

Python

Go

def main():
    lower = "hello world"
    crazy = "HeLLo WoRlD"
    upper = "HELLO WORLD"
    lol = "---LOL---"
    hearts = "🧡💛💚💙💜"
    arabic_indic_digit = "٠"
    whitespace = " \v\f\t\r\n"
    s_hello_s = whitespace + lower + whitespace
    multiline = lower + "\n" + crazy + "\r\n" + upper + "\n"

    print(crazy.capitalize())
    print(lower.endswith("world"))
    print(lower.find(" "))
    print(lower.find(" ", 2))
    print(upper.find(" ", 7, 8))
    print(lower.index(" "))
    print(lower.index(" ", 2))
    print(upper.index(" ", 2, 8))
    print(lower.isalnum())
    print(hearts.isascii())
    print(arabic_indic_digit.isdecimal())
    print(arabic_indic_digit.isdigit())
    print(lower.islower())
    print(arabic_indic_digit.isnumeric())
    print(hearts.isprintable())
    print(whitespace.isspace())
    print(upper.isupper())
    print(hearts.join([lower, crazy, upper]))
    print(crazy.lower())
    print(s_hello_s.lstrip() + "|")
    print(lower.lstrip("h"))
    print(lower.removeprefix("hello "))
    print(lower.removesuffix(" world"))
    print(lower.replace("world", "gophers"))
    print(upper.replace("O", "OOOOO", 1))
    print(upper.rfind("O"))
    print(upper.rfind("O", 1))
    print(upper.rfind("O", 1, 6))
    print(upper.rindex("O"))
    print(upper.rindex("O", 1))
    print(upper.rindex("O", 1, 6))
    print(s_hello_s.rstrip() + "|")
    print(lower.rstrip("d"))
    print(lower.split())
    print(upper.split("L"))
    print(upper.split("L", 1))
    print(multiline.splitlines())
    print(upper.startswith("HELLO"))
    print(s_hello_s.strip() + "|")
    print(lol.strip("-"))
    print(crazy.title())
    print(crazy.upper())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"strings"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	lower := "hello world"
	crazy := "HeLLo WoRlD"
	upper := "HELLO WORLD"
	lol := "---LOL---"
	hearts := "🧡💛💚💙💜"
	arabic_indic_digit := "٠"
	whitespace := " \u000b\f\t\r\n"
	s_hello_s := whitespace + lower + whitespace
	multiline := lower + "\n" + crazy + "\r\n" + upper + "\n"
	fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(crazy[0:1]) + strings.ToLower(crazy[1:]))
	fmt.Println(strings.HasSuffix(lower, "world"))
	fmt.Println(strings.Index(lower, " "))
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		if r := strings.Index(lower[2:], " "); r != -1 {
			return r + 2
		}
		return -1
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		if r := strings.Index(upper[7:8], " "); r != -1 {
			return r + 7
		}
		return -1
	}())
	fmt.Println(func(X string, sub string) int {
		if i := strings.Index(X, sub); i != -1 {
			return i
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: substring not found"))
	}(lower, " "))
	fmt.Println(func(X string, sub string, start int) int {
		if i := func() int {
			if r := strings.Index(X[start:], sub); r != -1 {
				return r + start
			}
			return -1
		}(); i != -1 {
			return i
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: substring not found"))
	}(lower, " ", 2))
	fmt.Println(func(X string, sub string, start int, end int) int {
		if i := func() int {
			if r := strings.Index(X[start:end], sub); r != -1 {
				return r + start
			}
			return -1
		}(); i != -1 {
			return i
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: substring not found"))
	}(upper, " ", 2, 8))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if !((unicode.IsLetter(r) || unicode.IsDigit(r)) && (unicode.IsDigit(r) || unicode.IsNumber(r))) {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}(lower))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if r > unicode.MaxASCII {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}(hearts))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if !unicode.Is(unicode.Nd, r) {
				return false
			}
		}
		return len(X) != 0
	}(arabic_indic_digit))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if !unicode.IsDigit(r) {
				return false
			}
		}
		return len(X) != 0
	}(arabic_indic_digit))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		lower_found := false
		for _, r := range X {
			if !unicode.IsLower(r) {
				if !unicode.IsSpace(r) {
					return false
				}
			} else {
				lower_found = true
			}
		}
		return lower_found && len(X) != 0
	}(lower))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if !(unicode.IsDigit(r) || unicode.IsNumber(r)) {
				return false
			}
		}
		return len(X) != 0
	}(arabic_indic_digit))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if !unicode.IsPrint(r) {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}(hearts))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		for _, r := range X {
			if !unicode.IsSpace(r) {
				return false
			}
		}
		return len(X) != 0
	}(whitespace))
	fmt.Println(func(X string) bool {
		upper_found := false
		for _, r := range X {
			if !unicode.IsUpper(r) {
				if !unicode.IsSpace(r) {
					return false
				}
			} else {
				upper_found = true
			}
		}
		return upper_found && len(X) != 0
	}(upper))
	fmt.Println(strings.Join([]string{lower, crazy, upper}, hearts))
	fmt.Println(strings.ToLower(crazy))
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimLeftFunc(s_hello_s, unicode.IsSpace) + "|")
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimLeft(lower, "h"))
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimPrefix(lower, "hello "))
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimSuffix(lower, " world"))
	fmt.Println(strings.ReplaceAll(lower, "world", "gophers"))
	fmt.Println(strings.Replace(upper, "O", "OOOOO", 1))
	fmt.Println(strings.LastIndex(upper, "O"))
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		if r := strings.LastIndex(upper[1:], "O"); r != -1 {
			return r + 1
		}
		return -1
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		if r := strings.LastIndex(upper[1:6], "O"); r != -1 {
			return r + 1
		}
		return -1
	}())
	fmt.Println(func(X string, sub string) int {
		if i := strings.LastIndex(X, sub); i != -1 {
			return i
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: substring not found"))
	}(upper, "O"))
	fmt.Println(func(X string, sub string, start int) int {
		if i := func() int {
			if r := strings.LastIndex(X[start:], sub); r != -1 {
				return r + start
			}
			return -1
		}(); i != -1 {
			return i
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: substring not found"))
	}(upper, "O", 1))
	fmt.Println(func(X string, sub string, start int, end int) int {
		if i := func() int {
			if r := strings.LastIndex(X[start:end], sub); r != -1 {
				return r + start
			}
			return -1
		}(); i != -1 {
			return i
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: substring not found"))
	}(upper, "O", 1, 6))
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimRightFunc(s_hello_s, unicode.IsSpace) + "|")
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimRight(lower, "d"))
	fmt.Println(strings.Fields(lower))
	fmt.Println(strings.Split(upper, "L"))
	fmt.Println(strings.SplitN(upper, "L", 1))
	fmt.Println(func(s string) (lines []string) {
		sc := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(s))
		for sc.Scan() {
			lines = append(lines, sc.Text())
		}
		return
	}(multiline))
	fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix(upper, "HELLO"))
	fmt.Println(strings.TrimSpace(s_hello_s) + "|")
	fmt.Println(strings.Trim(lol, "-"))
	fmt.Println(func(s string) string {
		ws := true
		var sb strings.Builder
		for _, r := range s {
			if unicode.IsSpace(r) {
				ws = true
				sb.WriteRune(r)
			} else if ws {
				ws = false
				sb.WriteRune(unicode.ToUpper(r))
			} else {
				sb.WriteRune(unicode.ToLower(r))
			}
		}
		return sb.String()
	}(crazy))
	fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(crazy))
}

list_methods

Python

Go

def main():
    l1 = [1]
    l2 = ["hello", "how", "are", "you?"]
    l3 = [6.2, 1.6, 1.2, 20.1]

    l1.append(2)
    print(l1)

    l1.extend([4, 5])
    print(l1)

    l1.insert(3, 3)
    print(l1)

    print(l1.index(2))

    print(l1.count(3))

    l1.remove(3)
    print(l1)

    while l1:
        print(l1.pop())

    l3.clear()
    print(l3)

    l1.sort()
    print(l1)
    l2.sort()
    print(l2)
    l3.sort()
    print(l3)
    l3.sort(reverse=True)
    print(l3)

    l2.reverse()
    print(l2)

    l4 = l2.copy()
    l4.pop()
    print(l4)
    print(l2)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"reflect"
	"sort"
)

func main() {
	l1 := []int{1}
	l2 := []string{"hello", "how", "are", "you?"}
	l3 := []float64{6.2, 1.6, 1.2, 20.1}
	l1 = append(l1, 2)
	fmt.Println(l1)
	l1 = append(l1, []int{4, 5}...)
	fmt.Println(l1)
	l1 = append(l1, 3)
	copy(l1[3+1:], l1[3:])
	l1[3] = 3
	fmt.Println(l1)
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		for i, val := range l1 {
			if val == 2 {
				return i
			}
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: element not found"))
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		n := 0
		for _, v := range l1 {
			if v == 3 {
				n += 1
			}
		}
		return n
	}())
	func(s *[]int, x int) {
		for i, val := range *s {
			if reflect.DeepEqual(val, x) {
				*s = append((*s)[:i], (*s)[i+1:]...)
				return
			}
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError: element not found"))
	}(&l1, 3)
	fmt.Println(l1)
	for len(l1) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(func(s *[]int) int {
			i := len(*s) - 1
			popped := (*s)[i]
			*s = (*s)[:i]
			return popped
		}(&l1))
	}
	l3 = nil
	fmt.Println(l3)
	sort.Ints(l1)
	fmt.Println(l1)
	sort.Strings(l2)
	fmt.Println(l2)
	sort.Float64s(l3)
	fmt.Println(l3)
	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(sort.Float64Slice(l3)))
	fmt.Println(l3)
	func(arr []string) {
		for i, j := 0, len(arr)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
			arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]
		}
	}(l2)
	fmt.Println(l2)
	l4 := func(s *[]string) (tmp []string) {
		tmp = append(tmp, *s...)
		return
	}(&l2)
	func(s *[]string) string {
		i := len(*s) - 1
		popped := (*s)[i]
		*s = (*s)[:i]
		return popped
	}(&l4)
	fmt.Println(l4)
	fmt.Println(l2)
}

