re-knit PDF

paper/paper.log

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-This is XeTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-0.999996 (MiKTeX 24.4) (preloaded format=xelatex 2025.2.19)  19 FEB 2025 12:05
+This is XeTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-0.999996 (MiKTeX 24.4) (preloaded format=xelatex 2025.2.19)  19 FEB 2025 12:09
 entering extended mode
  restricted \write18 enabled.
  %&-line parsing enabled.
@@ -1264,57 +1264,57 @@ Package fancyhdr Warning: \headheight is too small (62.59596pt):
 
 [4]
 LaTeX Font Info:    Font shape `TU/lmtt/bx/n' in size <10> not available
-(Font)              Font shape `TU/lmtt/b/n' tried instead on input line 651.
+(Font)              Font shape `TU/lmtt/b/n' tried instead on input line 650.
 
-Overfull \hbox (16.91139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 661--661
+Overfull \hbox (16.91139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 660--660
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Parameter                           | Coefficient |       
  95% CI |      p 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (16.91139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 662--662
+Overfull \hbox (16.91139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 661--661
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> ----------------------------------------------------------
 ----------------[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 663--663
+Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 662--662
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> (Intercept)                         |       -0.05 | [-0.47
 , 0.38] | 0.823[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 664--664
+Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 663--663
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Petal Length                        |        0.20 | [-0.09
 , 0.49] | 0.170[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 665--665
+Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 664--664
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Species [versicolor]                |       -0.04 | [-0.66
 , 0.59] | 0.909[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (16.91139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 666--666
+Overfull \hbox (16.91139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 665--665
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Species [virginica]                 |        1.18 | [ 0.52
 , 1.84] | < .001[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 667--667
+Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 666--666
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Petal Length × Species [versicolor] |        0.13 | [-0.18
 , 0.44] | 0.405[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 668--668
+Overfull \hbox (11.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 667--667
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Petal Length × Species [virginica]  |       -0.04 | [-0.34
 , 0.26] | 0.789[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (1.16139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 673--673
+Overfull \hbox (1.16139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 672--672
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Uncertainty intervals (equal-tailed) and p-values (two-tai
 led) computed[] 
  []
@@ -1349,61 +1349,61 @@ Package fancyhdr Warning: \headheight is too small (62.59596pt):
 (fancyhdr)                \addtolength{\topmargin}{-0.95425pt}.
 
 [6]
-Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 742--742
+Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 741--741
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Level1     | Level2     | Difference |   SE |        95% C
 I | t(144) |      p[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 743--743
+Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 742--742
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> ----------------------------------------------------------
 -------------------[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 744--744
+Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 743--743
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> versicolor | setosa     |       0.45 | 0.34 | [-0.22, 1.12
 ] |   1.34 |  0.183[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 745--745
+Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 744--744
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> virginica  | setosa     |       1.03 | 0.35 | [ 0.35, 1.72
 ] |   2.97 |  0.003[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 746--746
+Overfull \hbox (32.66139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 745--745
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> virginica  | versicolor |       0.58 | 0.09 | [ 0.39, 0.76
 ] |   6.18 | < .001[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 800--800
+Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 799--799
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> Level1     | Level2     | Difference |   SE |         95% 
 CI |     t |     p[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 801--801
+Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 800--800
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> ----------------------------------------------------------
 ------------------[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 802--802
+Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 801--801
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> versicolor | setosa     |       0.13 | 0.16 | [-0.17,  0.4
 3] |  0.83 | 0.404[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 803--803
+Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 802--802
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> virginica  | setosa     |      -0.04 | 0.15 | [-0.34,  0.2
 6] | -0.27 | 0.789[] 
  []
 
 
-Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 804--804
+Overfull \hbox (27.41139pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 803--803
 []\TU/lmtt/m/n/10 #> virginica  | versicolor |      -0.17 | 0.07 | [-0.31, -0.0
 3] | -2.41 | 0.016[] 
  []
@@ -1422,7 +1422,7 @@ Package fancyhdr Warning: \headheight is too small (62.59596pt):
 (fancyhdr)                \addtolength{\topmargin}{-0.95425pt}.
 
 [7]
-Overfull \hbox (1.9914pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 839--848
+Overfull \hbox (1.9914pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 838--847
 \TU/lmtt/m/n/10 install.packages("modelbased", repos = "https://easystats.r-uni
 verse.dev")\TU/lmr/m/n/10 . 
  []
@@ -1471,6 +1471,6 @@ Here is how much of TeX's memory you used:
  59121 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000
  564973 words of font info for 88 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000
  1348 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191
- 84i,12n,87p,1196b,850s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s
+ 84i,13n,87p,1196b,850s stack positions out of 10000i,1000n,20000p,200000b,200000s
 
 Output written on paper.pdf (9 pages).

paper/paper.md

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Until this point we have discussed marginal means and effects as being "averaged
 
 - **"typical"** (Default): Calculates predictions for a balanced data grid representing all combinations of focal predictor levels (specified in `by`). For non-focal numeric predictors, it uses the mean; for non-focal categorical predictors, it averages over all the levels. This represents a "typical" observation based on the data grid and is useful for comparing groups. It answers: *"What would the average outcome be for a 'typical' observation?"*. This is the default approach when estimating marginal means using the `emmeans` package.
 - **"average"**: Calculates predictions for each observation in the sample and then averages these predictions within each group defined by the focal predictors. This reflects the sample's actual distribution of non-focal predictors, not a balanced grid. It answers: *"What is the predicted value for an average observation in my data?"*.
-- **"population"**: "Clones" each observation, creating copies with all possible combinations of focal predictor levels. It then averages the predictions across these "counterfactual" observations (non-observed permutations) within each group. This extrapolates to a hypothetical broader population, considering "what if" scenarios. It answers: *"What is the predicted response for the 'average' observation in a broader possible target population?"*. This approach entails more assumptions about the likelihood of different combinations, but can be more apt to generalize. **[TODO: is that correct?]**
+- **"population"**: "Clones" each observation, creating copies with all possible combinations of focal predictor levels. It then averages the predictions across these "counterfactual" observations (non-observed permutations) within each group. This extrapolates to a hypothetical broader population, considering "what if" scenarios. It answers: *"What is the predicted response for the 'average' observation in a broader possible target population?"*. This approach entails more assumptions about the likelihood of different combinations, but can be more apt to generalize.
 
 Setting `estimate = "average"` can be useful to calculate the average expected outcome from those observations _from the sample_ at hand. For analyses emphasizing outcome differences between groups (e.g., when computing contrasts) and particularly when causal effects are being considered, it may be beneficial to model a hypothetical population not directly represented in the sample. This approach, known as *G-computation* [@chatton_rohrer_2024], is implemented by setting `estimate = "population"`.