JIT: use new phase objects more extensively (dotnet#32688)

Convert the mainline compiler phases over so they are run via compiler or
action phases.

To keep jit dump size and checked jit throughput the same as it is now,
add phase whitelists to opt into pre phase dumps and checks triggered by the
phase objects on a per-phase basis. This allow us to gradually remove explicit
dumps and check invocations phase by phase, over time.