set_methods

Python

Go

def main():
    a = {1, 2, 3, 4}
    b = {4, 5, 6}
    b.add(7)
    print(a.union(b))
    print(a.intersection(b))
    print(a.difference(b))
    print(a.symmetric_difference(b))

    print(a.issubset(b))
    print(a.issuperset(b))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := map[int]struct{}{1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}, 4: {}}
	b := map[int]struct{}{4: {}, 5: {}, 6: {}}
	b[7] = struct{}{}
	fmt.Println(func(s1 map[int]struct{}, s2 map[int]struct{}) map[interface{}]struct{} {
		union := map[interface{}]struct{}{}
		for elt := range s1 {
			union[elt] = struct{}{}
		}
		for elt := range s2 {
			union[elt] = struct{}{}
		}
		return union
	}(a, b))
	fmt.Println(func(s1 map[int]struct{}, s2 map[int]struct{}) map[interface{}]struct{} {
		intersection := map[interface{}]struct{}{}
		for elt := range s1 {
			if func() bool {
				_, ok := s2[elt]
				return ok
			}() {
				intersection[elt] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
		return intersection
	}(a, b))
	fmt.Println(func(s1 map[int]struct{}, s2 map[int]struct{}) map[interface{}]struct{} {
		difference := map[interface{}]struct{}{}
		for elt := range s1 {
			if !func() bool {
				_, ok := s2[elt]
				return ok
			}() {
				difference[elt] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
		return difference
	}(a, b))
	fmt.Println(func(s1 map[int]struct{}, s2 map[int]struct{}) map[interface{}]struct{} {
		symmetric_difference := map[interface{}]struct{}{}
		for elt := range s1 {
			if !func() bool {
				_, ok := s2[elt]
				return ok
			}() {
				symmetric_difference[elt] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
		for elt := range s2 {
			if !func() bool {
				_, ok := s1[elt]
				return ok
			}() {
				symmetric_difference[elt] = struct{}{}
			}
		}
		return symmetric_difference
	}(a, b))
	fmt.Println(func(s1 map[int]struct{}, s2 map[int]struct{}) bool {
		for elt := range s1 {
			if !func() bool {
				_, ok := s2[elt]
				return ok
			}() {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}(a, b))
	fmt.Println(func(s1 map[int]struct{}, s2 map[int]struct{}) bool {
		for elt := range s2 {
			if !func() bool {
				_, ok := s1[elt]
				return ok
			}() {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}(a, b))
}

global_code

Python

Go

A = [1, 2, 3]

for i, x in enumerate(A):
    A[i] += x

B = A[0]
C = A[0]
D: int = 3

while C < A[2]:
    C += 1

if C == A[2]:
    print('True')


def main():
    print("Main started")
    print(A)
    print(B)
    print(C)
    print(D)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

var (
	A = []int{1, 2, 3}
	B int
	C int
	D int
)

func init() {
	for i, x := range A {
		A[i] += x
	}
	B = A[0]
	C = A[0]
	D = 3
	for C < A[2] {
		C += 1
	}
	if C == A[2] {
		fmt.Println("True")
	}
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println("Main started")
	fmt.Println(A)
	fmt.Println(B)
	fmt.Println(C)
	fmt.Println(D)
}

boolnumcompare

Python

Go

def main():
    print(1 == True)
    print(1 == False)
    print(0 == True)
    print(0 == False)
    print()
    print(1. == True)
    print(1. == False)
    print(0. == True)
    print(0. == False)
    print()
    print(1+0j == True)
    print(1+0j == False)
    print(0+0j == True)
    print(0+0j == False)
    print()
    print(2 == True)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Println(1 == 1)
	fmt.Println(1 == 0)
	fmt.Println(0 == 1)
	fmt.Println(0 == 0)
	fmt.Println()
	fmt.Println(1.0 == 1)
	fmt.Println(1.0 == 0)
	fmt.Println(0.0 == 1)
	fmt.Println(0.0 == 0)
	fmt.Println()
	fmt.Println(1+0.0i == 1)
	fmt.Println(1+0.0i == 0)
	fmt.Println(0+0.0i == 1)
	fmt.Println(0+0.0i == 0)
	fmt.Println()
	fmt.Println(2 == 1)
}

add

Python

Go

def main():
    print(add(2, 2))


def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Println(add(2, 2))
}

func add(a int, b int) int {
	return a + b
}

exponents

Python

Go

def main():
    print(2 ** 8)
    x = [2, 4]
    print(x[0] ** x[1])


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(math.Pow(2, 8))
	x := []int{2, 4}
	fmt.Println(math.Pow(float64(x[0]), float64(x[1])))
}

variables

Python

Go

def main():
    a = 3
    b = 7
    a = a + b
    print(a + b)
    another_scope()


def another_scope():
    a = 1
    b = 12
    a = a + b
    print(a + b)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := 3
	b := 7
	a = a + b
	fmt.Println(a + b)
	another_scope()
}

func another_scope() {
	a := 1
	b := 12
	a = a + b
	fmt.Println(a + b)
}

floats

Python

Go

def main():
    a = 7
    b = 3
    c = 4.5
    print(a / b)
    print(a // b)
    print(a / c)
    print(a // c)
    print(a + b)
    print(a + c)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func main() {
	a := 7
	b := 3
	c := 4.5
	fmt.Println(float64(a) / float64(b))
	fmt.Println(a / b)
	fmt.Println(float64(a) / c)
	fmt.Println(math.Floor(float64(a) / c))
	fmt.Println(a + b)
	fmt.Println(float64(a) + c)
}

numlist

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]
    print(a[0])
    print(a[1])
    print(a[2])
    a.append(4)
    print(a[3])
    a += [5, 6, 7]
    a = a + [8, 9, 10]
    print(a[4])
    print(a[-1])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	fmt.Println(a[0])
	fmt.Println(a[1])
	fmt.Println(a[2])
	a = append(a, 4)
	fmt.Println(a[3])
	a = append(a, []int{5, 6, 7}...)
	a = append(a, []int{8, 9, 10}...)
	fmt.Println(a[4])
	fmt.Println(a[len(a)-1])
}

loops

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]
    for v in a:
        print(v)

    for i, v in enumerate(a):
        print(i + v)

    for i in range(5):
        print(i)

    for i in range(10, 15):
        print(i)

    for i in range(10, 15, 2):
        print(i)

    for j in range(15, 10, -1):
        print(j)

    for j in range(15, 10, -2):
        print(j)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	for _, v := range a {
		fmt.Println(v)
	}
	for i, v := range a {
		fmt.Println(i + v)
	}
	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
		fmt.Println(i)
	}
	for i := 10; i < 15; i++ {
		fmt.Println(i)
	}
	for i := 10; i < 15; i += 2 {
		fmt.Println(i)
	}
	for j := 15; j > 10; j-- {
		fmt.Println(j)
	}
	for j := 15; j > 10; j -= 2 {
		fmt.Println(j)
	}
}

strings

Python

Go

def main():
    a = "hello"
    b = "world"
    c = a + " " + b
    print(c)
    print(double_it(c))
    print(c[1])
    print(c[1:6])


def double_it(c: str) -> str:
    return c + c


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := "hello"
	b := "world"
	c := a + " " + b
	fmt.Println(c)
	fmt.Println(double_it(c))
	fmt.Println(string(c[1]))
	fmt.Println(c[1:6])
}

func double_it(c string) string {
	return c + c
}

logical

Python

Go

def main():
    a = True
    b = False
    print(a)
    print(b)
    print(a and b)
    print(a or b)
    print(not a)
    print(not b)
    print(a and not b)
    print(a or not b)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := true
	b := false
	fmt.Println(a)
	fmt.Println(b)
	fmt.Println(a && b)
	fmt.Println(a || b)
	fmt.Println(!a)
	fmt.Println(!b)
	fmt.Println(a && !b)
	fmt.Println(a || !b)
}

maths

Python

Go

import math

def main():
    print(math.sin(3))
    print(math.cosh(3))
    print(math.pi)
    print(math.acosh(6))
    print(math.atan2(4, 7))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(math.Sin(3))
	fmt.Println(math.Cosh(3))
	fmt.Println(math.Pi)
	fmt.Println(math.Acosh(6))
	fmt.Println(math.Atan2(4, 7))
}

requestslib

Python

Go

import requests


def main():
    resp = requests.get("http://tour.golang.org/welcome/1")
    print(resp.text)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	resp, err := http.Get("http://tour.golang.org/welcome/1")
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()
	fmt.Println(func() string {
		body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return string(body)
	}())
}

conditionals

Python

Go

def main():
    a = 7
    b = add(a, -2)
    if a > b:
        print("It's bigger")
    elif a == b:
        print("They're equal")
    else:
        print("It's smaller")


def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := 7
	b := add(a, -2)
	if a > b {
		fmt.Println("It's bigger")
	} else if a == b {
		fmt.Println("They're equal")
	} else {
		fmt.Println("It's smaller")
	}
}

func add(a int, b int) int {
	return a + b
}

fstrings

Python

Go

def main():
    name = "Michael"
    age = 24
    print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old. Later this year I'll be {age + 1}!")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"text/template"
)

func main() {
	name := "Michael"
	age := 24
	fmt.Println(func() string {
		var buf bytes.Buffer
		err := template.Must(template.New("f").Parse("My name is {{.name}} and I am {{.age}} years old. Later this year I'll be {{.expr1}}!")).
			Execute(&buf, map[string]interface{}{"name": name, "age": age, "expr1": age + 1})
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return buf.String()
	}())
}

nestedfstrings

Python

Go

def main():
    name = "Michael"
    age = 24
    print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old. Later this year I'll be {f'{age + 1}'}!")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"text/template"
)

func main() {
	name := "Michael"
	age := 24
	fmt.Println(func() string {
		var buf bytes.Buffer
		err := template.Must(template.New("f").Parse("My name is {{.name}} and I am {{.age}} years old. Later this year I'll be {{.expr1}}!")).
			Execute(&buf, map[string]interface{}{"name": name, "age": age, "expr1": func() string {
				var buf bytes.Buffer
				err := template.Must(template.New("f").Parse("{{.expr1}}")).
					Execute(&buf, map[string]interface{}{"expr1": age + 1})
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				return buf.String()
			}()})
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return buf.String()
	}())
}

dictionary

Python

Go

def main():
    a = {"name": "Michael", "age": 24, 1337: True}
    print(a)
    a["sleepiness"] = 1.0
    del a[1337]

    for k, v in a.items():
        print(k)
        print(v)

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := map[interface{}]interface{}{"name": "Michael", "age": 24, 1337: true}
	fmt.Println(a)
	a["sleepiness"] = 1.0
	delete(a, 1337)
	for k, v := range a {
		fmt.Println(k)
		fmt.Println(v)
	}
}

writefile

Python

Go

def main():
    with open("file_1.tmp", "w+") as f:
        f.write("This file was created in w+ mode\n")

    with open("file_2.tmp", "x") as f:
        f.write("This file was created by x mode\n")

    with open("file_2.tmp", "w") as f:
        f.write("This file was created by x mode and then overwritten in w mode\n")

    with open("file_2.tmp", "a") as f:
        f.write("... And then appended to in a mode\n")

    with open("file_2.tmp", "r") as f:
        print(f.read())

    with open("file_3.tmp", "a+") as f:
        f.write("This file was created in a+ mode\n")

    with open("file_4.tmp", "x+") as f:
        f.write("This file was created by x+ mode\n")

    with open("file_5.tmp", "wb+") as f:
        f.write(b"This file was created in wb+ mode\n")

    with open("file_6.tmp", "xb") as f:
        f.write(b"This file was created by xb mode\n")

    with open("file_6.tmp", "wb") as f:
        f.write(b"This file was created by xb mode and then overwritten in wb mode\n")

    with open("file_6.tmp", "ab") as f:
        f.write(b"... And then appended to in ab mode\n")

    with open("file_6.tmp", "rb") as f:
        print(f.read().decode())

    with open("file_7.tmp", "ab+") as f:
        f.write(b"This file was created in ab+ mode\n")

    with open("file_8.tmp", "xb+") as f:
        f.write(b"This file was created by xb+ mode\n")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_1.tmp", os.O_RDWR|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.WriteString("This file was created in w+ mode\n")
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_2.tmp", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXCL|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.WriteString("This file was created by x mode\n")
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_2.tmp", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.WriteString(
				"This file was created by x mode and then overwritten in w mode\n",
			)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_2.tmp", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.WriteString("... And then appended to in a mode\n")
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_2.tmp", os.O_RDONLY, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		fmt.Println(func() string {
			content, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return string(content)
		}())
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_3.tmp", os.O_RDWR|os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.WriteString("This file was created in a+ mode\n")
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_4.tmp", os.O_RDWR|os.O_EXCL|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.WriteString("This file was created by x+ mode\n")
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_5.tmp", os.O_RDWR|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.Write([]byte("This file was created in wb+ mode\n"))
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_6.tmp", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXCL|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.Write([]byte("This file was created by xb mode\n"))
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_6.tmp", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.Write(
				[]byte("This file was created by xb mode and then overwritten in wb mode\n"),
			)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_6.tmp", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.Write([]byte("... And then appended to in ab mode\n"))
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_6.tmp", os.O_RDONLY, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		fmt.Println(string(func() []byte {
			content, err := ioutil.ReadAll(f)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return content
		}()))
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_7.tmp", os.O_RDWR|os.O_APPEND|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.Write([]byte("This file was created in ab+ mode\n"))
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
	func() {
		f := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file_8.tmp", os.O_RDWR|os.O_EXCL|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		func() int {
			n, err := f.Write([]byte("This file was created by xb+ mode\n"))
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return n
		}()
	}()
}

pass

Python	Go
def main(): pass if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main func main() { }

ellipsis

Python	Go
def main(): ... if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main func main() { }

missingreturntype

Python	Go
def main(): print(add(1, 3)) def add(a: int, b: int): return a + b	package main import "fmt" func main() { fmt.Println(add(1, 3)) } func add(a int, b int) int { return a + b }

continuestmt

Python

Go

def main():
    for i in range(10):
        if i < 3 or i > 7:
            continue
        print(i)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		if i < 3 || i > 7 {
			continue
		}
		fmt.Println(i)
	}
}

breakstmt

Python	Go
def main(): for i in range(10): if i > 7: break print(i) if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main import "fmt" func main() { for i := 0; i < 10; i++ { if i > 7 { break } fmt.Println(i) } }

whileloop

Python

Go

def main():
    i = 0
    while True:
        print(i)
        i += 1
        if i > 5:
            break

    j = 10
    while j < 100:
        print(j)
        j += 10

    while 1:
        print(j + i)
        break

    while 0.1:
        print(j + i)
        break

    while 0:
        print("This never executes")

    while 0.0:
        print("This never executes")

    while None:
        print("This never executes")

    while False:
        print("This never executes")

    while "":
        print("This never executes")

    while "hi":
        print("This executes")
        break

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	i := 0
	for {
		fmt.Println(i)
		i += 1
		if i > 5 {
			break
		}
	}
	j := 10
	for j < 100 {
		fmt.Println(j)
		j += 10
	}
	for {
		fmt.Println(j + i)
		break
	}
	for {
		fmt.Println(j + i)
		break
	}
	for false {
		fmt.Println("This never executes")
	}
	for false {
		fmt.Println("This never executes")
	}
	for false {
		fmt.Println("This never executes")
	}
	for false {
		fmt.Println("This never executes")
	}
	for false {
		fmt.Println("This never executes")
	}
	for {
		fmt.Println("This executes")
		break
	}
}

sets

Python

Go

def main():
    s = {1, 2, 3}
    x = 1

    print(len(s))

    print(x in s)

    print(x not in s)



if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	s := map[int]struct{}{1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}}
	x := 1
	fmt.Println(len(s))
	fmt.Println(func() bool {
		_, ok := s[x]
		return ok
	}())
	fmt.Println(!func() bool {
		_, ok := s[x]
		return ok
	}())
}

contains

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]
    print(1 in a)
    print(4 in a)
    print(5 not in a)

    b = "hello world"
    print("hello" in b)
    print("Hello" not in b)

    c = {"hello": 1, "world": 2}
    print("hello" in c)
    print("Hello" not in c)

    d = b'hello world'
    print(b'hello' in d)
    print(b'Hello' not in d)

    e = {1, 2, 3, "hello"}
    print("hello" in e)
    print(4 not in e)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		for i, v := range a {
			if v == 1 {
				return i
			}
		}
		return -1
	}() != -1)
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		for i, v := range a {
			if v == 4 {
				return i
			}
		}
		return -1
	}() != -1)
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		for i, v := range a {
			if v == 5 {
				return i
			}
		}
		return -1
	}() == -1)
	b := "hello world"
	fmt.Println(strings.Contains(b, "hello"))
	fmt.Println(!strings.Contains(b, "Hello"))
	c := map[string]int{"hello": 1, "world": 2}
	fmt.Println(func() bool {
		_, ok := c["hello"]
		return ok
	}())
	fmt.Println(!func() bool {
		_, ok := c["Hello"]
		return ok
	}())
	d := []byte("hello world")
	fmt.Println(bytes.Contains(d, []byte("hello")))
	fmt.Println(!bytes.Contains(d, []byte("Hello")))
	e := map[interface{}]struct{}{1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}, "hello": {}}
	fmt.Println(func() bool {
		_, ok := e["hello"]
		return ok
	}())
	fmt.Println(!func() bool {
		_, ok := e[4]
		return ok
	}())
}

tryexcept

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]
    for index in range(4):
        try:
            print(a[index])
            if index == 1:
                raise ValueError(index)
        except IndexError:
            print("That index was out of bounds")
        except (NotImplementedError, RuntimeError):
            print("This won't actually happen...")
        except Exception as e:
            print("Some other exception occurred")
            print(e)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	for index := 0; index < 4; index++ {
		func() {
			defer func() {
				if r := recover(); r != nil {
					if err, ok := r.(error); ok {
						if strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "IndexError") ||
							strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "runtime error: index out of range") {
							fmt.Println("That index was out of bounds")
							return
						} else if strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "NotImplementedError") || (strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "RuntimeError") || strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "runtime error")) {
							fmt.Println("This won't actually happen...")
							return
						} else {
							e := err
							fmt.Println("Some other exception occurred")
							fmt.Println(e)
							return
						}
					}
					panic(r)
				}
			}()
			fmt.Println(a[index])
			if index == 1 {
				panic(fmt.Errorf("ValueError: %v", index))
			}
		}()
	}
}

tryfinally

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]

    for index in range(4):
        try:
            print(a[index])
        except Exception:
            pass
        finally:
            print("Finished an iteration")

    for index in range(4):
        try:
            print(a[index])
        finally:
            print("Finished an iteration")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	for index := 0; index < 4; index++ {
		func() {
			defer func() {
				fmt.Println("Finished an iteration")
			}()
			defer func() {
				if r := recover(); r != nil {
					if _, ok := r.(error); ok {
						return
					}
					panic(r)
				}
			}()
			fmt.Println(a[index])
		}()
	}
	for index := 0; index < 4; index++ {
		func() {
			defer func() {
				fmt.Println("Finished an iteration")
			}()
			fmt.Println(a[index])
		}()
	}
}

asserts

Python

Go

def main():
    assert 1 + 1 == 2
    assert True
    assert 1 + 3 == 5, "Math must be broken"


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	if !(1+1 == 2) {
		panic(errors.New("AssertionError"))
	}
	if !true {
		panic(errors.New("AssertionError"))
	}
	if !(1+3 == 5) {
		panic(fmt.Errorf("AssertionError: %v", "Math must be broken"))
	}
}

classes

Python

Go

class Welcome:
    greeting: str
    instructions: list[str]

    def __init__(self, greeting: str, instructions: list[str]) -> None:
        self.greeting = greeting
        self.instructions = instructions

    def greet(self):
        print(self.greeting)
        for instruction in self.instructions:
            print(instruction)


def main():
    welcome = Welcome("Hello World", [
        "This is a class!",
        "Support will be limited at first.",
        "Still, I hope you'll find them useful."
    ])
    welcome.greet()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

type Welcome struct {
	greeting     string
	instructions []string
}

func NewWelcome(greeting string, instructions []string) (self *Welcome) {
	self = new(Welcome)
	self.greeting = greeting
	self.instructions = instructions
	return
}

func (self *Welcome) greet() {
	fmt.Println(self.greeting)
	for _, instruction := range self.instructions {
		fmt.Println(instruction)
	}
}

func main() {
	welcome := NewWelcome(
		"Hello World",
		[]string{
			"This is a class!",
			"Support will be limited at first.",
			"Still, I hope you'll find them useful.",
		},
	)
	welcome.greet()
}

globals

Python

Go

SITE = "https://www.google.com/"
NAME = ["Michael", "Wayne", "Phelps"]
KEYS = {1: 2, 3: 4}
AGE = 1000
BIRTH_YEAR = 2050


def main():
    global AGE
    print(SITE)
    print(NAME)
    print(BIRTH_YEAR)
    print(KEYS)
    print(AGE)
    AGE = 20  # This should use the variable from the global scope
    other_1()
    print(AGE)
    other_2()


def other_1():
    AGE = 200  # This should declare a new variable age
    print(AGE)

def other_2():
    print(AGE)  # This should still be able to access the global


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

var (
	SITE       = "https://www.google.com/"
	NAME       = []string{"Michael", "Wayne", "Phelps"}
	KEYS       = map[int]int{1: 2, 3: 4}
	AGE        = 1000
	BIRTH_YEAR = 2050
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(SITE)
	fmt.Println(NAME)
	fmt.Println(BIRTH_YEAR)
	fmt.Println(KEYS)
	fmt.Println(AGE)
	AGE = 20
	other_1()
	fmt.Println(AGE)
	other_2()
}

func other_1() {
	AGE := 200
	fmt.Println(AGE)
}

func other_2() {
	fmt.Println(AGE)
}

asyncawait

Python

Go

import asyncio


async def myAsyncFunction() -> int:
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    return 2


async def main():
    r = await myAsyncFunction()
    print(r)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    asyncio.run(main())

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)

func myAsyncFunction() <-chan int {
	r := make(chan int)
	go func() {
		defer close(r)
		time.Sleep(time.Second * 2)
		r <- 2
	}()
	return r
}

func main() {
	r := <-myAsyncFunction()
	fmt.Println(r)
}

yields

Python

Go

def main():
    my_gen = gen()
    for x in my_gen:
        print("Received next number!")
        print(x)


def gen():
    print("Yielding next number...")
    yield 1
    print("Yielding next number...")
    yield 2
    print("Yielding next number...")
    yield 3


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	my_gen := gen()
	for x, ok := <-my_gen(); ok; x, ok = <-my_gen() {
		fmt.Println("Received next number!")
		fmt.Println(x)
	}
}

func gen() func() <-chan int {
	wait := make(chan struct{})
	yield := make(chan int)
	go func() {
		defer close(yield)
		<-wait
		fmt.Println("Yielding next number...")
		yield <- 1
		<-wait
		fmt.Println("Yielding next number...")
		yield <- 2
		<-wait
		fmt.Println("Yielding next number...")
		yield <- 3
		<-wait
	}()
	return func() <-chan int {
		wait <- struct{}{}
		return yield
	}
}

isvseql

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]
    b = [1, 2, 3]
    print(a == b)  # True
    print(a != b)  # False
    print(a is a)  # True
    print(a is b)  # False
    print(a is not a)  # False
    print(a is not b)  # True

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"reflect"
)

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	b := []int{1, 2, 3}
	fmt.Println(reflect.DeepEqual(a, b))
	fmt.Println(!reflect.DeepEqual(a, b))
	fmt.Println(&a == &a)
	fmt.Println(&a == &b)
	fmt.Println(&a != &a)
	fmt.Println(&a != &b)
}

matchcase

Python

Go

def main():
    a = 1
    match a:
        case 1:
            print(1)
        case 2:
            print(2)
        case 3:
            print(3)

    match a:
        case 4:
            print("Never gonna happen")
        case _:
            print("Nice, defaults!")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := 1
	switch a {
	case 1:
		fmt.Println(1)
	case 2:
		fmt.Println(2)
	case 3:
		fmt.Println(3)
	}
	switch a {
	case 4:
		fmt.Println("Never gonna happen")
	default:
		fmt.Println("Nice, defaults!")
	}
}

defaultargs

Python

Go

def main():
    a = increment(1)
    print(a)
    b = increment(a, 2)
    print(b)
    c = increment(a, decrement=True, amount=3)
    print(c)


def increment(n: int, amount: int = 1, decrement: bool = False) -> int:
    if decrement:
        return n - amount
    return n + amount


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := increment(1, 1, false)
	fmt.Println(a)
	b := increment(a, 2, false)
	fmt.Println(b)
	c := increment(a, 3, true)
	fmt.Println(c)
}

func increment(n int, amount int, decrement bool) int {
	if decrement {
		return n - amount
	}
	return n + amount
}

walrus

Python

Go

def main():
    if (a := some_func()) == 7:
        print(a)

    for x in (y := [1, 2, 3]):
        print(y)
        print(x)

    match j := 5:
        case 5:
            print(j)

    while (t1 := thing_1()) < 5 and (t2 := thing_2()) == 3:
        print(t1)
        print(t2)


def some_func():
    return 7


call_count = 0


def thing_1():
    global call_count
    call_count += 1
    return call_count


def thing_2():
    return 3


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	if a := some_func(); a == 7 {
		fmt.Println(a)
	}
	y := []int{1, 2, 3}
	for _, x := range y {
		fmt.Println(y)
		fmt.Println(x)
	}
	switch j := 5; j {
	case 5:
		fmt.Println(j)
	}
	for t1, t2 := thing_1(), thing_2(); t1 < 5 && t2 == 3; t1, t2 = thing_1(), thing_2() {
		fmt.Println(t1)
		fmt.Println(t2)
	}
}

func some_func() int {
	return 7
}

var call_count = 0

func thing_1() int {
	call_count += 1
	return call_count
}

func thing_2() int {
	return 3
}

truthiness

Python

Go

def main():
    if a := 1:
        print(a)

    if c := "":
        print(c)

    if d := b"":
        print(d)

    if e := "Hello":
        print(e)

    if f := b"Goodbye":
        print(f)

    if g := 1.0:
        print(g)

    if h := 1j:
        print(h)

    if i := 0.0:
        print(i)

    if j := 0j:
        print(j)

    if k := []:
        print(k)

    if l := [1, 2, 3]:
        print(l)

    if m := True:
        print(m)

    if n := False:
        print(n)

    if o := ():
        print(o)

    if p := (1, 2, 3):
        print(p)

    if q := set():
        print(q)

    if r := {1, 2, 3}:
        print(r)

    if s := {}:
        print(s)

    if t := {1: 2}:
        print(t)



if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	if a := 1; a != 0 {
		fmt.Println(a)
	}
	if c := ""; len(c) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(c)
	}
	if d := []byte(""); len(d) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(d)
	}
	if e := "Hello"; len(e) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(e)
	}
	if f := []byte("Goodbye"); len(f) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(f)
	}
	if g := 1.0; g != 0 {
		fmt.Println(g)
	}
	if h := 1.0i; h != 0 {
		fmt.Println(h)
	}
	if i := 0.0; i != 0 {
		fmt.Println(i)
	}
	if j := 0.0i; j != 0 {
		fmt.Println(j)
	}
	if k := []interface{}{}; len(k) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(k)
	}
	if l := []int{1, 2, 3}; len(l) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(l)
	}
	if m := true; m {
		fmt.Println(m)
	}
	if n := false; n {
		fmt.Println(n)
	}
	if o := [0]interface{}{}; len(o) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(o)
	}
	if p := [3]int{1, 2, 3}; len(p) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(p)
	}
	if q := map[interface{}]struct{}{}; len(q) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(q)
	}
	if r := map[int]struct{}{1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}}; len(r) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(r)
	}
	if s := map[interface{}]interface{}{}; len(s) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(s)
	}
	if t := map[int]int{1: 2}; len(t) != 0 {
		fmt.Println(t)
	}
}

minmax

Python

Go

def main():
    print(max([1, 2, 3]))
    print(min([1, 2, 3]))
    print(max("a", "b", "c"))
    print(min("a", "b", "c"))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Println(func() (m int) {
		for i, e := range []int{1, 2, 3} {
			if i == 0 || e > m {
				m = e
			}
		}
		return
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() (m int) {
		for i, e := range []int{1, 2, 3} {
			if i == 0 || e < m {
				m = e
			}
		}
		return
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() (m string) {
		for i, e := range []string{"a", "b", "c"} {
			if i == 0 || e > m {
				m = e
			}
		}
		return
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() (m string) {
		for i, e := range []string{"a", "b", "c"} {
			if i == 0 || e < m {
				m = e
			}
		}
		return
	}())
}

sum

Python

Go

def main():
    print(sum([1, 2, 3]))
    print(sum([1.5, 2.6, 3.7]))
    print(sum([1j, 2j, 3j]))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Println(func() (s int) {
		for _, e := range []int{1, 2, 3} {
			s += e
		}
		return
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() (s float64) {
		for _, e := range []float64{1.5, 2.6, 3.7} {
			s += e
		}
		return
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() (s complex128) {
		for _, e := range []complex128{1.0i, 2.0i, 3.0i} {
			s += e
		}
		return
	}())
}

reverse

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    for x in reversed(a):
        print(x)

    for x in a:
        print(x)

    a.reverse()

    for x in a:
        print(x)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
	for _, x := range func(arr []int) []int {
		arr2 := make([]int, len(arr))
		for i, e := range arr {
			arr2[len(arr)-i-1] = e
		}
		return arr2
	}(a) {
		fmt.Println(x)
	}
	for _, x := range a {
		fmt.Println(x)
	}
	func(arr []int) {
		for i, j := 0, len(arr)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
			arr[i], arr[j] = arr[j], arr[i]
		}
	}(a)
	for _, x := range a {
		fmt.Println(x)
	}
}

listcomp

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [x for x in range(10)]
    b = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
    c = [x if x % 2 == 0 else 777 for x in range(10)]
    d = [x for i, x in enumerate(c) if i % 2 == 0 if i % 3 == 1]
    e = [(x, y) for x in c for y in d]
    f = [(x, y) for x in c for y in next_five_numbers_times_two(x)]
    g = [(i, j) for i in range(10) for j in range(i)]

    print(a)
    print(b)
    print(c)
    print(d)
    print(e)
    print(f)
    print(g)


def next_five_numbers_times_two(a: int) -> list[int]:
    return [(a + i) * 2 for i in range(1, 6)]


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := func() (elts []int) {
		for x := 0; x < 10; x++ {
			elts = append(elts, x)
		}
		return
	}()
	b := func() (elts []int) {
		for x := 0; x < 10; x++ {
			if x%2 == 0 {
				elts = append(elts, x)
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	c := func() (elts []int) {
		for x := 0; x < 10; x++ {
			elts = append(elts, func() int {
				if x%2 == 0 {
					return x
				}
				return 777
			}())
		}
		return
	}()
	d := func() (elts []int) {
		for i, x := range c {
			if i%2 == 0 {
				if i%3 == 1 {
					elts = append(elts, x)
				}
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	e := func() (elts [][2]int) {
		for _, x := range c {
			for _, y := range d {
				elts = append(elts, [2]int{x, y})
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	f := func() (elts [][2]int) {
		for _, x := range c {
			for _, y := range next_five_numbers_times_two(x) {
				elts = append(elts, [2]int{x, y})
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	g := func() (elts [][2]int) {
		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
			for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
				elts = append(elts, [2]int{i, j})
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	fmt.Println(a)
	fmt.Println(b)
	fmt.Println(c)
	fmt.Println(d)
	fmt.Println(e)
	fmt.Println(f)
	fmt.Println(g)
}

func next_five_numbers_times_two(a int) []int {
	return func() (elts []int) {
		for i := 1; i < 6; i++ {
			elts = append(elts, (a+i)*2)
		}
		return
	}()
}

dictcomp

Python

Go

def main():
    a = {(x, y): x*y for x in range(20) for y in range(5) if x*y != 0}
    for k, v in a.items():
        print(k, v)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := func() (d map[[2]int]int) {
		d = make(map[[2]int]int)
		for x := 0; x < 20; x++ {
			for y := 0; y < 5; y++ {
				if x*y != 0 {
					d[[2]int{x, y}] = x * y
				}
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	for k, v := range a {
		fmt.Println(k, v)
	}
}

setcomp

Python

Go

def main():
    a = {x for x in range(20, 39)}
    b = {(x, y) for x in range(100) for y in range(x, x + 5) if x % 39 in a}
    print(a)
    print(b)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := func() (s map[int]struct{}) {
		s = make(map[int]struct{})
		for x := 20; x < 39; x++ {
			s[x] = struct{}{}
		}
		return
	}()
	b := func() (s map[[2]int]struct{}) {
		s = make(map[[2]int]struct{})
		for x := 0; x < 100; x++ {
			for y := x; y < x+5; y++ {
				if func() bool {
					_, ok := a[x%39]
					return ok
				}() {
					s[[2]int{x, y}] = struct{}{}
				}
			}
		}
		return
	}()
	fmt.Println(a)
	fmt.Println(b)
}

generatorexp

Python

Go

def main():
    a = ((x, y) for x in range(5) for y in range(x))
    b = (w for w in ("Where", "Are", "You?", "And", "I'm", "So", "Sorry"))
    for l in b:
        print(l, next(a))
    for rest in a:
        print(rest)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := func() func() <-chan [2]int {
		wait := make(chan struct{})
		yield := make(chan [2]int)
		go func() {
			defer close(yield)
			<-wait
			for x := 0; x < 5; x++ {
				for y := 0; y < x; y++ {
					yield <- [2]int{x, y}
					<-wait
				}
			}
		}()
		return func() <-chan [2]int {
			wait <- struct{}{}
			return yield
		}
	}()
	b := func() func() <-chan string {
		wait := make(chan struct{})
		yield := make(chan string)
		go func() {
			defer close(yield)
			<-wait
			for _, w := range [7]string{"Where", "Are", "You?", "And", "I'm", "So", "Sorry"} {
				yield <- w
				<-wait
			}
		}()
		return func() <-chan string {
			wait <- struct{}{}
			return yield
		}
	}()
	for l, ok := <-b(); ok; l, ok = <-b() {
		fmt.Println(l, <-a())
	}
	for rest, ok := <-a(); ok; rest, ok = <-a() {
		fmt.Println(rest)
	}
}

ternary

Python	Go
def main(): a = 1 if True else 2 print(a) if __name__ == '__main__': main()	package main import "fmt" func main() { a := func() int { if true { return 1 } return 2 }() fmt.Println(a) }

isinstance

Python

Go

def main():
    a = ["a", 1, "5", 2.3, 1.2j]
    some_condition = True
    for x in a:
        if isinstance(x, (str, float)):
            print("String or float!")
        elif isinstance(x, int):
            print("Integer!")
        else:
            print("Dunno!")
            print(":)")

        if isinstance(x, str) and some_condition:
            print("String")
        elif isinstance(x, int):
            print("Integer!")
        else:
            print("Dunno!!")
            print(":O")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []interface{}{"a", 1, "5", 2.3, 1.2i}
	some_condition := true
	for _, x := range a {
		switch x.(type) {
		case string, float64:
			fmt.Println("String or float!")
		case int:
			fmt.Println("Integer!")
		default:
			fmt.Println("Dunno!")
			fmt.Println(":)")
		}
		if func() bool {
			switch x.(type) {
			case string:
				return true
			}
			return false
		}() && some_condition {
			fmt.Println("String")
		} else {
			switch x.(type) {
			case int:
				fmt.Println("Integer!")
			default:
				fmt.Println("Dunno!!")
				fmt.Println(":O")
			}
		}
	}
}

zip

Python

Go

def main():
    x = [1, 2, 3]
    y = [4, 5, 6]
    zipped = zip(x, y)
    for pair in zipped:
        print(pair)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	x := []int{1, 2, 3}
	y := []int{4, 5, 6}
	zipped := func() func() <-chan [2]int {
		wait := make(chan struct{})
		yield := make(chan [2]int)
		go func() {
			defer close(yield)
			<-wait
			for i, e := range x {
				if i >= len(y) {
					break
				}
				yield <- [2]int{e, y[i]}
				<-wait
			}
		}()
		return func() <-chan [2]int {
			wait <- struct{}{}
			return yield
		}
	}()
	for pair, ok := <-zipped(); ok; pair, ok = <-zipped() {
		fmt.Println(pair)
	}
}

map

Python

Go

def main():
    a = [1, 2, 3]
    b = map(increment, a)
    for value in b:
        print(value)


def increment(n: int) -> int:
    return n + 1


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []int{1, 2, 3}
	b := func() func() <-chan int {
		wait := make(chan struct{})
		yield := make(chan int)
		go func() {
			defer close(yield)
			<-wait
			for _, x := range a {
				yield <- increment(x)
				<-wait
			}
		}()
		return func() <-chan int {
			wait <- struct{}{}
			return yield
		}
	}()
	for value, ok := <-b(); ok; value, ok = <-b() {
		fmt.Println(value)
	}
}

func increment(n int) int {
	return n + 1
}

repr

Python

Go

def main():
    nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    s = repr(nums)
    print(s + s)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	nums := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
	s := fmt.Sprintf("%#v", nums)
	fmt.Println(s + s)
}

lambdafunc

Python

Go

def main():
    f = lambda x: x * 2
    for a in range(10):
        print((lambda x: x + 1)(a) + f(a))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	f := func(x int) int {
		return int(x) * 2
	}
	for a := 0; a < 10; a++ {
		fmt.Println(func(x int) int {
			return int(x) + 1
		}(a) + f(a))
	}
}

timemodule

Python

Go

import time

def main():
    print("Hello")
    time.sleep(3)
    print("... time!")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println("Hello")
	time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
	fmt.Println("... time!")
}

exit

Python

Go

import sys


def main():
    quit()
    quit(1)
    exit()
    exit(1)
    sys.exit()
    sys.exit(1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "os"

func main() {
	os.Exit(0)
	os.Exit(1)
	os.Exit(0)
	os.Exit(1)
	os.Exit(0)
	os.Exit(1)
}

retroactive_composite_types

Python

Go

def main():
    a = []
    a.append(3)

    b = []
    b += a

    c = {}
    c["hello"] = 1

    d = {}
    d[1] = 2
    d["gonna_be_an_interface"] = "yup"

    e = set()
    e.add(1)

    f = [[]]
    f[0].append(1)

    g = {}
    g[(1, 2)] = 3

    h = []
    h.append(1)
    h.append("hi")

    i = {}
    i[1] = "lol"
    i["2"] = "lmao"

    print(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	a := []int{}
	a = append(a, 3)
	b := []int{}
	b = append(b, a...)
	c := map[string]int{}
	c["hello"] = 1
	d := map[interface{}]interface{}{}
	d[1] = 2
	d["gonna_be_an_interface"] = "yup"
	e := map[int]struct{}{}
	e[1] = struct{}{}
	f := [][]int{{}}
	f[0] = append(f[0], 1)
	g := map[[2]int]int{}
	g[[2]int{1, 2}] = 3
	h := []interface{}{}
	h = append(h, 1)
	h = append(h, "hi")
	i := map[interface{}]string{}
	i[1] = "lol"
	i["2"] = "lmao"
	fmt.Println(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h)
}

isinstance_gives_type_assertion

Python

Go

def main():
    stuff = [1, 5, "hello", 5, 12, 19, 12.5, [1, 2, 3]]
    write_contents(stuff)
    items = ["", 0, 1.1]
    for x in items:
        if isinstance(x, str):
            print("See? It's not used here so we don't have a type assertion")
        elif isinstance(x, int):
            print("This is very important because go's compiler will complain")
        else:
            print("You know, I wouldn't have to worry about this if we had something to remove unused initializations")

def write_contents(contents):
    with open("contents.txt", "w+") as f:
        for item in contents:
            if isinstance(item, str):
                f.write("str: " + item + "\n")
            elif isinstance(item, int):
                f.write("int: " + str(item) + "\n")
            else:
                f.write("unknown: " + repr(item) + "\n")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	stuff := []interface{}{1, 5, "hello", 5, 12, 19, 12.5, []int{1, 2, 3}}
	write_contents(stuff)
	items := []interface{}{"", 0, 1.1}
	for _, x := range items {
		switch x.(type) {
		case string:
			fmt.Println("See? It's not used here so we don't have a type assertion")
		case int:
			fmt.Println("This is very important because go's compiler will complain")
		default:
			fmt.Println("You know, I wouldn't have to worry about this if we had something to remove unused initializations")
		}
	}
}

func write_contents(contents []interface{}) {
	f := func() *os.File {
		f, err := os.OpenFile("contents.txt", os.O_RDWR|os.O_TRUNC|os.O_CREATE, 0o777)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return f
	}()
	defer func() {
		if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
	}()
	for _, item := range contents {
		switch item := item.(type) {
		case string:
			func() int {
				n, err := f.WriteString("str: " + item + "\n")
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				return n
			}()
		case int:
			func() int {
				n, err := f.WriteString("int: " + fmt.Sprintf("%v", item) + "\n")
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				return n
			}()
		default:
			func() int {
				n, err := f.WriteString("unknown: " + fmt.Sprintf("%#v", item) + "\n")
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				return n
			}()
		}
	}
}

fileloop

Python

Go

def main():
    fh = open("file.txt")
    for line in fh:
        print(line)
    fh.close()

    with open("file2.txt") as fh2:
        for line in fh2:
            print(line)

    with open("file3.txt", "rb") as fh3:
        for l in fh3:
            print(l)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
)

func main() {
	fh := func() *os.File {
		f, err := os.OpenFile("file.txt", os.O_RDONLY, 0o777)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return f
	}()
	if sc, line, err := bufio.NewReader(fh), "", *new(error); true {
		for {
			line, err = sc.ReadString('\n')
			if err != nil && (err == io.EOF && len(line) == 0 || err != io.EOF) {
				break
			}
			fmt.Println(line)
		}
		if err != io.EOF {
			panic(err)
		}
	}
	if err := fh.Close(); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	func() {
		fh2 := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file2.txt", os.O_RDONLY, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := fh2.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		if sc, line, err := bufio.NewReader(fh2), "", *new(error); true {
			for {
				line, err = sc.ReadString('\n')
				if err != nil && (err == io.EOF && len(line) == 0 || err != io.EOF) {
					break
				}
				fmt.Println(line)
			}
			if err != io.EOF {
				panic(err)
			}
		}
	}()
	func() {
		fh3 := func() *os.File {
			f, err := os.OpenFile("file3.txt", os.O_RDONLY, 0o777)
			if err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
			return f
		}()
		defer func() {
			if err := fh3.Close(); err != nil {
				panic(err)
			}
		}()
		if sc, l, err := bufio.NewReader(fh3), []byte{}, *new(error); true {
			for {
				l, err = sc.ReadBytes('\n')
				if err != nil && (err == io.EOF && len(l) == 0 || err != io.EOF) {
					break
				}
				fmt.Println(l)
			}
			if err != io.EOF {
				panic(err)
			}
		}
	}()
}

unpacking

Python

Go

def main():
    name = "Michael Wayne Phelps"
    first, middle, last = name.split()
    x = [1, 2, 3]
    a, b, c = x
    d, e, f = 4, 5, 6
    g, h, i = [7, 8, 9]
    print(first, middle, last, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	name := "Michael Wayne Phelps"
	first, middle, last := func(s []string) (string, string, string) {
		return s[0], s[1], s[2]
	}(strings.Fields(name))
	x := []int{1, 2, 3}
	a, b, c := x[0], x[1], x[2]
	d, e, f := 4, 5, 6
	g, h, i := 7, 8, 9
	fmt.Println(first, middle, last, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i)
}

cast_to_float

Python

Go

def main():
    num1 = input('Enter first number: ')
    num2 = input('Enter second number: ')

    sum = float(num1) + float(num2)

    print("The sum of", num1, "and", num2, "is", sum)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	num1 := func(msg string) string {
		fmt.Print(msg)
		text, _ := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')
		return strings.ReplaceAll(text, "\n", "")
	}("Enter first number: ")
	num2 := func(msg string) string {
		fmt.Print(msg)
		text, _ := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin).ReadString('\n')
		return strings.ReplaceAll(text, "\n", "")
	}("Enter second number: ")
	sum := func() float64 {
		i, err := strconv.ParseFloat(num1, 64)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return i
	}() + func() float64 {
		i, err := strconv.ParseFloat(num2, 64)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return i
	}()
	fmt.Println("The sum of", num1, "and", num2, "is", sum)
}

jsondump

Python

Go

import json
import random


def main():
    print(json.dumps(1))
    print(json.dumps("hello"))
    c = json.dumps({"hello": 1, "how": "are you"})
    print(c + c)
    print(json.dumps([1, 2, 3]))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(func() string {
		b, err := json.Marshal(1)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return string(b)
	}())
	fmt.Println(func() string {
		b, err := json.Marshal("hello")
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return string(b)
	}())
	c := func() string {
		b, err := json.Marshal(map[string]interface{}{"hello": 1, "how": "are you"})
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return string(b)
	}()
	fmt.Println(c + c)
	fmt.Println(func() string {
		b, err := json.Marshal([]int{1, 2, 3})
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return string(b)
	}())
}

strdunder

Python

Go

class A:
    a: str

    def __init__(self, val):
        self.a = val

    def __str__(self):
        return self.a


def main():
    val = A("ok")
    print(val)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

type A struct {
	a string
}

func NewA(val string) (self *A) {
	self = new(A)
	self.a = val
	return
}

func (self *A) String() string {
	return self.a
}

func main() {
	val := NewA("ok")
	fmt.Println(val)
}

globfiles

Python

Go

import glob

def main():
    for py_file in glob.glob("./*.py"):
        print("=" * 20, py_file, "=" * 20)
        with open(py_file) as py_f:
            for line in py_f:
                print(line.rstrip())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"bufio"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"
	"unicode"
)

func main() {
	for _, py_file := range func(pattern string) []string {
		matches, err := filepath.Glob(pattern)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		return matches
	}("./*.py") {
		fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("=", 20), py_file, strings.Repeat("=", 20))
		func() {
			py_f := func() *os.File {
				f, err := os.OpenFile(py_file, os.O_RDONLY, 0o777)
				if err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
				return f
			}()
			defer func() {
				if err := py_f.Close(); err != nil {
					panic(err)
				}
			}()
			if sc, line, err := bufio.NewReader(py_f), "", *new(error); true {
				for {
					line, err = sc.ReadString('\n')
					if err != nil && (err == io.EOF && len(line) == 0 || err != io.EOF) {
						break
					}
					fmt.Println(strings.TrimRightFunc(line, unicode.IsSpace))
				}
				if err != io.EOF {
					panic(err)
				}
			}
		}()
	}
}

stringmultiply

Python

Go

def main():
    s = "1, 2, 3, 4"
    x = s * 5
    y = str({1, 2, 3, 4}) * 6
    z = str([1, 2, 3, 4]) * 7
    a = str({1: 2, 3: 4}) * 8
    b = str((1, 2, 3, 4)) * 9
    c = "1, 2, 3, 4" * 10
    d = "  1, 2, 3, 4  ".strip() * 11
    print(x, y, z, a, b, c, d)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strings"
)

func main() {
	s := "1, 2, 3, 4"
	x := strings.Repeat(s, 5)
	y := strings.Repeat(fmt.Sprintf("%v", map[interface{}]struct{}{1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}, 4: {}}), 6)
	z := strings.Repeat(fmt.Sprintf("%v", []int{1, 2, 3, 4}), 7)
	a := strings.Repeat(fmt.Sprintf("%v", map[interface{}]interface{}{1: 2, 3: 4}), 8)
	b := strings.Repeat(fmt.Sprintf("%v", [4]int{1, 2, 3, 4}), 9)
	c := strings.Repeat("1, 2, 3, 4", 10)
	d := strings.Repeat(strings.TrimSpace("  1, 2, 3, 4  "), 11)
	fmt.Println(x, y, z, a, b, c, d)
}

scope

Python

Go

import random


def main():
    if random.random() > 0.5:
        a = 1
    else:
        a = 2

    if random.random() > 0.5:
        if random.random() > 0.5:
            b = 1
        else:
            b = 2
    else:
        b = 3

    def hello_world():
        c = 3
        print(c)

    hello_world()
    print(a, b)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"time"
)

func init() {
	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
}

func main() {
	var a int
	var b int
	if rand.Float64() > 0.5 {
		a = 1
	} else {
		a = 2
	}
	if rand.Float64() > 0.5 {
		if rand.Float64() > 0.5 {
			b = 1
		} else {
			b = 2
		}
	} else {
		b = 3
	}
	hello_world := func() {
		c := 3
		fmt.Println(c)
	}
	hello_world()
	fmt.Println(a, b)
}

forelse

Python

Go

def main():
    for x in range(4):
        if x == 5:
            break
    else:
        print("Well of course that didn't happen")

    for x in range(7):
        if x == 5:
            break
    else:
        print("H-hey wait!")

    i = 0
    while i < 3:
        print("Works with while too")
        for x in range(3):
            print("BTW don't worry about nested breaks")
            break
        if i == 10:
            break
        i += 1
    else:
        print("Yeah not likely")
    print(i)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	var x int
	if func() bool {
		for x = 0; x < 4; x++ {
			if x == 5 {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}() {
		fmt.Println("Well of course that didn't happen")
	}
	if func() bool {
		for x = 0; x < 7; x++ {
			if x == 5 {
				return false
			}
		}
		return true
	}() {
		fmt.Println("H-hey wait!")
	}
	i := 0
	if func() bool {
		for i < 3 {
			fmt.Println("Works with while too")
			for x = 0; x < 3; x++ {
				fmt.Println("BTW don't worry about nested breaks")
				break
			}
			if i == 10 {
				return false
			}
			i += 1
		}
		return true
	}() {
		fmt.Println("Yeah not likely")
	}
	fmt.Println(i)
}

slicemultiply

Python

Go

def main():
    n = 3
    x = [1, 2, 3] * n
    x = x * 3
    x *= 3
    print(len(x), x)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	n := 3
	x := func(repeated []int, n int) (result []int) {
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			result = append(result, repeated...)
		}
		return result
	}([]int{1, 2, 3}, n)
	x = func(repeated []int, n int) (result []int) {
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			result = append(result, repeated...)
		}
		return result
	}(x, 3)
	x = func(repeated []int, n int) (result []int) {
		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
			result = append(result, repeated...)
		}
		return result
	}(x, 3)
	fmt.Println(len(x), x)
}

printend

Python

Go

def fib(n):
    a, b = 0, 1
    while a < n:
        print(a, end=' ')
        a, b = b, a + b
    print()


def main():
    fib(1000)
    print("All done!", end='')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func fib(n int) {
	a, b := 0, 1
	for a < int(n) {
		fmt.Print(a, " ")
		a, b = b, a+b
	}
	fmt.Println()
}

func main() {
	fib(1000)
	fmt.Print("All done!")
}

structdunders

Python

Go

class Number:
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x

    def __add__(self, other: 'Number'):
        return Number(self.x + other.x)

    def __mul__(self, other: 'Number'):
        return Number(self.x * other.x)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.x)


class ComplexNumber:
    def __init__(self, real, imag):
        self.real = real
        self.imag = imag


    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.real) + "+" + str(self.imag) + "i"


def main():
    five = Number(5)
    six = Number(6)
    eleven = five + six
    print(eleven)
    fifty_five = eleven * five
    print(fifty_five)
    i = ComplexNumber(Number(0), Number(-1))
    n = ComplexNumber(Number(3), Number(-6))
    print(i, n)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

type Number struct {
	x int
}

func NewNumber(x int) (self *Number) {
	self = new(Number)
	self.x = x
	return
}

func (self *Number) Add(other Number) *Number {
	return NewNumber(self.x + other.x)
}

func (self *Number) Mul(other Number) *Number {
	return NewNumber(self.x * other.x)
}

func (self *Number) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", self.x)
}

type ComplexNumber struct {
	real *Number
	imag *Number
}

func NewComplexNumber(real *Number, imag *Number) (self *ComplexNumber) {
	self = new(ComplexNumber)
	self.real = real
	self.imag = imag
	return
}

func (self *ComplexNumber) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", self.real) + "+" + fmt.Sprintf("%v", self.imag) + "i"
}

func main() {
	five := NewNumber(5)
	six := NewNumber(6)
	eleven := five.Add(*six)
	fmt.Println(eleven)
	fifty_five := five.Mul(*eleven)
	fmt.Println(fifty_five)
	i := NewComplexNumber(NewNumber(0), NewNumber(-1))
	n := NewComplexNumber(NewNumber(3), NewNumber(-6))
	fmt.Println(i, n)
}

algomajorityelement

Python

Go

def majorityElement(nums: list[int]) -> int:
    element, cnt = 0, 0

    for e in nums:
        if element == e:
            cnt += 1
        elif cnt == 0:
            element, cnt = e, 1
        else:
            cnt -= 1

    return element

def main():
    print(majorityElement([3,2,3]))  # 3
    print(majorityElement([2,2,1,1,1,2,2]))  # 2

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import "fmt"

func majorityElement(nums []int) int {
	element, cnt := 0, 0
	for _, e := range nums {
		if element == e {
			cnt += 1
		} else if cnt == 0 {
			element, cnt = e, 1
		} else {
			cnt -= 1
		}
	}
	return element
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(majorityElement([]int{3, 2, 3}))
	fmt.Println(majorityElement([]int{2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2}))
}

algobisection

Python

Go

def bisection(function, a: float, b: float) -> float:
    start = a
    end = b
    if function(a) == 0:  # one of the a or b is a root for the function
        return a
    elif function(b) == 0:
        return b
    elif (
            function(a) * function(b) > 0
    ):  # if none of these are root and they are both positive or negative,
        raise ValueError("could not find root in given interval.")
    else:
        mid = start + (end - start) / 2.0
        while abs(start - mid) > 10 ** -7:  # until precisely equals to 10^-7
            if function(mid) == 0:
                return mid
            elif function(mid) * function(start) < 0:
                end = mid
            else:
                start = mid
            mid = start + (end - start) / 2.0
        return mid


def f(x: float):
    return x ** 3 - 2 * x - 5


def main():
    print(bisection(f, 1, 1000))

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func bisection(function func(x float64) float64, a float64, b float64) float64 {
	start := a
	end := b
	if function(a) == 0 {
		return a
	} else if function(b) == 0 {
		return b
	} else if function(a)*function(b) > 0 {
		panic(fmt.Errorf("ValueError: %v", "could not find root in given interval."))
	} else {
		mid := start + (end-start)/2.0
		for math.Abs(start-mid) > math.Pow(10, -7) {
			if function(mid) == 0 {
				return mid
			} else if function(mid)*function(start) < 0 {
				end = mid
			} else {
				start = mid
			}
			mid = start + (end-start)/2.0
		}
		return mid
	}
}

func f(x float64) float64 {
	return math.Pow(x, 3) - float64(2*x) - 5
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(bisection(f, 1, 1000))
}

algointersection

Python

Go

import math


def intersection(function, x0: float, x1: float) -> float:
    x_n = x0
    x_n1 = x1
    while True:
        if x_n == x_n1 or function(x_n1) == function(x_n):
            raise ZeroDivisionError("float division by zero, could not find root")
        x_n2 = x_n1 - (
                function(x_n1) / ((function(x_n1) - function(x_n)) / (x_n1 - x_n))
        )
        if abs(x_n2 - x_n1) < 10 ** -5:
            return x_n2
        x_n = x_n1
        x_n1 = x_n2


def f(x: float) -> float:
    return math.pow(x, 3) - (2 * x) - 5


def main():
    print(intersection(f, 3, 3.5))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func intersection(function func(x float64) float64, x0 float64, x1 float64) float64 {
	x_n := x0
	x_n1 := x1
	for {
		if x_n == x_n1 || function(x_n1) == function(x_n) {
			panic(
				fmt.Errorf("ZeroDivisionError: %v", "float division by zero, could not find root"),
			)
		}
		x_n2 := x_n1 - function(x_n1)/((function(x_n1)-function(x_n))/(x_n1-x_n))
		if math.Abs(x_n2-x_n1) < math.Pow(10, -5) {
			return x_n2
		}
		x_n = x_n1
		x_n1 = x_n2
	}
}

func f(x float64) float64 {
	return math.Pow(x, 3) - float64(2*x) - 5
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(intersection(f, 3, 3.5))
}

index

Python

Go

def main():
    x = [1, 2, 3, 7, 3]
    print(x.index(7))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
)

func main() {
	x := []int{1, 2, 3, 7, 3}
	fmt.Println(func() int {
		for i, val := range x {
			if val == 7 {
				return i
			}
		}
		panic(errors.New("ValueError"))
	}())
}

timecode

Python

Go

import time


def main():
    print(time.time())
    print(time.time_ns())
    print(time.ctime(time.time()))
    print(time.ctime(1000000000))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
)

func main() {
	fmt.Println(float64(time.Now().UnixNano()) / 1000000000.0)
	fmt.Println(time.Now().UnixNano())
	fmt.Println(time.Now().Format("Mon Jan 02 15:04:05 2006"))
	fmt.Println(time.Unix(1000000000, 0).Format("Mon Jan 02 15:04:05 2006"))
}

typecall

Python

Go

class Custom1:
    def __init__(self):
        pass


class Custom2:
    def __init__(self, x):
        self.x = x


def main():
    b = False
    i = 12
    f = 4.2
    s = "bla bla"
    sb = b"bla bla"
    s1 = {1, 2, 3}
    s2 = {"a", "b", "c"}
    d1 = {"hi": 1}
    d2 = {"hi": "hi"}
    l1 = [1, 2, 3]
    l2 = ["a", "b", "c"]
    t1 = (1, 2, 3)
    t2 = (1, 2)
    c1 = Custom1()
    c2 = Custom2(1)
    c3 = Custom2(2)
    fx = lambda x: print(x)
    fxy = lambda x, y: print(x, y)

    print("type(b) =", type(b))
    print("type(i) =", type(i))
    print("type(f) =", type(f))
    print("type(s) =", type(s))
    print("type(sb) =", type(sb))
    print("type(d1) =", type(d1))
    print("type(d2) =", type(d2))
    print("type(l1) =", type(l1))
    print("type(l2) =", type(l2))
    print("type(t1) =", type(t1))
    print("type(t2) =", type(t2))
    print("type(c1) =", type(c1))
    print("type(c2) =", type(c2))
    print("type(s1) =", type(s1))
    print("type(s2) =", type(s2))
    print("type(c3) =", type(c3))
    print("type(fx) =", type(fx))
    print("type(fxy) =", type(fxy))
    print("type(d1) == type(d2)?", type(d1) == type(d2))
    print("type(l1) == type(l2)?", type(l1) == type(l2))
    print("type(t1) == type(t2)?", type(t1) == type(t2))
    print("type(l1) == type(t1)?", type(l1) == type(t1))
    print("type(c1) == type(c2)?", type(c1) == type(c2))
    print("type(c2) == type(c3)?", type(c2) == type(c3))
    print("type(fx) == type(fxy)?", type(fx) == type(fxy))
    print("type(s) == str?", type(s) == str)
    print("type(sb) == bytes?", type(sb) == bytes)
    print("type(i) == int?", type(i) == int)
    print("type(f) == float?", type(f) == float)
    print("type(l1) == list?", type(l1) == list)
    print("type(t1) == tuple?", type(t1) == tuple)
    print("type(s1) == type(s2)?", type(s1) == type(s2))
    print("type(c1) == Custom1", type(c1) == Custom1)
    print("type(c2) == Custom2", type(c2) == Custom2)
    print("type(c2) == Custom1", type(c2) == Custom1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"reflect"
)

type Custom1 struct{}

func NewCustom1() (self *Custom1) {
	self = new(Custom1)
	return
}

type Custom2 struct {
	x int
}

func NewCustom2(x int) (self *Custom2) {
	self = new(Custom2)
	self.x = x
	return
}

func main() {
	b := false
	i := 12
	f := 4.2
	s := "bla bla"
	sb := []byte("bla bla")
	s1 := map[int]struct{}{1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}}
	s2 := map[string]struct{}{"a": {}, "b": {}, "c": {}}
	d1 := map[string]int{"hi": 1}
	d2 := map[string]string{"hi": "hi"}
	l1 := []int{1, 2, 3}
	l2 := []string{"a", "b", "c"}
	t1 := [3]int{1, 2, 3}
	t2 := [2]int{1, 2}
	c1 := NewCustom1()
	c2 := NewCustom2(1)
	c3 := NewCustom2(2)
	fx := func(x interface{}) {
		fmt.Println(x)
	}
	fxy := func(x interface{}, y interface{}) {
		fmt.Println(x, y)
	}
	fmt.Println("type(b) =", reflect.TypeOf(b))
	fmt.Println("type(i) =", reflect.TypeOf(i))
	fmt.Println("type(f) =", reflect.TypeOf(f))
	fmt.Println("type(s) =", reflect.TypeOf(s))
	fmt.Println("type(sb) =", reflect.TypeOf(sb))
	fmt.Println("type(d1) =", reflect.TypeOf(d1))
	fmt.Println("type(d2) =", reflect.TypeOf(d2))
	fmt.Println("type(l1) =", reflect.TypeOf(l1))
	fmt.Println("type(l2) =", reflect.TypeOf(l2))
	fmt.Println("type(t1) =", reflect.TypeOf(t1))
	fmt.Println("type(t2) =", reflect.TypeOf(t2))
	fmt.Println("type(c1) =", reflect.TypeOf(c1))
	fmt.Println("type(c2) =", reflect.TypeOf(c2))
	fmt.Println("type(s1) =", reflect.TypeOf(s1))
	fmt.Println("type(s2) =", reflect.TypeOf(s2))
	fmt.Println("type(c3) =", reflect.TypeOf(c3))
	fmt.Println("type(fx) =", reflect.TypeOf(fx))
	fmt.Println("type(fxy) =", reflect.TypeOf(fxy))
	fmt.Println("type(d1) == type(d2)?", reflect.TypeOf(d1).Kind() == reflect.TypeOf(d2).Kind())
	fmt.Println("type(l1) == type(l2)?", reflect.TypeOf(l1).Kind() == reflect.TypeOf(l2).Kind())
	fmt.Println("type(t1) == type(t2)?", reflect.TypeOf(t1).Kind() == reflect.TypeOf(t2).Kind())
	fmt.Println("type(l1) == type(t1)?", reflect.TypeOf(l1).Kind() == reflect.TypeOf(t1).Kind())
	fmt.Println("type(c1) == type(c2)?", reflect.TypeOf(c1) == reflect.TypeOf(c2))
	fmt.Println("type(c2) == type(c3)?", reflect.TypeOf(c2) == reflect.TypeOf(c3))
	fmt.Println("type(fx) == type(fxy)?", reflect.TypeOf(fx).Kind() == reflect.TypeOf(fxy).Kind())
	fmt.Println("type(s) == str?", reflect.TypeOf(s).Kind() == reflect.String)
	fmt.Println("type(sb) == bytes?", reflect.TypeOf(sb).Kind() == reflect.Slice)
	fmt.Println("type(i) == int?", reflect.TypeOf(i).Kind() == reflect.Int)
	fmt.Println("type(f) == float?", reflect.TypeOf(f).Kind() == reflect.Float64)
	fmt.Println("type(l1) == list?", reflect.TypeOf(l1).Kind() == reflect.Slice)
	fmt.Println("type(t1) == tuple?", reflect.TypeOf(t1).Kind() == reflect.Array)
	fmt.Println("type(s1) == type(s2)?", reflect.TypeOf(s1).Kind() == reflect.TypeOf(s2).Kind())
	fmt.Println("type(c1) == Custom1", reflect.TypeOf(c1) == reflect.TypeOf(new(Custom1)))
	fmt.Println("type(c2) == Custom2", reflect.TypeOf(c2) == reflect.TypeOf(new(Custom2)))
	fmt.Println("type(c2) == Custom1", reflect.TypeOf(c2) == reflect.TypeOf(new(Custom1)))
}

TODOs

Some things I'd like to add soon...

"value in range(start, stop, step)" => a conditional statement
Exhaustive implementation of list/dict/int/float/bytes methods

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 175 Commits
.github		.github
examples		examples
pytago		pytago
scripts		scripts
.gitignore		.gitignore
Dockerfile		Dockerfile
LICENSE		LICENSE
Makefile		Makefile
README.md		README.md
pyproject.toml		pyproject.toml
requirements-test.txt		requirements-test.txt
requirements-web.txt		requirements-web.txt
requirements.txt		requirements.txt
setup.py		setup.py

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cyberpanda/pytago

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